This document provides an overview of bridge engineering concepts and design processes. It discusses:
1. Classifying bridges by type, material, and other factors. It also defines bridge components like superstructure and substructure.
2. Factors considered in preliminary surveys for bridge sites, including hydrology, geotechnical data, and traffic.
3. Hydraulic design processes like determining peak flood flows, afflux, and linear waterway.
4. Structural design of bridge components like slabs, beams, culverts, and foundations. The role of the bridge engineer is also outlined.
This document discusses reinforced concrete (RC) girder bridges. It begins by defining girder bridges as the simplest bridge type, consisting of horizontal beams supported at each end. RC girder bridges are comprised of deck slabs that vehicles drive on, supported by main girders. There are three main types of girder bridges: box girders, which can handle twisting forces and are suitable for longer spans; concrete girders made of pre-stressed concrete; and I-beam girders made of steel. RC girder bridges must be designed to support dead loads from the structure itself, live loads from traffic, and dynamic loads from wind and weather.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
Bridges are structures built to span physical obstacles like bodies of water or valleys to allow passage over them. The first bridges were made of wood or stone. There are many types of bridges classified by their form, material, and function. Common forms include arch, truss, cable-stayed, and beam bridges. Materials include timber, steel, composite, and concrete. Bridges can also be classified as pedestrian, highway, viaduct, or pipelines. Foundations must support the bridge's weight and distribute it evenly to withstand forces like water flow. Common foundations include shallow foundations like block or deep foundations like piles or wells.
This document discusses the key elements of highway geometric design including cross-section elements, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignment details, and intersection elements. It covers factors that affect highway geometric design such as design speed, topography, traffic, capacity, and environmental factors. It provides details on cross-section components, sight distance requirements, horizontal and vertical curves, and overtaking sight distance calculations. The objective of highway geometric design is to provide efficient traffic operation with maximum safety at reasonable cost.
Unit 1:- HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNINGRNRANGANATH
1. The document discusses highway development and planning in India, beginning with the Jayakar committee report of 1927 which recommended long-term planning, dedicated funding through fuel taxes, and establishing advisory and research bodies.
2. It then covers the necessity of highway planning to develop an efficient and cost-effective road network, and classifications of roads based on factors like weather conditions, location, traffic volume, and urban/rural distinctions.
3. The document also outlines the engineering surveys involved in road alignment projects, including map studies, reconnaissance, preliminary surveys, and final location and detailed surveys to determine the optimal route.
This document discusses reinforced concrete (RC) girder bridges. It begins by defining girder bridges as the simplest bridge type, consisting of horizontal beams supported at each end. RC girder bridges are comprised of deck slabs that vehicles drive on, supported by main girders. There are three main types of girder bridges: box girders, which can handle twisting forces and are suitable for longer spans; concrete girders made of pre-stressed concrete; and I-beam girders made of steel. RC girder bridges must be designed to support dead loads from the structure itself, live loads from traffic, and dynamic loads from wind and weather.
Bridges: Classification of bridges – with respect to construction
materials, structural behavior of super structure, span, sub structure,
purpose. Temporary and movable bridges. Factors affecting site
selection. Various loads/stresses acting on bridges. Bridge hydrology –
design discharge, water way, afflux, scour depth, economical span.
Bridge components – foundation, piers, abutments, wing wall, approach,
bearings, floor, girders, cables, suspenders. Methods of erection of
different types of bridges. River training works and maintenance of
bridges. Testing and strengthening of bridges. Bridge architect.
Bridges are structures built to span physical obstacles like bodies of water or valleys to allow passage over them. The first bridges were made of wood or stone. There are many types of bridges classified by their form, material, and function. Common forms include arch, truss, cable-stayed, and beam bridges. Materials include timber, steel, composite, and concrete. Bridges can also be classified as pedestrian, highway, viaduct, or pipelines. Foundations must support the bridge's weight and distribute it evenly to withstand forces like water flow. Common foundations include shallow foundations like block or deep foundations like piles or wells.
This document discusses the key elements of highway geometric design including cross-section elements, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignment details, and intersection elements. It covers factors that affect highway geometric design such as design speed, topography, traffic, capacity, and environmental factors. It provides details on cross-section components, sight distance requirements, horizontal and vertical curves, and overtaking sight distance calculations. The objective of highway geometric design is to provide efficient traffic operation with maximum safety at reasonable cost.
Unit 1:- HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNINGRNRANGANATH
1. The document discusses highway development and planning in India, beginning with the Jayakar committee report of 1927 which recommended long-term planning, dedicated funding through fuel taxes, and establishing advisory and research bodies.
2. It then covers the necessity of highway planning to develop an efficient and cost-effective road network, and classifications of roads based on factors like weather conditions, location, traffic volume, and urban/rural distinctions.
3. The document also outlines the engineering surveys involved in road alignment projects, including map studies, reconnaissance, preliminary surveys, and final location and detailed surveys to determine the optimal route.
This document discusses bridge architecture and factors that influence the economic span length of bridges. It provides background on the importance of aesthetics in bridge design and defines economic span as the span length that results in minimum total bridge construction costs. Key factors that affect the economic span are described, such as material costs, labor availability, and site conditions. An equation is presented for calculating the total bridge cost as a function of span length to determine the span where costs are minimized. Guidelines for selecting span lengths based on common bridge types are also outlined. Limitations in applying the economic span concept are noted.
