This document provides an overview of UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles of spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy. It describes electronic transitions that can occur when electromagnetic radiation interacts with molecules, including σ→σ*, n→σ*, π→π*, and n→π* transitions. Beer's law and Lambert's law are also explained. The key components of a UV-Visible spectrophotometer are outlined. Applications including concentration measurements, detection of impurities and functional groups, and kinetic studies are mentioned. Fluorescence spectroscopy is also briefly discussed.
This document discusses the instrumentation of UV spectrophotometry. It describes the key components which include sources of UV radiation like hydrogen discharge lamps, xenon discharge lamps, and mercury arc lamps. It also discusses monochromators like gratings to produce monochromatic light, and sample holders/cuvettes to hold liquid samples. Common detectors mentioned are barrier layer cells, phototubes, and photomultiplier tubes. Finally, it explains the basic setup of single beam and double beam UV spectrophotometers used for analysis.
UV/visible spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light by molecules. It utilizes light in the wavelength range of 200-800 nm.
The key components of a UV-visible spectrophotometer are a light source, wavelength selector such as a monochromator, sample holder, detector, and associated electronics. Common light sources include deuterium lamps, tungsten lamps, and mercury lamps. Samples are typically held in quartz or glass cuvettes. Detectors include phototubes and photodiodes.
UV-visible spectroscopy can be used to analyze samples containing multiple components. Methods for multicomponent analysis include simultaneous equations using absorption data at two wavelengths, absorbance ratio methods
This document provides an overview of C-13 NMR spectroscopy. It discusses the history and principle of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on C-13. Key points include: C-13 has a nuclear spin of 1/2, allowing it to be detected by NMR, unlike C-12. The chemical shift range for C-13 is much broader than for proton NMR, from 0-220 ppm. The number of C-13 signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbon types in a molecule. C-13 coupling is observed with directly bonded protons and other nearby nuclei. Applications of C-13 NMR include structure elucidation of organic and biochemical compounds.
The document discusses infrared (IR) spectroscopy, which analyzes the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. IR spectroscopy can provide information about a compound's chemical structure and molecular structure by measuring its absorption of IR radiation. It is widely used to analyze organic materials and some inorganic molecules. The document then describes various components of IR instrumentation, including IR radiation sources like the Nernst glower and globar, monochromators that separate wavelengths, sample cells and techniques, and detectors like thermocouples, bolometers, and thermistors that measure the radiation absorbed.
This document provides an overview of the principles of UV-visible spectroscopy. It discusses how UV-visible spectroscopy involves exciting electrons from lower to higher orbital energies using electromagnetic radiation between 200-800nm. The absorption of radiation is dependent on the structure of the compound and type of electron transition. The main types of electron transitions are σ->σ*, n->π*, π->π*, and n->σ*. Selection rules determine which transitions are allowed. UV-visible spectroscopy is used in pharmaceutical analysis for qualitative, quantitative, and structural analysis of compounds in solution.
This document provides an overview of UV-Visible Spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles including electromagnetic radiation, interaction of radiation with matter, and electronic transitions. It describes Beer-Lambert's law and how absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Different types of electronic transitions like σ→σ*, n→σ*, π→π*, and n→π* are explained. Instrumentation components like radiation sources, monochromators, sample holders and detectors are briefly outlined. Key terms like chromophore, auxochrome, bathochromic shift, hypsochromic shift, hyperchromic effect and hypochromic effect are also defined.
This document discusses the instrumentation of UV spectrophotometry. It describes the key components which include sources of UV radiation like hydrogen discharge lamps, xenon discharge lamps, and mercury arc lamps. It also discusses monochromators like gratings to produce monochromatic light, and sample holders/cuvettes to hold liquid samples. Common detectors mentioned are barrier layer cells, phototubes, and photomultiplier tubes. Finally, it explains the basic setup of single beam and double beam UV spectrophotometers used for analysis.
UV/visible spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light by molecules. It utilizes light in the wavelength range of 200-800 nm.
The key components of a UV-visible spectrophotometer are a light source, wavelength selector such as a monochromator, sample holder, detector, and associated electronics. Common light sources include deuterium lamps, tungsten lamps, and mercury lamps. Samples are typically held in quartz or glass cuvettes. Detectors include phototubes and photodiodes.
