This project report summarizes research on using glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars as an alternative to steel rebars in reinforced concrete. It includes an introduction outlining the benefits of GFRP rebars, a literature review summarizing 16 previous studies on various properties of GFRP rebars and reinforced concrete structures, and sections on objectives, methodology, and references. The literature review finds that GFRP rebars can successfully replace steel rebars under corrosive conditions but further research is needed to establish design methods, understand long-term durability, and evaluate different concrete and loading conditions.

1. A PROJECT REPORT
ON

2. Submitted By :
Ms. KALYANI DORIK (21517220181119110003)
Ms. ANMOL HINDUJA (21517220181119110013)
Under the Supervision of:
Prof. J. M. Joshi Sir
Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
R. C. Patel Institute of Technology, Shirpur

3. Contents:
 Introduction
 Literature Review
 Objective
 Methodology
 Data Collection and Analysis
 Reference

4. Introduction:
 Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars are considered as an effective replacement
for traditional steel reinforcement in various concrete applications, mainly those
in severe environment.
 The use of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) rebars to replace steel rebars has
appeared as one of the many techniques put forward to strengthen the corrosion
resistance of reinforced concrete structures.
 FRP rebar offers great potential for use in reinforced concrete construction
under conditions in which conventional steel-reinforced concrete has yielded
unacceptable service.

5. GFRP rebars
 Material properties
 GFRP composite materials are essentially composed of glass-fibre filaments and a
resin matrix.
 The filaments have a high tensile strength and a high modulus of elasticity and are
the load bearing component.
 The matrix is the bonding material used to hold the fibres together so as to prevent
shear between them, but also to protect the fibres and to maintain the dimensional
stability of the GFRP rebar.

6.  Their merits are:
 Low cost
 High tensile strength
 Excellent insulating properties
 Electrical resistance
 Acid resistance

7. LITERATURE REVIEW

8. Sr.
No.
Author/ Authors,
Year
Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
1.
Hamid Saadatmanesh,1
Associate Member, ASCE,
and ' Mohammad R.
Ehsani,2 Member, ASCE
1990
RC BEAMS
STRENGTHENED WITH
GFRP PLATES. I:
EXPERIMENTAL
STUDY
Journal of
Structural
Engineer
ASCE,
ISSN
The successful application of this technique requires a
careful preparation of concrete surface and the selection of
a tough epoxy. A comparison of the measured results and
analytical results based
on the equilibrium of forces and compatibility of
deformations indicated
that the behavior of upgraded beams can be predicted with
reasonable
accuracy.
further studies must be
conducted to examine
the creep behavior of
the epoxy joint
subjected to sustained
cambering stresses. In
addition, the effects of
environmental factors,
e.g., temperature and
moisture on the epoxy
joint, as well as the
performance of
upgraded beams
under fatigue loading
should be examined.
2.
M. Sc. Valter Dejke
Chalmers University of
Technology 1998
DURABILITY AND
SERVICE LIFE
PREDICTION OF GFRP
FOR CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT
This research project aims at determine the long-term
environmental influence of concrete on GFRP
reinforcement bars. GFRP specimens have been
exposed in concrete at different temperatures and the
influence of temperature on the tensile strength
deterioration rate has been determined using
Arrhenius equation. According to preliminary results
18 months in moisture-saturated concrete at 60°C
corresponds to 100 years in the same environmental
condition but at outdoor temperature.

9. Sr.
No.
Author/
Authors
, Year
Title Journal
Source/
Publish
er
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
3.
Habeeb,
M.N.;
Ashour,
Ashraf F.
2008
Flexural Behavior of Continuous
GFRP Reinforced Concrete
Beams.
Journal of
Composites
for
Construction
Journal, Vol.
12, No. 2
ASCE
The experimental results revealed that over-reinforcing the
bottom layer of either the simply or continuously
supported GFRP beams is a key factor in controlling the
width and propagation of cracks, enhancing the load
capacity and reducing the deflection of such beams.
Comparisons between experimental results and those
obtained from simplified methods proposed by ACI 440
committee show that ACI 440.1R-06 equations can
reasonably predict the load capacity and deflection of the
simply and continuously supported GFRP reinforced
concrete beams tested.
Further test results
would be required to
authenticate the
proposed value of
ACI 440.1R-06
equations
4.
8.
Benmoktane’
, 0. Chaallalt
and R.
Masmoudi
1995
Glass fibre reinforced plastic
(GFRP) rebars for concrete
structures
Construction
and Building
Materials,
Vol. 9
Elsevier
the results from the flexural tests of concrete beams
reinforced with FRP rebars indicate that use of GFRP
rebars in concrete structures is possible and that
optimal design is achievable if, not only an
appropriate reinforcement ratio is used, but also the
appropriate height-to-span ratio is computed. AC1
code formulas predicted reasonably well the
experimental flexural test results. However, they
overestimated the ultimate moment. Therefore they
should be reviewed to be used safely for GFRP
rebars.