This document provides details of a highway design senior project located in eastern Ethiopia. It includes an introduction describing the need for well-trained engineers and objectives of exposing students to practical design projects. It then gives a brief description of the project area along the Hargele-Afder-Bare-Yet road and scope of the project. The next section focuses on geometric design, including terrain classification, design traffic volumes, functional classification, design standards, and computation of elements for the first horizontal curve.
The document summarizes the construction of a box-type slab bridge near Palaya village. The existing drainage pipe bridge was insufficient and damaged, flooding the village during rains. The solution was to remove the pipes and construct a reinforced concrete box bridge instead. Foundation work was done to a depth of 3 meters. A concrete bed was laid and bottom slab with steel reinforcement was constructed. Profile walls and slab will complete the bridge, allowing easy drainage of water from the village farms.
This document provides an overview of bridges, including:
1) It defines what a bridge is, its main components, and classifications based on various factors such as material, location, purpose, and structural design.
2) The key components of a bridge are described as the superstructure, which is above the bearings, and the substructure, which is below the bearings.
3) Bridges are investigated and designed based on considerations like span length, site conditions, and cost. Maintaining bridges requires regular inspections to identify deterioration and prevent structural failures.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering Introduction. The key points are:
1. The course objectives are to identify types of bridges, perform basic calculations for bridge loading and analysis, and perform basic design of prestressed concrete bridge elements.
2. The course content includes introduction to bridges, bridge substructure elements, bridge loading, bridge superstructure analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design.
3. The course schedule outlines the topics to be covered each week by the lecturers, including bridge types, loading, substructure, superstructure analysis, and prestressed concrete design.
tunnel lining may be permanent or temporary based upon their use and requirement. design of lining is done in two parts one is temporary or initial lining design and other is permanent design of the lining. empirical and theoretical methods are major design methods.
This document provides an introduction to civil engineering. It defines civil engineering as the planning, design, and construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and more. It outlines several key fields within civil engineering including construction technology, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, hydraulics and water resources, transportation engineering, structural engineering, surveying, and more. The document discusses the importance of civil engineering in infrastructure development and provides background on engineering and different building materials used in the field.
The document discusses the balanced cantilever method of bridge construction. It begins by explaining that this method is used for bridges with spans between 50-250m, and involves attaching precast or cast-in-place segments in an alternating manner from each end of cantilevers supported by piers. This method is well-suited for irregular spans, congested sites, and environmentally sensitive areas. It also discusses advantages like determinacy and reduced cracking risks. The document then goes into detail about construction sequences, member proportioning, superstructure types, and analysis of a specific balanced cantilever bridge in Kochi, India.
Engineering surveys and construction of new linesNasir Uddin
The document discusses the process of constructing new railway lines, including preliminary investigations such as traffic and reconnaissance surveys, final location surveys, and modern surveying techniques. It also describes the construction steps such as land acquisition, earthworks, bridge building, track laying using different plate laying methods, and ballasting of tracks. The construction of each mile of new railway line requires 15 to 20 million rupees depending on the topography, construction standard, and other features of the area.
This document provides an introduction and overview of civil engineering. It discusses how civil engineering applies scientific and mathematical principles to improve infrastructure and living standards. It then describes civil engineering as dealing with the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings, bridges, roads, and other infrastructure facilities. The document outlines several disciplines within civil engineering, including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources engineering, environmental engineering, construction management, surveying, and others. It provides examples to illustrate concepts within several of these disciplines.
1. The document discusses the key parameters to consider during the preliminary investigation and design of a bridge, including location, type of structure, traffic needs, hydraulic conditions, foundation exploration, and more.
2. Key factors that influence the bridge design include economics, traffic needs, navigability, aesthetics, soil/foundation conditions, hydraulic parameters like river flow and scour potential. Proper investigation of these ensures the selection of the most suitable bridge location and type.
3. The preliminary investigation involves collecting topographic data, aerial images, preliminary soil exploration to inform the final design parameters like bridge type, width, span arrangement, pier and abutment design, and loading standards. Thorough investigation is needed to make
The document provides information on transportation engineering and railway engineering. It discusses the role of railways in transportation from economic, cultural, and political aspects. It then covers the history of railways in India from 1832 to present day. Key topics include gauges used in India, permanent way components like rails and fish plates, and manufacturing units.
The document summarizes the objectives, methodology, and results of a study analyzing the morphometric characteristics and river training needs of the Venkatapura river watershed in India. The objectives were to understand the river's behavior, protect surrounding areas from flooding, and minimize bank erosion. Tools like ArcGIS and HEC-RAS were used to analyze watershed parameters, model steady flows, and identify critical cross-sections. Key findings included a drainage density and bifurcation ratio indicating a moderate watershed, sinuosity suggesting some meandering, and critical sections found to change course or overtop banks during 100-year flows. Preventive bank protection structures were recommended.
This document discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement. It begins by describing seal coat, tack coat, and prime coat layers. It then outlines the layers of a carriageway from bottom to top: earth work, granular sub base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete. Details are provided on the materials and construction procedures for some of these layers. The document also discusses cement concrete pavements and their advantages over flexible pavements.