UV-visible spectroscopy can be used to analyze samples containing multiple components. Methods for multicomponent analysis include simultaneous equations using absorption data at two wavelengths, absorbance ratio methods
This document provides an overview of C-13 NMR spectroscopy. It discusses the history and principle of NMR spectroscopy, focusing on C-13. Key points include: C-13 has a nuclear spin of 1/2, allowing it to be detected by NMR, unlike C-12. The chemical shift range for C-13 is much broader than for proton NMR, from 0-220 ppm. The number of C-13 signals indicates the number of non-equivalent carbon types in a molecule. C-13 coupling is observed with directly bonded protons and other nearby nuclei. Applications of C-13 NMR include structure elucidation of organic and biochemical compounds.
The document discusses infrared (IR) spectroscopy, which analyzes the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. IR spectroscopy can provide information about a compound's chemical structure and molecular structure by measuring its absorption of IR radiation. It is widely used to analyze organic materials and some inorganic molecules. The document then describes various components of IR instrumentation, including IR radiation sources like the Nernst glower and globar, monochromators that separate wavelengths, sample cells and techniques, and detectors like thermocouples, bolometers, and thermistors that measure the radiation absorbed.
This document provides an overview of the principles of UV-visible spectroscopy. It discusses how UV-visible spectroscopy involves exciting electrons from lower to higher orbital energies using electromagnetic radiation between 200-800nm. The absorption of radiation is dependent on the structure of the compound and type of electron transition. The main types of electron transitions are σ->σ*, n->π*, π->π*, and n->σ*. Selection rules determine which transitions are allowed. UV-visible spectroscopy is used in pharmaceutical analysis for qualitative, quantitative, and structural analysis of compounds in solution.
This document provides an overview of UV-Visible Spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles including electromagnetic radiation, interaction of radiation with matter, and electronic transitions. It describes Beer-Lambert's law and how absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Different types of electronic transitions like σ→σ*, n→σ*, π→π*, and n→π* are explained. Instrumentation components like radiation sources, monochromators, sample holders and detectors are briefly outlined. Key terms like chromophore, auxochrome, bathochromic shift, hypsochromic shift, hyperchromic effect and hypochromic effect are also defined.
UV-visible spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of light in the UV and visible light ranges. It is useful for determining conjugation and distinguishing between conjugated and non-conjugated compounds. It has applications in identifying unknown compounds, determining the extent of conjugation, and elucidating the structures of molecules like vitamins. It can also provide information about configuration, hydrogen bonding, molecular weight, and detect impurities. The Woodward-Fieser rules allow calculating the expected absorption maxima for certain functional groups.
The document discusses fluorescence spectroscopy. It defines fluorescence as emission of light that occurs when a substance absorbs light and returns to its ground state, emitting photons. Factors that affect fluorescence include the molecular structure, substituents, concentration, pH, temperature, and viscosity. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy includes a light source, filters, sample cells, and detectors such as photomultiplier tubes. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy include determination of inorganic substances, use as fluorescent indicators, pharmaceutical analysis, and liquid chromatography.
The document discusses atomic absorption spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction describing how atomic absorption spectroscopy measures the concentration of an element by measuring the amount of light absorbed at a characteristic wavelength when it passes through atoms of that element. It then describes the principle, instrumentation, applications, and sources of interference in atomic absorption spectroscopy. The key sources of interference discussed are non-spectral interferences such as matrix, chemical, and ionization interferences and spectral interferences such as background absorption.
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges.
This document describes the components and design of spectrophotometry instruments. It discusses the key components including the light source, monochromator system using filters, prisms or gratings, sample holder, detector and readout. Specific light sources like tungsten-halogen lamps, hydrogen and xenon discharge lamps are covered. Requirements for an ideal light source and operating principles of filters, prisms and diffraction gratings as monochromators are summarized.
UV/visible spectroscopy involves the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of UV or visible light, while emission spectroscopy measures light emitted from a sample. The wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation are inversely related by the equation c=λν. Electronic transitions in molecules, such as σ→σ*, π→π*, n→σ*, and n→π* can be detected using UV/visible spectroscopy. Beer's law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Chromophores are functional groups in molecules that absorb UV or visible light.
UV spectroscopy, Electronic transitions, law of UV, Deviations of UV, chromop...Rajesh Singh
This PowerPoint Presentation includes the principle, electronic transitions, application, chromophore, Auxochrome, Deviations and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented by Rajesh Singh in GLA University Mathura.
The document discusses various ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry. There are two main categories - gas phase ionization and desorption ionization. Electron impact ionization is the most widely used gas phase technique, producing molecular ions and extensive fragmentation. Chemical ionization uses reagent gas to ionize samples more gently via proton or charge transfer. Desorption techniques like MALDI, ESI and FAB ionize high molecular weight biomolecules by incorporating the sample into a matrix and using laser or atom bombardment to induce ionization.
