The document provides an overview of major events and developments during the Cold War era in the United States from 1945 to the late 1980s. It discusses the emergence of the Cold War rivalry with the Soviet Union, the spread of communism, conflicts like the Korean War and Vietnam War, civil rights movement, space race, and events that led to the fall of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 4 - COLD WAR. A comprehensive revision presentation including: causes of the cold war, Yalta Conference, Postdam Conference, salami tactics, the events in 1946-1948, the Berlin blockade, the Korean War, Khrushchev succeeded Stalin, Hungary 1956, U2 crisis, Berlin Wall and Cuban Missile Crisis.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Cold War = an intense rivalry for global power between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. following World War II that lasted for more than 40 years.
3. Communism – all property is publicly owned (controlled by the government), government controls all aspects of society Capitalism – an economic system based on private ownership of farms and businesses. Containment – U.S. policy of fighting the spread of communism by limiting it to countries where it already existed
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5. -Stalin closed all roads, railways, and river routes leading into West Berlin (June 1948) Berlin Blockade -June 24, 1948 – May 12, 1949
7. After WW II Germany divided into 4 zones Soviet British American & French zones
8. -North Atlantic Treaty Organization N.A.T.O -June 1949 - military alliance of western democratic countries to defend Europe against Communism Warsaw Pact -U.S.S.R. and communist nations in Eastern Europe unite to counter the threat from N.A.T.O.
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10. -for almost a year allies flew 5,000 tons of supplies to West Berlin on a daily basis, planes took off every 3 minutes Berlin Airlift
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13. August 1961- November 1989 -built to prevent East Germans from escaping to the West -171 people killed trying to cross Berlin Wall
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15. Despite this prediction, Truman wins the election of 1948 and continues his policy of CONTAINMENT .
16. June 1953 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg-active communists were executed in 1953 for providing the U.S.S.R. with nuclear secrets during WW II allowing them to build an atomic bomb. Americans worry about other spies.
17. -By 1950 a vast percentage of Europe and Asia are communist Spread of Communism in Asia -Will communism ever stop spreading?
24. Arms Race - June 1949 USSR explodes an atomic bomb - October 1957 USSR launches Sputnik the 1st artificial satellite - the U.S. and U.S.S.R. compete to build more missiles than the other
25. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) - June 1949 USSR explodes an atomic bomb - October 1957 USSR launches Sputnik the 1st artificial satellite - the U.S. and U.S.S.R. compete to build more missiles than the other
35. - June 1950 Communist North Korea invades South Korea. United Nations’ forces push them back to North Korea beyond 38th parallel. War in Korea - July 1953 cease-fire issued. Fighting ends, but formal peace never declared. - over 53,000 Americans killed.
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38. Korean War Memorial Symbolism There are 19 US Soldiers But when reflected in the nearby wall, there are now 38 Symbolism: Importance of the 38 th Parallel
39. December 1959 Fidel Castro leads a successful communist takeover of democratic, but corrupt government in Cuba, only 90 miles from Florida.
41. Jan. 1961: President John F. Kennedy takes oath of office. “The torch has been passed to a new generation.”
42. -no U.S. air support given Bay of Pigs Invasion -C.I.A. trained exiled Cubans attempt to invade Cuba and assassinate Fidel Castro -invasion fails - all 1,400 Cuban rebels captured or killed -embarrassing for Kennedy
43. -Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba -can hit anywhere in the U.S. Cuban Missile Crisis -spy planes take pictures of nuclear missiles in Cuba -USSR removes missiles
47. American Navy Ships Patrolling Cuban Waters With Orders To Shoot At Any Soviet Ship That Crosses “Quarantine” Line
48. May 1961: Believing in the “Domino Theory” (the idea that if a country falls to communism, its neighbor will too) Pres. Kennedy sends advisors to South Vietnam.
49. Gulf of Tonkin Incident, August 1964 North Vietnamese gun ships fire on US ship, the USS Maddox
50. July1965: LBJ sends 150,000 US troops to Vietnam
51. -South Vietnam falls in 1975 -U.S. involvement: 1964-1973 Vietnam War -Americans worried that democratic South Vietnam could become communist (domino theory- if one country falls to communism its neighbor will too) -2.6 million Americans served, over 58,000 Americans died, 304,000 were wounded
59. Ho Chi Minh Trail North Vietnamese supply trail to South Vietnam goes through Laos and Cambodia to avoid US military intervention. US can’t stop supplies from getting through.