The document discusses bridge types, components, selection criteria, and design considerations. It begins by defining what a bridge is and its purpose in transportation systems. It then covers typical bridge components and various structural forms for bridges based on material, span length, and other factors. Key criteria for selecting bridge types include span length, site conditions, cost, and aesthetics. The document emphasizes that aesthetic design requires considering function, proportion, harmony, order/rhythm, and contrast/texture to create pleasing structures that blend with their environments.
This document discusses bridges and bridge foundations. It defines a bridge as a structure that spans an obstacle to allow passage. Bridges carry roads or railways over rivers, canals, or other obstacles. Foundations are constructed under piers and abutments to distribute the bridge load over a large area of soil. Deep foundations that extend beyond the width of the structure, like piles, are generally preferred for bridges due to the large structural loads. The document discusses different foundation types and factors to consider in foundation design, such as maximum scour depth and soil pressures.
The document discusses the reasons for and methods of calculating the widening of pavements on horizontal curves. There are two types of widening: mechanical widening to account for vehicle off-tracking due to rigid wheel bases, and psychological widening to allow for greater driver maneuverability at higher speeds. Mechanical widening is calculated based on number of lanes, vehicle wheel base length, and curve radius. Psychological widening is also based on design speed and curve radius. The total widening is the sum of mechanical and psychological widening. Tables from the Indian Road Congress provide extra width recommendations for single and double lane pavements on curves.
There are two main types of joints in rigid pavement: longitudinal joints and transverse joints. Longitudinal joints run parallel to traffic flow, while transverse joints run perpendicular. Transverse joints include construction joints, contraction joints, and expansion joints. Construction joints define the boundaries of individual concrete placements. Contraction joints relieve tensile stresses from shrinkage. Expansion joints allow for expansion of the concrete due to rising temperatures.
The document discusses bridge engineering and provides classifications and components of bridges. It discusses:
1. Bridge engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, operating and maintaining bridges.
2. Bridges are classified based on material, function, loadings, lifespan, span, road level, alignment and structural form.
3. Key components of bridges include foundations, substructures (piers, abutments, wing walls), superstructures (deck, girders), and bearings. Piers support spans and transfer loads to foundations. Abutments retain earth and support loads.
This document provides information about different types of bridges. It begins with defining what a bridge is and its key components. It then discusses the requirements of an ideal bridge and important bridge terminology. Various types of bridges are described based on the superstructure, materials used, span length, level of crossing, function, and utility. Finally, it discusses the different stages of field surveys conducted for highway projects including map study, reconnaissance survey, preliminary surveys, and final location and detailed surveys.
This document discusses bridge architecture and factors that influence the economic span length of bridges. It provides background on the importance of aesthetics in bridge design and defines economic span as the span length that results in minimum total bridge construction costs. Key factors that affect the economic span are described, such as material costs, labor availability, and site conditions. An equation is presented for calculating the total bridge cost as a function of span length to determine the span where costs are minimized. Guidelines for selecting span lengths based on common bridge types are also outlined. Limitations in applying the economic span concept are noted.
This document provides details of a highway design senior project located in eastern Ethiopia. It includes an introduction describing the need for well-trained engineers and objectives of exposing students to practical design projects. It then gives a brief description of the project area along the Hargele-Afder-Bare-Yet road and scope of the project. The next section focuses on geometric design, including terrain classification, design traffic volumes, functional classification, design standards, and computation of elements for the first horizontal curve.
The document summarizes the construction of a box-type slab bridge near Palaya village. The existing drainage pipe bridge was insufficient and damaged, flooding the village during rains. The solution was to remove the pipes and construct a reinforced concrete box bridge instead. Foundation work was done to a depth of 3 meters. A concrete bed was laid and bottom slab with steel reinforcement was constructed. Profile walls and slab will complete the bridge, allowing easy drainage of water from the village farms.
This document provides an overview of bridges, including:
1) It defines what a bridge is, its main components, and classifications based on various factors such as material, location, purpose, and structural design.
2) The key components of a bridge are described as the superstructure, which is above the bearings, and the substructure, which is below the bearings.
3) Bridges are investigated and designed based on considerations like span length, site conditions, and cost. Maintaining bridges requires regular inspections to identify deterioration and prevent structural failures.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering Introduction. The key points are:
1. The course objectives are to identify types of bridges, perform basic calculations for bridge loading and analysis, and perform basic design of prestressed concrete bridge elements.
2. The course content includes introduction to bridges, bridge substructure elements, bridge loading, bridge superstructure analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design.
3. The course schedule outlines the topics to be covered each week by the lecturers, including bridge types, loading, substructure, superstructure analysis, and prestressed concrete design.
tunnel lining may be permanent or temporary based upon their use and requirement. design of lining is done in two parts one is temporary or initial lining design and other is permanent design of the lining. empirical and theoretical methods are major design methods.
This document provides an introduction to civil engineering. It defines civil engineering as the planning, design, and construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings, and more. It outlines several key fields within civil engineering including construction technology, environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, hydraulics and water resources, transportation engineering, structural engineering, surveying, and more. The document discusses the importance of civil engineering in infrastructure development and provides background on engineering and different building materials used in the field.