Various factor affecting vibrational frequency in IR spectroscopy.vishvajitsinh Bhati
various factor affecting vibrational frequency in IR,
• Coupled vibrations
• Fermi resonance
• Electronic effects
• Hydrogen bonding
and their examples
Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity for an ion exchange resin. It works through the reversible electrostatic interaction between ions in solution and ions attached to the resin. There are four main types of resins: strong cation, weak cation, strong anion, and weak anion. Organic resins like polystyrene with divinylbenzene crosslinking are commonly used. The process involves equilibrating, applying the sample, eluting components at different rates depending on their affinity, and regenerating the resin. Ion exchange chromatography has applications like water softening, enzyme purification, and separation of ions, sugars, amino acids and proteins.
Mass spectrometry deals with studying charged molecules and fragment ions produced from a sample exposed to ionizing conditions. It provides the relative intensity spectrum based on ions' mass to charge ratio, allowing identification of unknown compounds. The document discusses the basic principles, advantages, disadvantages, instrumentation, applications, and analysis techniques of mass spectrometry.
The document discusses Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy. It provides an introduction to Fourier transforms and their use in converting time domain NMR spectra to frequency domain spectra. It describes the components of an FT-NMR instrument, including an RF transmitter coil, magnet, receiver coil, and computer. Key advantages of FT-NMR are its dramatic increase in sensitivity over continuous wave NMR, allowing detection of samples under 5 mg, and its ability to rapidly provide high signal-to-noise ratio spectra.
Spectroscopy is the branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. OR
It is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed or emitted when molecule or ions or atoms of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state.
Spectroscopy is the most powerful tool available for the study of atomic & molecular structure and is used in the analysis of a wide range of samples .
The document discusses how solvents and chromophores affect UV-visible spectroscopy. It states that the solvent exerts influence on the absorption spectrum, with the same drug showing different absorption maxima in different solvents. Common solvents used are water, methanol, ethanol, ether, and cyclohexane. The solvent should not absorb in the region studied and have minimum interaction with solute. Chromophores like conjugated systems, carbonyls, and metal complexes determine absorption. Factors like conjugation, auxochromes, and solvent polarity can shift absorption maxima.
The rate theory of chromatography proposes equations to describe the processes that contribute to band broadening in chromatography. These include eddy diffusion, longitudinal diffusion, and resistance to mass transfer in both the mobile and stationary phases. The key equation from rate theory is the Van Deemter equation, which relates plate height to the average linear velocity of the mobile phase and factors A, B, and C that describe the various broadening processes. The Van Deemter equation can be used to determine the optimum mobile phase flow rate.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy involves subjecting atomic nuclei to magnetic fields and measuring the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted. Fourier transform NMR provides increased sensitivity by combining multiple free induction decay signals measured in the time domain. A Fourier transform converts these signals to an NMR spectrum in the frequency domain. The Michelson interferometer induces interference of light waves by splitting and recombining beams that traveled different path lengths, allowing observation of interference patterns related to the wavelength of light.
1) IR spectroscopy uses infrared radiation to identify chemical substances by their absorption patterns.
2) The main components of an IR spectrometer are a radiation source, monochromator, sample cells, detectors, and recorder.
3) Common radiation sources are Nernst glowers, globar sources, and incandescent wires, which emit IR radiation that is focused through the sample.
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
In this slide contains principle of IR spectroscopy and sampling techniques.
Presented by: R.Banuteja (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
http://www.redicals.com
The spectrophotometer technique is to measures light intensity as a function of wavelength.
• Measures the light that passes through a liquid sample
• Spectrophotometer gives readings in Percent Transmittance (%T) and in Absorbance (A)
This document provides an overview of UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles including electromagnetic radiation, spectroscopy, absorption of UV-Visible light, and Beer-Lambert's law. It describes the instrumentation of UV-Visible spectroscopy including light sources, wavelength selectors, sample compartments, detectors and basic components. It also discusses electronic transitions, shifts in absorption, and applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
UV-visible spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of light in the UV and visible light ranges. It is useful for determining conjugation and distinguishing between conjugated and non-conjugated compounds. It has applications in identifying unknown compounds, determining the extent of conjugation, and elucidating the structures of molecules like vitamins. It can also provide information about configuration, hydrogen bonding, molecular weight, and detect impurities. The Woodward-Fieser rules allow calculating the expected absorption maxima for certain functional groups.