60. April 1970 Nixon extends the Vietnam war into Cambodia to disrupt Ho Chi Minh Trail.
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63. Vietnam War Ends-1973 Cease-Fire Achieved in Vietnam. All bombing stops. The last US troops leave Vietnam in March.
64. -Nixon visited China and the U.S.S.R. in 1972 End of the Cold War Detente = an easing of tension between the U.S. and communist China and the U.S.S.R. -trade between the countries increased -Strategic Arms Reductions
65. February 1972 Richard Nixon becomes the first president to visit China
66. July 1972 Nixon visits the Soviet Union, starts the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. July 1979- SALT II
67. In the 70s and 80s the USSR and the USA start to focus on different aspects of space exploration. They are no longer “racing” each other. détente = an easing of tensions USSR Space Station USA Space Shuttles
69. President Ronald Reagan : Makes defense a main priority. Drastically increases defense spending.
70. COLD WAR CAUSE AND EFFECT: 6. Soviet citizens may feel safe, but they aren’t happy and can’t afford basics. 1. Reagan increases US defense budget. 2. USSR increases defense budget. 3. US is rich and can afford increases. 4. USSR can’t afford increases. 5. US citizens feel safe, secure, & happy.
71. Result: Soviet citizens grow angry. USSR will have hard time controlling millions of unsatisfied people.
72. Polish worker Lech Walesa leads the “Solidarity” movement in Poland. “Solidarity” starts as a shipyard strike. Later it brings down the USSR when Gorbachev is unwilling to use force. August 1980
73. Mikhail Gorbachev becomes new Soviet Premier. Ushers in many sweeping reforms. Reaches out to the west. glasnost – more open government (free speech) March 1985
74. June 12, 1987 President Reagan visits the Berlin Wall and pressures Gorbachev to tear it down.
75. November 1989 The Soviet Union allows the Berlin Wall to be destroyed. It is a sign that the Cold War is coming to and end.
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78. Communism Collapses -By the end of 1991 the Soviet Union crumbles. Soviet “satellites” declare their independence from the Soviet empire.
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82. The Cold War – What was it? McCarthyism – What was it? Why did the Cold War end? What two countries had been allies during WW II, but were now rivals? Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan?
83. Cuban Missile Crisis– What was it? Compare the American Revolution with the Vietnam War. Compare the Korean War with the Vietnam War.
85. Following World War II segregation remains legal in the general public Returning Soldiers Face Segregation
86. 1948 President Truman Ends Segregation in the Armed Forces
87. -1947 Jackie Robinson becomes first Black major league baseball player Working to End Segregation -bravely faces death threats, boos, and taunts from fans and white ballplayers
88. -1954 Supreme Court ruled that separate schools could never be equal, thus striking down Plessy v. Ferguson -Linda Brown’s parents sued the Topeka Board of Education which denied her the right to attend a Topeka school -schools are ordered to desegregate
89. -December 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama and she is arrested and jailed - Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. a Baptist Minister, helps lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott and becomes a national Civil Rights leader. Montgomery Bus Boycott
97. Civil Disobedience: -refusing to obey certain laws in order to change those laws or change government policy -nonviolent techniques such as boycotting, picketing,etc. are used Nonviolent Protest
103. Nine African American students (Little Rock Nine) were escorted to school each day by the 101 st U.S. Army Airborne Division and the nationalized Arkansas National Guard for the 1957-1958 school year. The board of education of Little Rock cancelled the entire 1958-1959 school year.
110. Birmingham, Alabama -one of the most racially divided cities in America -civil rights activists organize nonviolent protests (sit ins, marches), which lead to mass arrests draw media attention and force integration
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112. Children’s Marches -6,000 children age 6-16 -police used hoses, dogs and clubs -over 900 were arrested -reported in the media all over the world
119. -ended segregation in public places Civil Rights Act 1964 -outlawed discrimination in hiring -gave the govt. the authority to enforce desegregation
120. Michael Schermer James Chaney Andrew Goodman 1964: Civil Rights Workers Murdered in Mississippi
121. Voting Rights Act 1965 -ended literacy tests -allowed federal officials to register voters in states where local officials refused to
122. Under orders of police, fire fighters turn hoses on protesters. Hoses exert 700 pounds of pressure per square inch.
124. -even in death he is one of the most influential figures in civil rights and nonviolent protest -Dr. King was killed by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee Assassination -April 4, 1968
127. Black Power or Non-Violence: How to Bring About Change? Employ the peaceful tactics of Martin Luther King and SNCC, or the more radical tactics proposed by Malcolm X and other black nationalists?