The document discusses the balanced cantilever method of bridge construction. It begins by explaining that this method is used for bridges with spans between 50-250m, and involves attaching precast or cast-in-place segments in an alternating manner from each end of cantilevers supported by piers. This method is well-suited for irregular spans, congested sites, and environmentally sensitive areas. It also discusses advantages like determinacy and reduced cracking risks. The document then goes into detail about construction sequences, member proportioning, superstructure types, and analysis of a specific balanced cantilever bridge in Kochi, India.
Engineering surveys and construction of new linesNasir Uddin
The document discusses the process of constructing new railway lines, including preliminary investigations such as traffic and reconnaissance surveys, final location surveys, and modern surveying techniques. It also describes the construction steps such as land acquisition, earthworks, bridge building, track laying using different plate laying methods, and ballasting of tracks. The construction of each mile of new railway line requires 15 to 20 million rupees depending on the topography, construction standard, and other features of the area.
This document provides an introduction and overview of civil engineering. It discusses how civil engineering applies scientific and mathematical principles to improve infrastructure and living standards. It then describes civil engineering as dealing with the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings, bridges, roads, and other infrastructure facilities. The document outlines several disciplines within civil engineering, including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources engineering, environmental engineering, construction management, surveying, and others. It provides examples to illustrate concepts within several of these disciplines.
1. The document discusses the key parameters to consider during the preliminary investigation and design of a bridge, including location, type of structure, traffic needs, hydraulic conditions, foundation exploration, and more.
2. Key factors that influence the bridge design include economics, traffic needs, navigability, aesthetics, soil/foundation conditions, hydraulic parameters like river flow and scour potential. Proper investigation of these ensures the selection of the most suitable bridge location and type.
3. The preliminary investigation involves collecting topographic data, aerial images, preliminary soil exploration to inform the final design parameters like bridge type, width, span arrangement, pier and abutment design, and loading standards. Thorough investigation is needed to make
The document provides information on transportation engineering and railway engineering. It discusses the role of railways in transportation from economic, cultural, and political aspects. It then covers the history of railways in India from 1832 to present day. Key topics include gauges used in India, permanent way components like rails and fish plates, and manufacturing units.
The document summarizes the objectives, methodology, and results of a study analyzing the morphometric characteristics and river training needs of the Venkatapura river watershed in India. The objectives were to understand the river's behavior, protect surrounding areas from flooding, and minimize bank erosion. Tools like ArcGIS and HEC-RAS were used to analyze watershed parameters, model steady flows, and identify critical cross-sections. Key findings included a drainage density and bifurcation ratio indicating a moderate watershed, sinuosity suggesting some meandering, and critical sections found to change course or overtop banks during 100-year flows. Preventive bank protection structures were recommended.
This document discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement. It begins by describing seal coat, tack coat, and prime coat layers. It then outlines the layers of a carriageway from bottom to top: earth work, granular sub base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete. Details are provided on the materials and construction procedures for some of these layers. The document also discusses cement concrete pavements and their advantages over flexible pavements.
The document discusses bridge types, components, selection criteria, and design considerations. It begins by defining what a bridge is and its purpose in transportation systems. It then covers typical bridge components and various structural forms for bridges based on material, span length, and other factors. Key criteria for selecting bridge types include span length, site conditions, cost, and aesthetics. The document emphasizes that aesthetic design requires considering function, proportion, harmony, order/rhythm, and contrast/texture to create pleasing structures that blend with their environments.
This document discusses bridges and bridge foundations. It defines a bridge as a structure that spans an obstacle to allow passage. Bridges carry roads or railways over rivers, canals, or other obstacles. Foundations are constructed under piers and abutments to distribute the bridge load over a large area of soil. Deep foundations that extend beyond the width of the structure, like piles, are generally preferred for bridges due to the large structural loads. The document discusses different foundation types and factors to consider in foundation design, such as maximum scour depth and soil pressures.
The document discusses the reasons for and methods of calculating the widening of pavements on horizontal curves. There are two types of widening: mechanical widening to account for vehicle off-tracking due to rigid wheel bases, and psychological widening to allow for greater driver maneuverability at higher speeds. Mechanical widening is calculated based on number of lanes, vehicle wheel base length, and curve radius. Psychological widening is also based on design speed and curve radius. The total widening is the sum of mechanical and psychological widening. Tables from the Indian Road Congress provide extra width recommendations for single and double lane pavements on curves.
There are two main types of joints in rigid pavement: longitudinal joints and transverse joints. Longitudinal joints run parallel to traffic flow, while transverse joints run perpendicular. Transverse joints include construction joints, contraction joints, and expansion joints. Construction joints define the boundaries of individual concrete placements. Contraction joints relieve tensile stresses from shrinkage. Expansion joints allow for expansion of the concrete due to rising temperatures.
The document discusses bridge engineering and provides classifications and components of bridges. It discusses:
1. Bridge engineering involves planning, designing, constructing, operating and maintaining bridges.
2. Bridges are classified based on material, function, loadings, lifespan, span, road level, alignment and structural form.
3. Key components of bridges include foundations, substructures (piers, abutments, wing walls), superstructures (deck, girders), and bearings. Piers support spans and transfer loads to foundations. Abutments retain earth and support loads.