The document discusses fluorescence spectroscopy. It defines fluorescence as emission of light that occurs when a substance absorbs light and returns to its ground state, emitting photons. Factors that affect fluorescence include the molecular structure, substituents, concentration, pH, temperature, and viscosity. Instrumentation for fluorescence spectroscopy includes a light source, filters, sample cells, and detectors such as photomultiplier tubes. Applications of fluorescence spectroscopy include determination of inorganic substances, use as fluorescent indicators, pharmaceutical analysis, and liquid chromatography.
The document discusses atomic absorption spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction describing how atomic absorption spectroscopy measures the concentration of an element by measuring the amount of light absorbed at a characteristic wavelength when it passes through atoms of that element. It then describes the principle, instrumentation, applications, and sources of interference in atomic absorption spectroscopy. The key sources of interference discussed are non-spectral interferences such as matrix, chemical, and ionization interferences and spectral interferences such as background absorption.
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges.
This document describes the components and design of spectrophotometry instruments. It discusses the key components including the light source, monochromator system using filters, prisms or gratings, sample holder, detector and readout. Specific light sources like tungsten-halogen lamps, hydrogen and xenon discharge lamps are covered. Requirements for an ideal light source and operating principles of filters, prisms and diffraction gratings as monochromators are summarized.
UV/visible spectroscopy involves the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of UV or visible light, while emission spectroscopy measures light emitted from a sample. The wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation are inversely related by the equation c=λν. Electronic transitions in molecules, such as σ→σ*, π→π*, n→σ*, and n→π* can be detected using UV/visible spectroscopy. Beer's law states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Chromophores are functional groups in molecules that absorb UV or visible light.
UV spectroscopy, Electronic transitions, law of UV, Deviations of UV, chromop...Rajesh Singh
This PowerPoint Presentation includes the principle, electronic transitions, application, chromophore, Auxochrome, Deviations and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented by Rajesh Singh in GLA University Mathura.
The document discusses various ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry. There are two main categories - gas phase ionization and desorption ionization. Electron impact ionization is the most widely used gas phase technique, producing molecular ions and extensive fragmentation. Chemical ionization uses reagent gas to ionize samples more gently via proton or charge transfer. Desorption techniques like MALDI, ESI and FAB ionize high molecular weight biomolecules by incorporating the sample into a matrix and using laser or atom bombardment to induce ionization.
Various factor affecting vibrational frequency in IR spectroscopy.vishvajitsinh Bhati
various factor affecting vibrational frequency in IR,
• Coupled vibrations
• Fermi resonance
• Electronic effects
• Hydrogen bonding
and their examples
Ion exchange chromatography separates ions and polar molecules based on their affinity for an ion exchange resin. It works through the reversible electrostatic interaction between ions in solution and ions attached to the resin. There are four main types of resins: strong cation, weak cation, strong anion, and weak anion. Organic resins like polystyrene with divinylbenzene crosslinking are commonly used. The process involves equilibrating, applying the sample, eluting components at different rates depending on their affinity, and regenerating the resin. Ion exchange chromatography has applications like water softening, enzyme purification, and separation of ions, sugars, amino acids and proteins.
Mass spectrometry deals with studying charged molecules and fragment ions produced from a sample exposed to ionizing conditions. It provides the relative intensity spectrum based on ions' mass to charge ratio, allowing identification of unknown compounds. The document discusses the basic principles, advantages, disadvantages, instrumentation, applications, and analysis techniques of mass spectrometry.
The document discusses Fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy. It provides an introduction to Fourier transforms and their use in converting time domain NMR spectra to frequency domain spectra. It describes the components of an FT-NMR instrument, including an RF transmitter coil, magnet, receiver coil, and computer. Key advantages of FT-NMR are its dramatic increase in sensitivity over continuous wave NMR, allowing detection of samples under 5 mg, and its ability to rapidly provide high signal-to-noise ratio spectra.
Spectroscopy is the branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. OR
It is the measurement of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed or emitted when molecule or ions or atoms of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state.
Spectroscopy is the most powerful tool available for the study of atomic & molecular structure and is used in the analysis of a wide range of samples .
The document discusses how solvents and chromophores affect UV-visible spectroscopy. It states that the solvent exerts influence on the absorption spectrum, with the same drug showing different absorption maxima in different solvents. Common solvents used are water, methanol, ethanol, ether, and cyclohexane. The solvent should not absorb in the region studied and have minimum interaction with solute. Chromophores like conjugated systems, carbonyls, and metal complexes determine absorption. Factors like conjugation, auxochromes, and solvent polarity can shift absorption maxima.