128. Malcolm X -member of the Nation of Islam -favored separation from whites -encouraged African Americans to defend themselves using whatever means necessary -assassinated February 21, 1965
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130. Review -Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka -Goal of the Civil Rights Movement -Central High School -civil disobedience -Rosa Parks
132. -following WW II the economy boomed Baby Boom -3,548,000 babies born in 1950 -U.S. population grew by 29,000,000 in the 1950’s
133. -new housing built to accommodate growing families -identical houses mass produced in subdivisions -improved economy allows people to move out of cities Suburbs
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135. -workers lived farther away from jobs Highways -highways built to cut down on travel time, helped industries transport raw materials and consumer goods, escape nuclear attack -shopping centers, strip malls, supermarkets sprang up
136. -7 million T.V.s sold each year Television -news, comedies, kid shows, dramas, music programs, sporting events televised
137. -rock and roll music influenced American teenagers Music -music industry becomes big business
138. Big Band - Swing Glenn Miller Bluegrass Bill Monroe Blues - Rock & Roll Mamma Thornton Joe Turner The Chords Chuck Berry Rock & Roll Bill Haley The Crew Cuts Elvis Presley
139. -1960s movement that rejected racism, the war in Vietnam, traditional authority, materialism The Counterculture
140. -programs created to provide equal opportunities in employment and college admission to groups that have traditionally been discriminated against Affirmative Action
141. -American Indian Movement (AIM) worked to gain equal rights for Native Americans living in poverty on reservations Women & Native Americans -National Organization for Women (NOW) worked to secure equality in pay, in the workplace and in education
144. -Nixon denied any knowledge Watergate - 1972 burglars caught breaking into Democratic headquarters in D.C. -secret tape recordings showed Nixon was lying -Nixon decides to resign in 1974
148. Vice-President Gerald Ford takes over after Nixon’s resignation. One of Ford’s first acts as president is to pardon Nixon.
149. President Jimmy Carter defeats Ford in 1976 election, becoming president during a period of relative calm in the Cold War. The Superpowers continue “détente.”
150. - Arab nations fight Israel in three wars (1948, 1967, 1973) Middle East Peace - State of Israel created in Palestine 1948 - Israel wins territory - Carter helps Israel and Egypt agree on a peace treaty in 1979
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153. -J.F.K.’s dream realized 6 years after his death Moon Landing - July 1969: U.S. lands a man on the moon - a feat the U.S.S.R. never matched
154. New Frontier We stand on the edge of a New Frontier—the frontier of unfulfilled hopes and dreams, a frontier of unknown opportunities and beliefs in peril. Beyond that frontier are uncharted areas of science and space, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered problems of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.
155. -nuclear test ban treaty -raise minimum wage ($1-$1.25) New Frontier - Peace Corps sent young people to poorer nations to help with education, farming, health, etc. -commitment to the space program
164. -food stamps -medical care for the poor and elderly The Great Society -to end poverty and racial injustice -civil rights laws enacted
165. -sit-ins and marches -many protested, especially on college campuses War Protests (page 8) -nightly news programs showed scenes of the war (1st televised war) -some young men went to Canada to avoid the draft
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167. August 1968: Democratic National Convention in Chicago Protests over Vietnam
174. Kent State Massacre - National Guard troops are called in to maintain order after students vandalize campus while protesting the invasion of Cambodia. National Guard troops kill four students and injure 9 others. May 4, 1970
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176. Ohio National Guardsmen are called in to restore order. They have no formal training in crowd control.
181. -U.S.S.R. invades Afghanistan 1979 to support pro-Soviet government Foreign Policy Setbacks - 53 Americans taken hostage from U.S. embassy in Iran for over a year -U.S. boycotts Olympic Games in Moscow