This document provides information about different types of bridges. It begins with defining what a bridge is and its key components. It then discusses the requirements of an ideal bridge and important bridge terminology. Various types of bridges are described based on the superstructure, materials used, span length, level of crossing, function, and utility. Finally, it discusses the different stages of field surveys conducted for highway projects including map study, reconnaissance survey, preliminary surveys, and final location and detailed surveys.
This document provides details about the planning and design of a reinforced concrete bridge at Challathadi, Aivarnadu. A team of civil engineering students conducted surveys of the site, designed a T-beam bridge using limit state methods, and created drawings, estimates, and a model. They reviewed literature on bridge design and failure factors. The objective was to plan, analyze, and design an RCC bridge to connect local villages. The methodology included site visits, surveys, fixation of dimensions, AutoCAD drawings, manual design, estimation, and model making. The work was carried out from December to March under the guidance of a professor.
The document discusses bridge construction and provides details on bridge types and selection. It begins with an introduction to bridge engineering and the investigation process for bridge sites, including preliminary surveys, site selection factors, and elements of site investigation.
It then covers the major types of bridges based on materials, span arrangement, and structural form - including slab bridges, T-girder bridges, box girder bridges, truss bridges, arch bridges, cantilever bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and suspension bridges. For each type, it provides a brief description and examples.
Finally, it lists the key factors to consider for selecting the appropriate bridge type for a given site, such as geometric conditions, aesthetics, traffic
What are the components of the bridge?
Image result for bridge-engg-components
The main components of a bridge are the foundation, substructure, and the superstructure. Each of these core areas have other parts within them. Piles and pile caps are constructed as the foundation of the bridge
This presentation helps you to get the detailed basics as per DBATU, Lonere for Last Year Civil BTech for subject Infrastructure Engg.
Module-3 Bridge Engineering: Sub-structures, Determination of design discharge, Linear Water Way, Economical Span, Afflux, Scour depth, Indian Road Congress Bridge Code
Abutments: Definition, Functions, Dimensions, Types, Forces acting on an abutment,Conditions of stabilityPiers: Definition, Function, Types, Forces acting on a pier, Conditions of stability, Dimensions, Location, Abutment pier
Wing walls: Definition, Functions, Types, Forces acting on a wing wall, Conditions of stability, Dimensions, Precautions
Materials for sub-structures: Cement concrete, Masonry, Steel etc.
This document provides an introduction to bridge engineering. It outlines the course objectives which are to identify bridge types and designs, perform bridge loading calculations, use finite element software to analyze bridge decks, and design prestressed concrete bridge elements. It also includes a lecture schedule covering topics like bridge substructures, loading, analysis methods, and prestressed concrete design.
unit 4 vsem cross drainage works & srturcture water resource engineering Siph...Denish Jangid
unit 4 vsem cross drainage works & srturcture water resource engineering types of CDW Siphon Aqueduct Determination of Maximum Flood Discharge selection of cross drainage works Fluming of Canal Necessity (Merits) of Cross Drainage Works
This document discusses bridges in hilly areas and the various challenges associated with their construction. It outlines different types of bridges suitable for hilly regions, including beam bridges, truss bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, tied-arch bridges, suspension bridges, and cable-stayed bridges. For each bridge type, it provides a brief definition and example image. It also discusses challenges like foundation construction, substructure, superstructure, plant and materials management, and financing.
This document discusses structural design considerations for bridges and culverts. It covers types of bridges selected based on span length and economics. It also discusses loads on bridges including dead load, live load, impact load, wind load, and other factors. The document provides details on solid slab bridges, girder bridges, and truss bridges. It also covers design of box culverts.
This document discusses the importance of bridge maintenance, rehabilitation, and repair. It begins by defining a bridge and providing examples of important bridges in India. It then covers topics like bridge inspection procedures, common causes of bridge deterioration over time, and different maintenance and repair techniques. Regular inspection and timely repair or replacement of bridges is necessary for safety reasons, as bridge failures can lead to loss of life and disrupt transportation. Proper maintenance plays a vital role in ensuring bridges continue serving their important purpose of transportation.
Hydraulic structure 1 , course from haramaya univrrsity
It is mainlyHaramaya University, Office of the Registrar. 31903 likes · 8 talking about this · 2353 were here. The office of the registrar is responsible for...
Haramaya University is public institution and the second oldest university in Ethiopia. Haramaya University has gone through a series of transformations ...Haramaya University is public institution and the second oldest university in Ethiopia. Haramaya University has gone through a series of transformations ...
Organization Type፡ Academia / Think Tank
Country፡ Ethiopia
This document provides information about a bridge engineering course taught by Prof. Dr. Azlan Abdul Rahman. The 12-week course covers various topics related to bridge design and analysis including bridge types, structural forms, design process, load calculations, finite element analysis using LUSAS software, prestressed concrete bridge design, and bridge substructure elements. The course objectives are to teach students to identify bridge types and design processes, perform bridge load calculations, use LUSAS for bridge analysis, and design prestressed concrete bridge beams, abutments and piers.