The rate theory of chromatography proposes equations to describe the processes that contribute to band broadening in chromatography. These include eddy diffusion, longitudinal diffusion, and resistance to mass transfer in both the mobile and stationary phases. The key equation from rate theory is the Van Deemter equation, which relates plate height to the average linear velocity of the mobile phase and factors A, B, and C that describe the various broadening processes. The Van Deemter equation can be used to determine the optimum mobile phase flow rate.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy involves subjecting atomic nuclei to magnetic fields and measuring the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted. Fourier transform NMR provides increased sensitivity by combining multiple free induction decay signals measured in the time domain. A Fourier transform converts these signals to an NMR spectrum in the frequency domain. The Michelson interferometer induces interference of light waves by splitting and recombining beams that traveled different path lengths, allowing observation of interference patterns related to the wavelength of light.
1) IR spectroscopy uses infrared radiation to identify chemical substances by their absorption patterns.
2) The main components of an IR spectrometer are a radiation source, monochromator, sample cells, detectors, and recorder.
3) Common radiation sources are Nernst glowers, globar sources, and incandescent wires, which emit IR radiation that is focused through the sample.
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
In this slide contains principle of IR spectroscopy and sampling techniques.
Presented by: R.Banuteja (Department of pharmaceutical analysis).
RIPER, anantpur.
http://www.redicals.com
The spectrophotometer technique is to measures light intensity as a function of wavelength.
• Measures the light that passes through a liquid sample
• Spectrophotometer gives readings in Percent Transmittance (%T) and in Absorbance (A)
This document provides an overview of UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles including electromagnetic radiation, spectroscopy, absorption of UV-Visible light, and Beer-Lambert's law. It describes the instrumentation of UV-Visible spectroscopy including light sources, wavelength selectors, sample compartments, detectors and basic components. It also discusses electronic transitions, shifts in absorption, and applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
UV - Visible Spectroscopy detailed information is included .The Spectroscopy study provide the information and the absorbance as well the concentration of the drugs is studied.
This document provides a summary of a seminar on ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy. It discusses key concepts such as spectroscopy, electromagnetic radiation properties like wavelength and frequency. It covers the ultraviolet-visible spectrum and types of electronic transitions that can occur. Important components for spectroscopy are discussed like chromophores, auxochromes and absorption laws. Finally, it summarizes the instrumentation used for UV-Vis spectroscopy including components like the radiation source, monochromator, cuvettes and detectors.
UV-Visible spectrophotometry involves measuring light intensity as a function of wavelength. A spectrophotometer directs light through a sample and measures the transmitted light intensities using a charged coupled device detector. It displays the results as a graph of absorbance versus wavelength. UV-Vis spectroscopy can be used to determine concentrations, detect impurities, elucidate organic structures, and study chemical kinetics by observing changes in absorbance.
This document provides an overview of UV spectroscopy. It discusses how UV radiation causes electronic transitions that can be observed via absorption spectroscopy. Key points covered include the instrumentation used, sample handling considerations like solvent transparency, and interpretation of UV absorption spectra. Specifically, it explains how electronic transitions give rise to absorption maxima and how the Beer-Lambert law relates absorbance to characteristics like molar absorptivity and path length. The document emphasizes UV spectroscopy is often used alongside other techniques to elucidate electronic features in organic compounds.
This document provides an overview of UV spectroscopy. It discusses electronic transitions that occur in the UV region, including n→π* and π→π* transitions. Common chromophores like carbonyls and alkenes that absorb in the UV are described. Instrumentation for UV spectroscopy including sources, sample handling, and spectroscopy is covered. The Beer-Lambert law relating absorbance to concentration and path length is also summarized. Substituent effects on transition energies and intensities are discussed.
This document provides an overview of UV spectroscopy. It begins by discussing electronic transitions and the UV/visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. It then describes the spectroscopic process where samples are irradiated with UV light and an absorption spectrum is obtained. Selection rules and factors leading to band structure rather than discrete peaks are also covered. The document discusses UV instrumentation and sample handling considerations. It concludes by explaining Beer's Law and how absorbance is related to path length, concentration, and molar absorptivity.
principle, application and instrumentation of UV- visible Spectrophotometer Ayetenew Abita Desa
This Presentation powerpoint includes the principle, application, and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented at Addis Ababa University, School of medicine, department of medical biochemistry.