10. Sr.
No.
Author/ Authors,
Year
Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
5.
S. L. Ogin, P. A. Smith and
P. W. R. Beaumont 1985
Matrix Cracking and
Stiffness Reduction
during the Fatigue of a
(0/90)s GFRP Laminate
Composites
Science and
Technology
Elsevier
stiffness reduction due to matrix cracking in a (0/90)
s glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) laminate has
been studied under both quasistatic and fatigue
loading. The stiffness reduction is shown to be
directly proportional to the density of cracks which
accumulate in the transverse ply. A model for the
transverse ply crack growth during fatigue gives
good agreement with the experimentally determined
stiffness reduction curves
The study is limited to
a one single equation,
further research is to
be needed.
6.
Joseph R. Yost,1 Shawn P.
Gross,2 and David W.
Dinehart 2001
SHEAR STRENGTH
OF NORMAL
STRENGTH
CONCRETE BEAMS
REINFORCED WITH
DEFORMED GFRP
BARS
Journal of
Composites
for
Construction,
Vol. 5
ASCE
ISSN
The study concludes that shear capacity is
significantly overestimated by the ‘‘Building
Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary’’ (ACI 318-99) expression for,
Vc, as a result of the large crack widths, small
compression block, and reduced dowel action
in GFRP-reinforced flexural members. Shear
strength was found to be independent of the
amount of longitudinal GFRP reinforcement. A
simplified empirical equation for predicting the
ultimate shear strength of concrete beams
reinforced with GFRP is endorsed.
additional experimental
work should be
conducted that
emphasizes the impact
of concrete strength on
shear strength of FRP-
reinforced members.

11. Sr.
No
.
Author/
Authors, Year
Title Journal
Source/
Publish
er
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
7.
Mathieu Robert ;
Patrice Cousin ; and
Brahim Benmokrane
2009
Durability of GFRP
Reinforcing Bars Embedded
in Moist Concrete
JOURNAL
OF
COMPOSIT
ES FOR
CONSTRU
CTION
ASCE
The results showed that the durability of mortar-
wrapped GFRP bars and exposed to tap water
was less affected by accelerated aging than the
bars exposed to simulated pore-water solution.
These results confirmed that the concerns about
the durability of GFRP bars in concrete, based on
simulated laboratory studies in alkaline solutions,
do not properly correspond to the actual service
life in concrete environments.
8. A.F. Ashour 2005
Flexural and shear capacities
of concrete beams reinforced
with GFRP bars
Construction
and Building
Materials 20
(2006)
1005–1015
Elsevier
This paper reports test results of 12 concrete
beams reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced
polymer (GFRP) bars subjected to a four
point loading system. All test specimens had
no transverse shear nor compression
reinforcement and were classified into two
groups according to the concrete
compressive strength. The main parameters
investigated in each group were the beam
depth and amount of GFRP reinforcement.
Two modes of failure were observed,
namely flexural and shear.
further research
needs to be carried
out in order to
establish a rational
method for the shear
capacity calculation
of GFRP-reinforced
concrete beams.

12. Sr.
No.
Author/ Authors, Year Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
7.
Mathieu Robert ; Patrice
Cousin ; and Brahim
Benmokrane 2009
Durability of GFRP
Reinforcing Bars
Embedded in Moist
Concrete
JOURNAL
OF
COMPOSIT
ES FOR
CONSTRUC
TION
ASCE
The results showed that the durability of
mortar-wrapped GFRP bars and exposed to tap
water was less affected by accelerated aging
than the bars exposed to simulated pore-water
solution. These results confirmed that the
concerns about the durability of GFRP bars in
concrete, based on simulated laboratory studies
in alkaline solutions, do not properly
correspond to the actual service life in concrete
environments.
8. A.F. Ashour 2005
Flexural and shear
capacities of concrete
beams reinforced with
GFRP bars
Constructio
n and
Building
Materials
20 (2006)
1005–1015
Elsevier
This paper reports test results of 12 concrete
beams reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced
polymer (GFRP) bars subjected to a four
point loading system. All test specimens had
no transverse shear nor compression
reinforcement and were classified into two
groups according to the concrete
compressive strength. The main parameters
investigated in each group were the beam
depth and amount of GFRP reinforcement.
Two modes of failure were observed, namely
flexural and shear.
further research needs
to be carried out in
order to establish a
rational method for the
shear capacity
calculation of GFRP-
reinforced concrete
beams.

