The document summarizes key events and figures in the American civil rights movement from the late 1940s to the 1960s. It discusses the establishment of Jim Crow laws and the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision that legalized "separate but equal" facilities. It then outlines pivotal court cases and events that challenged segregation like the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954 and Rosa Parks' 1955 arrest, which sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. The document continues detailing nonviolent protests, sit-ins, freedom rides and marches that aimed to integrate public spaces and gain voting rights, amid violent responses from authorities in some cities.

1. Civil Rights

2. Jim Crow Laws -laws that created separate facilities for African Americans and whites (schools, restaurants, trains, hospitals, theaters, etc.) 31.2

3. Following World War II segregation remains legal in the general public Returning Soldiers Face Segregation 31.2

4. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) -the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities for African Americans and whites were equal, which they rarely were -“Separate but Equal” -made Jim Crow legal 31.3

5. 1948 President Truman Ends Segregation in the Armed Forces 31.3

6. -1954 Supreme Court ruled that separate schools could never be equal, thus striking down Plessy v. Ferguson -Linda Brown’s parents sued the Topeka Board of Education which denied her the right to attend a Topeka school -schools are ordered to desegregate 31.3 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

7. -December 1955 Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama and she is arrested and jailed - Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. a Baptist Minister, helps lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott and becomes a national Civil Rights leader. Montgomery Bus Boycott 31.4

8. 31.4 Rosa Parks Being Fingerprinted

9. Peacefully Protesting Segregated Busses 31.4

10. Dr. King is arrested for his role in the bus boycott. 31.4

11. Economic pressure put on business leaders of Montgomery helps convince them to desegregate busses. 31.4

12. Martin Luther King Jr., Celebrating End of Montgomery Bus Boycott 31.4

13. Suggestions from Montgomery Improvement Association how to behave on newly desegregated busses . 31.4

14. 31.4

15. Civil Disobedience: -refusing to obey certain laws in order to change those laws or change government policy -nonviolent techniques such as boycotting, picketing,etc. are used Nonviolent Protest 31.5

16. Marches Sit Ins Nonviolent Protest 31.5

17. Integration = desegregation, ending legal segregation 31.5

18. Arkansas National Guard Used to Enforce School Segregation Crisis in Little Rock Central High School 1957 Little Rock, Arkansas 31.5

19. Police Block Entrance to Central High School School in Little Rock 31.5

20. Nine African American students (Little Rock Nine) were escorted to school each day by the 101 st U.S. Army Airborne Division and the nationalized Arkansas National Guard for the 1957-1958 school year. The board of education of Little Rock cancelled the entire 1958-1959 school year. 31.5

21. 31.5

22. Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit In - 1960 31.5

23. FREEDOM RIDERS 1961 – challenged segregation on interstate bus trips 31.5

24. John Lewis James Zwerg 31.5

25. 31.5

26. 31.5

27. Birmingham, Alabama -one of the most racially divided cities in America -civil rights activists organize nonviolent protests (sit ins, marches), which lead to mass arrests draw media attention and force integration 31.6

28. 31.6

29. Under orders of police, fire fighters turn hoses on protesters. Hoses exert 700 pounds of pressure per square inch and can rip flesh from bone. 31.6

30. Children’s Marches -6,000 children age 6-16 -police used hoses, dogs and clubs -over 900 were arrested -reported in the media all over the world 31.6

31. Four Girls Killed in the Bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church September 1963, Bombing of 16 th Street Baptist Church 31.6

32. Addie Mae Collins Carole Robertson Denise McNair Cynthia Wesley 31.6

33. 31.6

34. MARCH ON WASHINGTON, MARCH 1963 31.7

35. MARCH ON WASHINGTON Protesting: Police Brutality, Unequal Pay, Job Discrimination, Lack of Rights 31.7

36. MARCH ON WASHINGTON, MARCH 1963 31.7

37. -ended segregation in public places Civil Rights Act 1964 -outlawed discrimination in hiring -gave the govt. the authority to enforce desegregation 31.7

38. Michael Schermer James Chaney Andrew Goodman 1964: Civil Rights Workers Murdered in Mississippi 31.7

39. Voting Rights Act 1965 -ended literacy tests -allowed federal officials to register voters in states where local officials refused to 31.7

40. April 4, 1968 31.7

41. -even in death he is one of the most influential figures in civil rights and nonviolent protest -Dr. King was killed by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee Assassination -April 4, 1968 31.7

42. 31.7

43. James Earl Ray 31.7