Seminar on Uv Visible spectroscopy by Amogh G VAmoghGV
PPT of seminar on UV Visible spectroscopy, electronic transitions, Instrumentation of Double beam spectrophotometers, Advantages of Double beam over single beam, Beer Lamberts law derivation
UV spectroscopy involves absorption spectroscopy from 160 nm to 780 nm to identify inorganic and organic species. It uses ultraviolet radiation that stimulates molecular vibrations and electronic transitions. When a molecule absorbs UV radiation, it causes excitation of electrons from occupied bonding molecular orbitals to unoccupied antibonding molecular orbitals. The absorption spectrum obtained will show "gaps" at discrete energies where particular electronic transitions match the energy of bands of UV light. Factors like conjugation, substituents, and solvent can affect the absorption spectrum by causing bathochromic or hypsochromic shifts.
- The document is a presentation on ultraviolet spectroscopy submitted by Moriyom Akhter and Md Shah Alam from the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh.
- It defines ultraviolet spectroscopy and discusses key concepts like absorption spectra, types of electronic transitions that can occur, Beer's and Lambert's absorption laws, instrumentation components, and applications in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
- The presentation also examines effects of chromophores and auxochromes on absorption spectra and maximum wavelengths, and how solvents can shift absorption peaks.
The Principle of UV-Visible Spectroscopy is based on the absorption of ultraviolet light or visible light by chemical compounds, which results in the production of distinct spectra. Spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter. When the matter absorbs the light, it undergoes excitation and de-excitation, resulting in the production of a spectrum.
When matter absorbs ultraviolet radiation, the electrons present in it undergo excitation. This causes them to jump from a ground state (an energy state with a relatively small amount of energy associated with it) to an excited state (an energy state with a relatively large amount of energy associated with it).
UV -Vis Spectrophotometry- Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application...Dr. Amsavel A
UV -Vis Spectrophotometry- Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application in Pharmaceutical Industry Dr. A. Amsavel.
UV &Visible Spectroscopy-Absorption Theory
Electronic Transitions
Beer- Lambert Law
Chromophores & Auxochrome
Factors Influence the Absorption
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer-Instrumentation
Operation of the Spectrophotometer
Qualification & Calibration
Application
uv spectelectronic transition in the roscopyRiyaDas765755
This document discusses UV spectroscopy and instrumentation. It provides an overview of electronic transitions including σ→ σ*, n → σ*, π→ π*, and n → π* transitions. It describes the basic components of UV-visible spectrophotometers including light sources, wavelength selectors, sample holders, detectors, and the differences between single beam and double beam instruments. The conclusion states that UV spectroscopy is routinely used in analytical chemistry for quantitative analysis of transition metals, conjugated organics, and biomolecules, and instrumentation enables precise measurements and enhanced capabilities.
Module 6 provides an overview of several spectroscopic, diffraction, and microscopic techniques. It discusses the fundamentals of spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation. Specific techniques covered include UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The principles and applications of UV-visible spectroscopy and XRD are explained in more detail. UV-visible spectroscopy involves electronic transitions that cause absorption of radiation. XRD works by measuring diffraction of X-rays by crystalline materials to determine their atomic structure.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy involves using UV or visible light to analyze samples. UV-Vis spectroscopy can be used to identify organic and inorganic compounds, determine concentrations, and study reaction kinetics. The document provides details on the principles, instrumentation, and applications of UV-Vis spectroscopy, including qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds, detection of functional groups and impurities, and determination of molecular structure.
Unit 5 Spectroscopic Techniques-converted (1) (1).pdfSurajShinde558909
Spectroscopy is the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Spectroscopic techniques are based on measurement of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by a sample. The main spectroscopic techniques discussed are UV-Visible spectroscopy and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. UV-Visible spectroscopy provides information about double and triple bonds in molecules, while IR spectroscopy provides information about functional groups. Both techniques can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
1. Unit-1
UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY NOTES VIKAS KUMAR
1
UV Visible Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy:- Spectroscopy is the branch of science dealing the
study of intraction of electromagnetic radiation with matter
Principle Of Spectroscopy :- The principle is based on the
measurement of spectrum of a sample containing atoms.
Spectrum is a graph of intensity of absorbed or emitted radiation by
sample verses frequency (V) or wavelength (λ).
Spectrometer is an instrument design to measure the Spectrum of
a compound.
Absorption Spectroscopy :- An analytical technique which concerns
with the measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiation. Eg
UV (185-400nm) / Visible (400-800nm) spectroscopy. IR Spectroscopy
(0.76-15µm).
Emission Spectroscopy :-An analytical technique which emission of a
particle or radiation is dispersed according to some property of the
emission & the amount of dispersion is measured eg. Mass
spectroscopy.
Electromegnetic Radiation:-
Electromegnetic radiation consist of discrete packets of energy which
called as photons.