13. Sr.
No.
Author/ Authors, Year Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
9.
Mohammad Z. Afifi ; Hamdy
M. Mohamed ; and Brahim
Benmokrane 2013
Axial Capacity of Circular
Concrete Columns
Reinforced with GFRP Bars
and Spirals
Journal of
Composites
for
Construction
ASCE
The test results indicated that the GFRP and steel
RC columns behaved in a similar manner. The
average load carried by the longitudinal GFRP
bars ranged between 5% and 10% of the
maximum load. The ductility and confinement
efficiency can be better improved by using small
GFRP spirals with closer spacing rather than
larger diameters with greater spacing. Ignoring
the contribution of GFRP bars in the design
equation underestimated the maximum capacity
of the tested specimens.
The test results indicated that
the GFRP and steel RC columns
behaved in a similar manner.
The average load carried by the
longitudinal GFRP bars ranged
between 5% and 10% of the
maximum load. The ductility
and confinement efficiency can
be better improved by using
small GFRP spirals with closer
spacing rather than larger
diameters with greater spacing.
Ignoring the contribution of
GFRP bars in the design
equation underestimated the
maximum capacity of the tested
specimens.
10.
Christos G.
Papakonstantinou, Michael F.
Petrou, and Kent A. Harries
2001
FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF
RC BEAMS
STRENGTHENED WITH
GFRP SHEETS
JOURNAL
OF
COMPOSIT
ES FOR
CONSTRUC
TION
ASCE, ISSN
An interesting finding is that, although the
fiber strengthening system increases the
fatigue life of the beams, the failure
mechanism, fatigue of the steel
reinforcement, remains the same in both
strengthened and nonstrengthened beams.
Thus, it is possible to predict the fatigue life
of a cyclically loaded beam using existing
fatigue models
Although many tests have been
conducted investigating
strengthening reinforced
concrete members with FRP
composite materials, there are
still many aspects of their use
that remain to be investigated.

14. Sr.
No.
Author/ Authors, Year Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
11.
R. Kumutha a, R.
Vaidyanathan a , M.S.
Palanichamy ,2007
Behaviour of reinforced
concrete rectangular
columns strengthened using
GFRP
JOURNAL
OF
COMPOSIT
ES FOR
CONSTRUC
TION
Elsevier
This paper is intended to examine several aspects
related to the use of glass FRP fabrics for
strengthening rectangular columns subjected to
axial compression. The objectives of the study
are as follows: (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of
external GFRP strengthening for rectangular
Concrete Columns (2) to evaluate the effect of
number of GFRP layers on the ultimate load and
ductility of confined concrete and (3) to evaluate
the effect of the aspect ratio of the column on the
effectively confined cross-section
12.
Nikola Basˇa , Mladen
Ulic´evic´, and Radomir
Zejak ,2018
Experimental Research of
Continuous Concrete Beams
with GFRP Reinforcement
Advances in
Civil
Engineering
Hindawi
this paper gives the results of experimental
research of seven continuous beams, over
two spans of 1850 mm length, cross-section
of 150 × 250 mm, that are imposed to
concentrated forces in the middle of spans
until failure. Six beams were reinforced with
different longitudinal GFRP and same
transverse GFRP reinforcements, and one
steel-reinforced beam was adopted as a
control beam.
Further experimental testing
would be required to verify the
proposed model.

15. Sr.
No.
Author/ Authors, Year Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
13.
Gilbert Nkurunziza, Ahmed
Debaiky, Patrice Cousin and
Brahim Benmokrane 2005
Durability of GFRP bars: A
critical review of the
literature
Wiley
InterScience
John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd
several aggressive mediums, such as de-ionized
water, alkaline solutions, and salt water, were
used in conjunction with, or in isolation from,
elevated temperatures. The intention was to
simulate the field exposure of the bars, but at a
higher rate of reaction
The absence of test standards
and rational models are points
in need of immediate attention
14.
Wenjun Qu1 ; Xiaoliang
Zhang2 ; and Haiqun Huang
2009
Flexural Behavior of
Concrete Beams Reinforced
with Hybrid „GFRP and
Steel… Bars
JOURNAL
OF
COMPOSIT
ES FOR
CONSTRUC
TION
ASCE
comparisons between the experimental
results and the predictions from theoretical
analysis showed that the models we adopted
could adequately predict the load carrying
capacity, deflection, and crack width of
hybrid GFRP/steel-reinforced concrete
beams.
the applicability of these
conclusions to combinations of
other types of FRP and steel
bars is unknown.