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The document discusses determining the maximum flood discharge of a drainage using various empirical formulas and methods. It also covers topics like fluming of canals, which involves contracting the canal width to reduce the size of cross drainage structures.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering. The course objectives are to teach students about concrete bridge types, bridge loading calculations, and basic bridge design and analysis using finite element software. The content is delivered over 15 weeks and covers topics such as bridge substructures, loading, deck analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design. The course aims to provide students with the fundamental knowledge needed for basic bridge design and analysis.
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering. The course objectives are to teach students about concrete bridge types, bridge loading calculations, and basic bridge design and analysis using finite element software. The content is delivered over 15 weeks and covers topics such as bridge substructures, loading, deck analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design. The course aims to provide students with the fundamental knowledge needed for basic bridge design and analysis.
CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS _ MODULE III.pdf CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS _ MODULE III.pdfGOWTHAM14499
Cross drainage works are structures constructed where canals cross natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are several types of cross drainage works depending on the relative bed levels of the canal and drainage. The main types are aqueducts, siphon aqueducts, super passages, siphon super passages, level crossings, and inlets and outlets. The suitable type of structure must be selected based on factors like relative bed levels, foundation conditions, cost, and drainage discharge. The maximum flood discharge of the drainage must also be determined to design the cross drainage work to safely pass high flows.
This document provides information on bridge planning, design, classification and components. It discusses:
1. The key steps in bridge planning including studying needs, alternatives, design and implementation.
2. Common bridge classifications including material (masonry, concrete, steel), structural type (slab, girder, truss), and purpose (road, rail).
3. The main components of a typical T-beam bridge including the deck slab, longitudinal girders, cross girders, abutments and foundations. Methods for designing the deck slab and cantilever portions are outlined.
This document discusses the importance of maintaining bridges through regular inspections and repairs. It outlines the necessary qualifications of inspection personnel and describes different categories and methods of bridge inspections. Key areas of focus include structural components, foundations, and approaches. The document emphasizes the need for thorough documentation of bridge conditions and history to facilitate maintenance and guide repair decisions. Regular inspections are necessary to catch small defects early and ensure public safety by preventing structural deterioration.
This document provides an overview of bridge engineering and its various components. It discusses the types of bridges such as slab bridges, girder bridges, truss bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, and movable bridges. It also describes bridge components like substructures, foundations, piers, abutments, and superstructures. Additionally, it covers topics such as bridge selection, investigation, design, construction and maintenance.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
3. Module-1
• Introduction to bridges, classification,
computation of discharge, linear waterway,
economic span, afflux, scour depth
• Design loads for bridges, introduction to
I.R.C. loading standards, Load Distribution
Theory, Bridge slabs, Effective width,
Introduction to methods as per I.R.C.
4. Module-2
• Design of Slab Bridges: Straight and skew slab
bridges
Module-3
Design of T beam bridges(up to three girder only) Proportioning
of components, analysis of slab using IRC Class AA tracked
vehicle, structural design of slab, analysis of cross girder for
dead load & IRC Class AA tracked vehicle, structural design
of cross girder, analysis of main girder using Courbon’s
method, calculation of dead load BM and SF, calculation of
live load B M & S F using IRC Class AA Tracked vehicle.
Structural design of main girder.
5. Module-4
• Other Bridges: Design of Box culvert (Single vent
only)
• Design of Pipe culverts
Module-5
• Substructures - Design of Piers and abutments,
• Introduction to Bridge bearings, Hinges and
Expansion joints.(No design)
6. • Course outcomes: After studying this course,
students will be able to:
• Understand the load distribution and IRC
standards.
• Design the slab and T beam bridges.
• Design Box culvert, pipe culvert
• Use bearings, hinges and expansion joints
• Design Piers and abutments.
7. Program Objectives:
• Engineering knowledge
• Problem analysis
• Interpretation of data
Text Books:
1. Johnson Victor. D, “Essentials of Bridge
Engineering”, Oxford Publishing Company.
2. N Krishna Raju, “Design of Bridges, Oxford and IBH
publishing company
3. T R Jagadeesh and M A Jayaram, “Design of bridge
structures”, Prentice Hall of India
8. Definition of Bridge
• A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle
without closing the way beneath.
• The required passage may be for a road, a railway,
pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline.
• The obstacle to be crossed may be a river, a road, railway
or a valley.
13. • Super structure
Hand rails
Gaurdstone
Flooring or Wearing surfaces supported by
structural system
(Beams,Girders,arch and cable above the level of
bearing)
14. • Sub structure
• Abutment
• Wing walls
• Piers
• Foundation
• These structures are below the bearing level
called as substructure
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. 1.Classification of Bridges
(According to form (or) type of
superstructures)
•Slab bridge
•Beam bridge
•Truss bridge
•Arch bridge
•Cable stayed (or )suspended bridge
22. 2.Classification of bridges
(According to material of
construction of superstructure)
•Timber bridge
•Concrete bridge
•Stone bridge
•R.C.C bridge
•Steel bridge
•P.C.C bridge
•Composite bridge
•Aluminum bridge
24. 4.Classification of bridges
(According to the position of the bridge
floor relative to superstructures)
•Deck through bridge
•Half through or suspension bridge
25. 5.Classification of bridges
(According to method of connection
of different part of superstructures)
•Pinned connection bridge
•Riveted connection bridge
•Welded connection bridge
26. 6.Classification of bridges
(According to length of bridge)
•Culvert bridge(less than 6 m)
•Minor bridge(less than 6 m-60m)
•Major bridge(more than 60 m)
•Long span bridge(more than 120 m)
29. 9.Classification of bridges
(According to function)
• Aqueduct bridge(canal over a river)
•Viaduct(road or railway over a valley or river)
•Pedestrian bridge
•Highway bridge
•Railway bridge
•Road-cum-rail or pipe line bridge
48. Role of Bridge Engineer
• The bridge engineer is often involved with
several or all aspects of bridge planning,
design, and management
• The bridge engineer works closely with other
civil engineers who are in charge of the
roadway design and alignment.