2. Unit-1
UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY NOTES VIKAS KUMAR
2
A photons consists of an oscillating electric field (E) & An oscillating
magnetic field (M) which are perpendicular to each other.
Properties of electromagnetic radiation:-
1) Wavelength:- it is distance b/w two successive maxima on an
electromagnetic wave. Unit are m,cm,mm,nm and micrometer.
2) Frequency:- Number of wavelength units pass time is called as
frequency. It is denoted by “V” and units are cycle per sec. Hertz.
3) Wavelength:-
𝒗 =
𝟏
𝒘𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
As the number of waves per cm in vaccum.
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4) Vilocity:- it is the product of wavelength and frequency and is
equal to the velocity of the wave in the medium.
𝑣 = 𝑛 ∗λ
The relationship b/w wavelwngth & frequency can be written
as
C=Vλ
As photons is subjected to energy.
So 𝐄 = 𝐡𝐯 =
𝐡𝐜
𝛌
Electronic Transition:-
1) σ → σ* transition:
The energy required is large.
For exp. Methane (which has only C-H bonds and can only
undergo σ → σ* transition Transition) shows an absorbance
maximum at 125nm.
Absorption maxima due to σ →σ transition are not seen in
typical UV-Vis Spectra (200-700nm) but in UV- region (125-
135nm).
2) n→σ* Transition:-
These transition Usually need less energy then n→σ* transition.
They can be initiated by light whose wavelength is in the range
150-250nm.
The number of organic functional groups with n →σ* peaks in the
UV region in small.
3) π →π* Transition:-
Π electron in a bonding orbital is exaited to corresponding
antibonding orbital π* and obserbed in conjugated compounds
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Eg. Alkenes generally absorb in the regin 170 to 205 nm.
4) n→π* transition:-
n→π9 transition require minimum energy and show absorption at
longer wavelength around 300nm.
Terms Used In UV/Visible Spectroscopy
Chromophore:- The part of a molecule responsible for
imparting color are called as chromospheres.
The functional group comtaining multiple bonds capable
of absorbing radiations above 200nm due to n→π* &
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π→π* transitions eg. NO2 , N=O, C=N, C≡N, C=C,
C=S etc.
Auxochrome:- The functional group with non bonding
electrons that dose not absorb radiation in near UV
region but when attached to a chromophore alters the
wavelength & intensity of absorption.
Eg. Benzene λmax=255nm.
Phenol λmax=270nm.
Aniline λmax=280nm.
UV Visible Spectroscopy
Theory involved :
When a beam of light falls on a solution or homogenes
media a surface of the media a portion is absorbed with
in the medium and remaining is transmitted through the
medium
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Thus if I0 is the intensity of radiation falling on the
media.
Ir is the amount of radiations reflucted
Ia is the amount of radiation absorbed
It is the amount of radiation transmitted
Then I0=Ir+Ia+It
Law involved
1. Beer’s law
2. Lambert’s law
3. Beer- Lambert’s law
1. Beer’s law : When a beam of monochromatic
light I paased through a honogenous absorbing
medium , the rate with decrease of intensity of
radiation with increase in the concn (c) of absorbing
species is directly proportional to the intensity (I) of
incident light radiation.
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-dI/dc=KI
-dI/I=Kdc
On integration of above equation
-In I=KC+B--------------------eq(1)
When concn =0 then there is no absorbance
Here I=I0
Therefore substituting in equation (1)
-In I=k *0+b
-In I=b
Substituting the value of b in equation (1)
-InI=Kc-In I0
In I0-InI=kc
In I0/InI=Kc (Since logA-logB=logAB)
I0/I=ekc (remaining natural logarithm)
I/I0 =e-kc (Inverse both side)
I=I0 e-kc---------------------------(2)
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Lambeart’s law :- when a beam of monochromatic light
is passed through a homogenous absorbing medium the
ratio of decrease of intensity of radiation with thickness
of absorbing medium is directly proportional to the
intensity of the incident light (radiation)
dI/dt=KI
I=intensity of incident light of wavelength λ&
t= Thickness of medium.
Since I=I0e-kt------------------------(3)
Now combine the eq (2) and eq(3) we get
I=I0e-kct
Converting natural logarithm to base 10
I=I0 10-kct
Inverse on both side
I0I=10kct
Taking log on both side
logI0/I=Kct--------------------------(4)
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Here transmittance (T)=I/I0 and Absorbance
(A)=logI/T
Hence, A=logI0/I-------------------------(5)
Using eq. (4) and(5)
A=Kct
Instead of K we can use E, the above equation will be
as followes
A=Ect
This is mathematical equation for beer’s Lambert’s
Law
A=Ect
Where :
A= Absorbance
E= Molecular extinction coefficient
c= Concn of sample
t= path length (normally 10mm or 1cm)
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E can be expressed as follows
𝐸 = 𝐸1%
1𝑐𝑚 ∗ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
10
Instrumentation :-
1. Radiation sourse :- Both the tungsten and D2
lamp are present in the UV-VS.