16. Sr.
No.t Author/ Authors, Year Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
15.
Elchalakani, Ma, Aslani and
Duan 2017
Design of GFRP-reinforced
rectangular concrete
columns under eccentric
axial loading
Magazine of
Concrete
Research
ICE
This paper provides full derivations of the interaction
diagrams for both steel- and GFRP-reinforced concrete
columns. It was found that excluding the strength and
stiffness of GFRP reinforcement from concrete
compression calculations is conservative. Theoretical
capacities better represent the experimental data when
the strength and stiffness of GFRP reinforcement are
included. The resulting factored interaction curves
were exceeded by all experimental capacities.
16.
A. Mufti, M. Onofrei, B.
Benmokrane, N. Banthia, M.
Boulfiza, J. Newhook, B.
Bakht, G. Tadros, and P.
Brett
Durability of GFRP
Reinforced Concrete in
Field Structures
. Results indicate that no deterioration of GFRP
took place in any of the field structures. No
chemical degradation processes occurred within
the GFRP due to the alkalinity of the concrete. The
overall conclusion of the study is that GFRP is
durable in concrete. Also, it was concluded that the
CHBDC was conservative in its first edition by not
permitting GFRP as primary reinforcement. As a
result of the study, the second edition of the
CHBDC, currently in the final stages of approval,
permits the use of GFRP as primary reinforcement

17. Sr.
No.
Author/ Authors,
Year
Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance
Research
Gap
17.
T. D’Antino, M.A. Pisani ,
C. Poggi ,2017
EFFECT OF THE
ENVIRONMENT ON
THE PERFORMANCE
OF GFRP 2
REINFORCING BARS
Composite
s Part B
Science
Direct
This paper sheds light into the effect of different aggressive
environments on the tensile behavior of reinforcing GFRP bars.
356 results of tensile tests of GFRP bars subjected to hot dry
and humid air, different alkali environments, salt solutions with
various concentrations, and plain and distillated water were
collected from the literature. According to the “design by
testing” procedure provided by EN 1990, a statistical analysis
of the results was carried out to calibrate environmental
reduction factors able to provide reliable estimations of the
long-term behavior of GFRP bars subjected to different
exposure conditions.
18.
Matthew Goldston, Alex
M. Remennikov, M Neaz
Sheikh,2016
Experimental
investigation of the
behaviour of concrete
beams reinforced with
GFRP bars under static
and impact loading
Engineerin
g
Structures,
113 220-
232.
University
of
Wollongon
g
the results of an experimental investigation into the effects
of the use of glass FRP (GFRP) bars as internal
reinforcement on the behaviour of concrete beams. Both
static and dynamic (impact) behaviours of the beam have
been investigated. Twelve GFRP reinforced concrete (RC)
beams were designed, cast and tested. Six GFRP RC beams
were tested under static loading to examine the failure
modes and associated energy absorption capacities. The
remaining six GFRP RC beams were tested under impact
loading using a drop hammer machine at the University of
Wollongong

18. Sr.
No.
Author/ Authors, Year Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
19.
Mathieu Robert1 and Brahim
Benmokrane, 2010
Behavior of GFRP
Reinforcing Bars Subjected
to Extreme Temperatures
Journal of
Composites
for
Construction
ASCE, ISSN
. This paper evaluates the variation of mechanical
properties of sand-coated GFRP reinforcing bars
subjected to low temperatures ranging from 0 to
−100°C and elevated temperatures ranging from
23 to 315°C. Tensile, shear and flexural
properties are investigated to get an overview of
the thermal stability of mechanical properties of
GFRP bars subjected to large variations of
temperatures.
The deterioration of bond
properties for other types of
FRP bars, exposed to extreme
temperatures, will be reported
in a further study
20.
Wen-rui Yang1 ; Xiong-jun
He2 *; Li Dai, 201
Damage behaviour of
concrete beams reinforced
with GFRP bars
Composite
Structures
Elsevier
It is concluded that the developed advanced
FE model is suitable as a practical and
economical tool, especially in design-oriented
parametric studies, for accurate modelling
and analysis of the damage behaviour of
concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars.
Based on tests of five full-scale
exterior T-shaped beam-column
joint prototypes under simulated
seismic load conditions, Mady
[54] clearly confirmed the
feasibility of using GFRP bars
and stirrups as reinforcements
and proposed that the ability of
a joint to dissipate seismic
energy can be enhanced by
increasing the beam
reinforcement ratio while
respecting the strong column–
weak beam principle.