• After the alignment is determined, the bridge
engineer often controls the bridge type,
aesthetics, and technical details
• The bridge engineer is often charged with
reviewing shop drawing and often
construction details
49. Conted…
• The owner, who is often a department of
transportation or other public agency, is charged
with the management of the bridge, either
doing the work in-house or hiring consultant.
• Bridge management includes routine
inspections, repair, rehabilitation and retrofits
or even replacement (4R) as necessary
• In summary, the bridge engineer has significant
control over the design, construction, and
maintenance processes. In return, bridge
engineer has significant responsibility for
public safety and resources
50. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR
BRIDGE SITE
a. A straight reach of the river.
b. Steady river flow without cross currents:
c. A narrow channel with firm banks
d. Suitable high banks above high flood level on each
side.
e. Rock or other hard in erodible strata close to the
river bed level.
51. f. Economical approaches danger of floods, the
approaches should be free from obstacles such as
hills, frequent drainage crossings, scared places, or
Trouble some land acquisition
g. Absence of sharp curves in the approaches;
h. Absence of expensive river training works;
i. Avoidance of excessive underwater construction.
53. Topography
Details can be obtained from Survey of India Map.
In addition, one cross section each across the river at the
selected sites should be taken.
Catchment Area
This will also get from the same map (Survey of India)
Used mainly for the flood analysis.
54. Hydrologic Particulars
Study about the low water level, highest flood level , slope
of surface of water, flood velocity and discharge of river.
Data obtained from local enquiries or from the data
available for the nearest gauging site from irrigation or
flood control dept.
Navigational Requirements
Some kind of navigation will exist on almost all major
rivers.
Study investigate about the size, density and volume of
traffic of vessels and boats so that it can be safely cross
the river without any nuisance to both the vessels and
bridge.
55. Geo-technical and Seismic Data
• Study perform to get the stability of the river, location
of faults, their activity and their likely repercussion on
a major structure to be put up and particulars of past
earthquakes in the site vicinity.
• Study perform also to get soil classification, grain
size and depth at which hard strata is likely to be
met with.
• Mainly Augur boring test is used to collect the soil
samples and further to study its engineering
properties.
56. Construction Resources
Investigation includes availability of quarry, skilled labor and
need for special equipment such as crushers, batching
plants, handling equipment etc.
Details of other Bridges Across the River
Study conducting mainly to correlate general criteria used for
selection of sites and design of that bridge.
Also to get the behavior of the river at existing bridges on either
reach. Will help considerably in determining the protection works,
depth of foundation, type of foundation etc required at each site.
57. Traffic Study
If the alternative locations can be separated by a
considerable distance, the volume and type of
traffic that will pass at each location may be different
in some cases.
Economic Point of View.
Detailed traffic survey have to be conducted to get
awareness of growth of traffic, density, volume and
future possibilities of expansion of traffic lanes etc.
59. Hydraulic Design
• Route location, Potential traffic flow, structural and
foundation details,Charcteristics of rivers and
hydrodynamic forces.
• Phase I: Site reconnaissance, Review and Analysis
of available river data with respect to proposed
communication route.
• Phase II: To conducted hydrographic and
hydraulic surveys at each of the possible bridge
sites.
60. Phase III : From the following data ,the following
hydraulic parameters are assessed
1. Maximum flood flow
2. Design flood flow
3. Maximum flood level
4. Navigational requirements
5. Bed and bank Characteristics
6. Approach velocity and direction
7. Flood plain Characteristics
8. River meandering characteristics
61. Phase IV : To study linear waterway, normal scour depth,
afflux, backwater effect, flow velocity
Phase V : Construction factors such as structural loading,
soil characteristics, economy of construction , available
manpower and materials of construction, access to the
site, prevailing climate, environmental impact ,and
Maintainers are considered.
Detailed Bridge configuration such as proper free board,
Vertical clearances, height of the bridge and
hydrodyanmice forces on the pier are estimated
62. Phase IV : To study linear waterway, normal scour depth,
afflux, backwater effect, flow velocity
Phase V : Construction factors such as structural loading,
soil characteristics, economy of construction , available
manpower and materials of construction, access to the
site, prevailing climate, environmental impact ,and
Maintainers are considered.
Detailed Bridge configuration such as proper free board,
Vertical clearances ,height of the bridge and
hydrodyanmice forces on the pier are estimated
63. Phase VI : Proposed configuration of the bridge ,
normal scour and back water effect are computed.
Phase VII : The cost of alternative schemes for
each location is appraised in this phase.
Phase VIII : To study the alternative bridge
designs for each of the possible bridge location ,the
cost of the scheme is selected for detailed design.