2. Wavwlength Selector :-
A) Filter →Absorption and interference filter are
mainly used.
B) Monochromator → It gives the desired
wavelength in the entire UV or Visible region.
C) Slits → There are two slits ie →entrance slit
And exit slit.
3. Cell or Cuvettes :- For holding the sample
solution and the pure solvent.
4. Detector :- The most commonly used detectors
are photo emissive cell or phototubes and
photomultiplier tube
5. Recording System :- Recording is done by
recorder pen.
6. Power Supply
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Spectrophotometers are of two types
1. Single team spectrophotometers
2. Double beam Spectrophotometers
→ Single beam UV Spectrophotometer :
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→ Double Beam UV Spectrophotometer :
A tungsten lamp (400-800nm)
A D2 lamp (200-400nm)
APPLICATIONS FOR UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
Concentration Measurement
Detection of Impurities
Chemical Kinetics
Detection of functional Group
Molecular weight determination
→ Spectrophotometer Titratiion :
In a spectrophotometer titration the
equivalence point is determined with a
spectrophotometer. In this technique the titration vessel
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is kept directly in the light path of the instrument then
the absorbance of the solution is determined after
adding titration and a plot of absorbance as a function of
volume of titration is prepared.
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Single Component Analysis Methods
1. Direct Analysis : essentially all compounds containing conjugated
double bond or aromatic rings and many inorganic species absorb
light in the UV Visible region.
2. Indirect Analysis : This method involves analysis after addition
of some reasen. Chemical derivation may be adopted for any of
the several reasons.
1. If the analyte absorbs weekly in the UV-region
2. This technique can be used to improve the selectivity of the
assay in presence of other UV radiation absorbing substance.
3. Cost.
Methods of calculating concentration in
single compartment analysis
1. By using the relationship A=abc
2. By using the formula Cu=(Au/As)*Cs
3. By using the equation Y= mx+c
4. By using the Beer’s Curve
Multicomponents analysis methods
UV Spectrophotometric techniques are mainly used for multicomponent
analysis, thus minimizing the cumbersome task of seprating interferents
and allowing the determination of an increasing number of analytes
consequently redusing analysis time and cost.
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Multicomponent UC Spectrophotometric method are based on
recording and mathmetically processing absorption Spectra.
Advantages :
1. Avoid prior spectration technique and clean up steps that might be
required.
2. Spectral data are readily acquired with ease.
3. The process is fast accurate and simple.
4. Wide applicability to both organic and inorganic systems.
5. Typical detection limits of 10-4
to 10-5
m and moderate to high
selectivity.
Different UV Spectrophotometric multicomponent analysis
method include.
1. Difference Spectrophotometry.
2. Derivative Spectrophotomerty.
3. Absorbance ratio spectra method.
4. Derivative ratio spectra method.
5. Dual wavelength method.
Fluorimetry
It is the measurement of fuoressence intensity at a particular wavelength
with the help of a filter fluorimeter or a spectrofluorimeter.
PRINCIPAL : Molecular contain (σ electron) (π electron) and non
bonding n electron
The electron may be prevent in bonding molecular orbital also
called highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO).
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It has least energy and more stable.
→ Single State : A state in which all the electron in a molecular are
paired (↓↑).
→ Double State : A state in which an paired electrons is present (↓or↑).
→State (triplet) : A state in which impaired electrons of same spin
present (↑).
→ Silgle exited state : A state which electron are unpaired but of
opposite spin like ↓↑ (Unpaired and opposite side).
→ Factor Effecting Fluoresence :
1. Concn.
2. Quantum Yield of fluorescence
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→ Singl Beam Fluorimeter :
Single beam instruments are simple in construction
cheaper and easy to operate.
→ Double Beam Fluorimeter :
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→ Conclusion :
1. Fluorimetric method are not usefull in qualitative analysis
vand much use in quantitative analysis.
2. Fluorience is the most sensitive analytical techniques.
3. Detection studies will increase the development of flaurence
field.
→ Application :
1. Determination of ruthenium.
2. Determination of vanadium.
3. Determination of boron in steel.
4. Determination of aluminium in alloys.
5. Determination of chrominium and manganese.
6. Determination of uranium salts.
Thank You
Made by DRx Vikas