19. Sr.
No.
Author/ Authors,
Year
Title Journal
Source/
Publisher
Findings & Relevance Research Gap
21..
A. Almerich
Chulia1*, P. Martin
Concepcion1 , J.M.
Molines Cano1 , J.
Rovira Soler1, 2012
NEW GFRP BARS AS
INTERNAL
REINFORCEMENT IN
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
NEW GFRP
BARS AS
INTERNAL
REINFORCEM
ENT IN
CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Reasearch
gate
With the experimental results and design guidelines
established by Spanish current code, we have proposed
a procedure for the design rectangular sections of
reinforced concrete with GFRP bars. These rules have
been implemented in software called "RTHp Armado"
[8], to provide future users and/or designers with its
use, as well as to design and test sections of reinforced
concrete with RTHp fiberglass rods. Rules considered
in this program are EHE-08, ACI 440.1R-06,
CAN/CSA-S806-02 and CAN/CSA-S6-06, modified
accordingly to the experimental results
There is a lack of research in
performance and design of new
FRP reinforced concrete
structures. This use is a new
concept with limited experimental
and analytical information.
Because of these shortcomings,
the current codes and standards,
including the CSA S806-02, ISIS
Manual (2001) and ACI 440
(2006), have severe limitations for
structural use of internally placed
FRP reinforcement, and all of
them ignore the compression
strength of the bar in the design,
ignoring its contribution due to its
low elasticity modulus.
22.
S.F. Husain1 , M.
Shariq2 and A.
Masood , 2018
GFRP bars for RC
structures - A Review
Advances in
Construction
Materials and
Structures
(ACMS-2018)
IIT
Roorkee
GFRP rebar are manufactured through a process
known as Pultrusion method that enables
production of high fibre-content (as much as 60-
80%) GFRP bars. Fibres used to make bar have a
diameter ranging from 10 µm to 4.5 µm depending
upon type of glass fibre. To obtain effective bond
with concrete the bars can be provided with a
surface deformation. Those deformation can be
achieved by wrapping a strand of resin dipped fibre
bundle around the bar just before or after coming
out from heated die.
With further research and
standardization of design practices
and guidelines on bond between
concrete and FRP bars, they can
provide a well suited alternative to
steel reinforcement

20.  OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
 To study the parameters of typical steel rebars.
 To review the research paper on GFRP Rebars.
 To check the properties of steel with respect to GFRP.
 To collect the quotations of GFRP
 To check the all the parameters manually as well as
with respect to software

21. METHODOLOGY:
 Analysis of beam:
Beam reinforced with traditional steel rebars and reinforced with GFRP rebars having same
cross-sectional properties are simply supported
The properties of these beams are tested by varying span.
 Parameters:
There are several parameters of beam like deflection, shear force and bending moment.
Such properties for steel and GFRP reinforcement for beam are investigated analytically for
the beams.
 Comparison of traditional steel bars with respect to GFRP rebars is studied manually
and also by using the software like STAAD Pro

22. Data collection and Analysis

23. MATERIAL STEEL REBARS GFRP FIBAR
Tensile strength, not less than, MPa 390 1100
Modulus of elasticity, GPa 200 55
Bond strength, MPa 16 12
Shear strength, MPa 380 181
Thermal conductivity, W/(m*°C) 46 0.35
Linear expansion coefficient, a 10-6/°C 13-15 9-12
Density, kg/m³ 7800 1900
Relative elongation, not more than,% 25 3
Compressive strength, MPa 250 382
Table 1: COMPARISION OF PROPERTIES OF STEEL AND GFRP

24. SIZES STEEL GFRP FIBAR
Dia (mm) C/S area(mm²) Weight Weight (g/m) Weight (g/m)
04 11.26 98 26
06 26.87 222 55
08 47.56 396 99
10 74.63 620 157
12 107.46 890 219
14 147.34 1210 307
16 192.26 1580 392
18 244.55 2000 500
20 303.11 2470 621
Table 2Comparative weights of steel rebars and FIBAR:

25. APPLICATIONS

30. REFERENCE
● IS 456 :2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
● Hamid Saadatmanesh, Mohammad R. Ehsani, RC beams strengthened
with GFRP plates. I: experimental study Journal of Structural Engineer,
ASCE, ISSN, 1990
● Gilbert Nkurunziza, Ahmed Debaiky, Patrice Cousin and Brahim
Benmokrane ,Durability of GFRP bars: A critical review of the
literature ,Wiley InterScience ,John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ,2005
● ETC…..