70. Computation of peak Flood flow
• The Maximum discharge with a bridge across a
natural stream is to be designed are as follows
1. Empherical Method
2. Rational Method
3. Area velocity method
4. Unit –hydrograph method
5. Slope Area method
6. For any available records of the flood discharge
observed at the bridge site
71. 1. Empherical Method
When sufficient data is not available of catchment response
These developed empherical equation applicable only to the
catchment for which it is developed
Q=C×An ----------1 General equation
Dicken’s Formula
Q=C×A3/4 ----------2
Ryve’s formula
Q=C×A2/3 ----------3
72. Rational Method
Intensity, distribution and duration of rainfall
Catchment area ,shape, slope ,permeability and initial
wetness of the catchment
Q=A×i0×λ ----------1
λ=0.56P.f/tc+1
tc = (0.88 L3/H)0.385
P= Runoff coefficient (0.9,0.1& 0.60)
f= Correction factor for various intensity
75. The economic span is one for which the total cost of the
bridge is minimum .
For the most economic span is the cost of superstructure
equals the cost of substructure within the following
assumption
ECONOMIC SPAN
76.
77. • Assumptions
1) The cost of the superstructure is proportional
to the square of the span
2) The span of equal length
3) The cost of the abutment is same
4)The cost of each pier is same
5) The cost of railing ,parpaet approach is
constant
T=A+(n-1)B+C+D+nkl2
78. Where A= the cost of each abutment
B= the cost of each pier
C= the cost of railing, parapet etc
D= the cost of approach
T= Total cost of the bridge
n= the No of span
l= the length of each span
L= the total span of the bridge
K= the cost coefficient of the
superstrucre
79. For minimum cost dT/dl = 0
Differentiating the above equation w.r.t to l and
equating to
n=L/l
we get B=kl2
Hence for economical span le, the cost of the
superstructure of one span is equal to the cost
of the substructure of the same span
le= Square roote B/K
80. Afflux
• The afflux is the increasing in water level under the
bridge .
• The vertical clearance between the high flood level and
lowest point on the superstructure
• The free board is the difference between the high flood
level after allowing for afflux
• The formation level of the communication route or top
level of guide banks.
81.
82. Formula used for Computing afflux
The fallowing are few formula for afflux
• Moles worth formula
• Marriman’s formula
• Drown weir formula
84. • Marriman’s formula
x= v2/2g [((A/c × a) 2- A/A1]
Where
g = acceleration due to gravity
A1 = enlarged area in the upstream of the bridge in m2
c = 0.75+0.35(a/A)- 0.1(a/A)2
x= the afflux in m
v= normal velocity of flow in m/sec
A= Area of natural water way in m2
a = The area of artificial water way in m2
85. Drown weir formula
x=v2d2/2g (d+x2) [L2/(c2× L1
2 )-1]
Where L= natural linear water way
( Width of the stream at high flood level)
L1 = Artificial linear water way
c = discharge co-efficient which varies from
0.7 for sharp to 0.90 for bell mouth entry
d = depth of flow
86. Linear water way
The linear water ay is width of water way between the
extreme edges of water surface at HFL measured at right
angle to the abutment face
Streams with rigid boundaries:- When both banks and bed
are very rigid are known as Streams with rigid boundaries.
when bed and bank are very rigid the waterway of the bridge
should be made equal to the width of the water surface
measured from edge to edge along the designed High flood
level on the plotted section
87. Quasy alluvial streams:- Streams flowing between the
banks which are made up of rigid rock or mixture of
sand and clay ,where as the bed material is composed of
‘ loose granular material which can be picked up by the
current and transported , are known as Quasy alluvial
streams
• In this type of river the water way should be made equal
to the width of the water surface measured from edge to
edge along the designed High flood level
88. Alluvial stream:-
• Streams flowing between erodible banks and having
erodible beds are known as alluvial streams.
• The linear water way of bridge across a fully alluvial
streams should be
equal to the regime width as given by lacey equation
89.
90. SCOUR
When the velocity of water is more than the certain
limits ,the flow carries the bed materials along with the
flow this process is called scouring
In design of piers, abutments, training work , etc for
bridge across rivers , the assessment of amount of scour
adjacent to the structure needed a care full consideration
91. • Bridge scour is the removal of sediment such as sand
and gravel from around bridge abutment or piers .
• Scour , caused by swiftly moving water, can scoop
out scour holes, compromising the integrity of a
structure .
• It has been estimated that 60% f all bridge failures
results from scour
92.
93.
94.
95. • The Rivers can be classified as follows
Streams with rigid boundaries:- When both banks and bed are very rigid
are known as Streams with rigid boundaries.
Quasy alluvial streams:- Streams flowing between the banks which are
made up of rigid rock or mixture of sand and clay ,where as the bed
material is composed of ‘ loose granular material which can be
picked up by the current and transported , are known as Quasy
alluvial streams
Alluvial stream:- Streams flowing between erodible banks and having
erodible beds are known as alluvial streams.
96. • Local Scour at piers is caused horseshoe
vortices forming at the base of the pier.
Obstruction of flow by a pier results in a
stagnation line on the front of the pier.
97.
98.
99.
100. Local scour
The depth of the stream measured at the middle of the channel ,
when it is in the regime condition is kwon as normal scour