Anatomia y Posicionamiento de las extremidades superiores. Deseo aclarar que el video no me pertenece de ninguna manera. Se esta compartiendo publicamente con el fin de ayudar a los futuros tecnologos a obtener conocimiento para su revalida.
Radiographic positioning of Upper limb (ELBOW & HUMERUS)Nasir Mohiudin
Radiographic Anatomy and Positioning of upper extremity, ELBOW & HUMERUS.
Indications, patient positioning, part positioning, Central beam direction, cassette size, collimating part, Tube distance. Buckey grid, exposure.
Special Radiographic views of elbow and humerus.
Images of radiographic positioning and radiographic film X rayed.
Exposure factors had been taken under the Machine used (Allengers 500 mA) under Digital radiography.
Anatomia y Posicionamiento de las extremidades superiores. Deseo aclarar que el video no me pertenece de ninguna manera. Se esta compartiendo publicamente con el fin de ayudar a los futuros tecnologos a obtener conocimiento para su revalida.
Radiographic positioning of Upper limb (ELBOW & HUMERUS)Nasir Mohiudin
Radiographic Anatomy and Positioning of upper extremity, ELBOW & HUMERUS.
Indications, patient positioning, part positioning, Central beam direction, cassette size, collimating part, Tube distance. Buckey grid, exposure.
Special Radiographic views of elbow and humerus.
Images of radiographic positioning and radiographic film X rayed.
Exposure factors had been taken under the Machine used (Allengers 500 mA) under Digital radiography.
Basic and supplementary projection of handDonBenny2
Which deals with BASIC AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROJECTION OF HAND, it is very helpful for the imaging students and technicians to understand the projections of hand.
Radiographic techniques and projections for the examination of the skull and facial bones including paranasal sinuses to determine any diseases and defects in them
Basic and Supplementary Projection of Carpal Tunnel
and Wrist. IT GIVES INFORMATION'S ABOUT PROJECTIONS OF WRIST . IT IS MORE HELPFUL FOR IMAGING STUDENTS TO KNOW ABOUT WRIST AND ITS RADIO-GRAPHIC POSITIONS.
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE OF UPPER LIMB BY SAGAR CHAULAGAINSagar Chaulagain
Calling all aspiring radiography professionals! Dive into the intricate world of upper limb radiography with this comprehensive guide tailored to meet the technical demands of radiography field students. From mastering essential techniques to understanding complex pathologies, this presentation equips you with the knowledge and skills necessary to excel in the radiology field.
Here's what you'll discover:
Radiographic Techniques Demystified: Unlock the secrets of acquiring clear and precise radiographic images of the upper limb. Explore a variety of positioning techniques, exposure factors, and tube-object distances to capture optimal views for diagnostic assessment.
Indications and Pathologies: Gain insight into the clinical indications and common pathologies encountered in upper limb radiography. From fractures and dislocations to degenerative joint diseases, learn to identify and interpret radiographic findings with confidence.
Radiation Protection and Safety Protocols: Prioritize patient and staff safety with rigorous adherence to radiation protection measures. Explore best practices for minimizing radiation exposure, including shielding techniques, collimation, and dose optimization strategies.
Image Characteristics and Evaluation Criteria: Develop a keen eye for assessing radiographic images of the upper limb. Understand the key characteristics and evaluation criteria essential for accurate interpretation and diagnosis.
Basic and Supplementary Views: Master the art of acquiring basic views while understanding the necessity and technique behind supplementary views. Explore the role of oblique, tangential, and special projections in revealing hidden pathologies and anatomical details.
Exposure Factors and Optimization: Delve into exposure factors and their impact on image quality and radiation dose. Learn how to manipulate exposure parameters effectively to achieve optimal results while minimizing patient exposure.
Designed as a comprehensive resource for radiography students, this presentation serves as a roadmap to navigate the complexities of upper limb radiography. Whether you're honing your skills in the classroom or preparing for clinical practice, this guide offers invaluable insights to elevate your proficiency and confidence in the radiology field.
Basic and supplementary projection of handDonBenny2
Which deals with BASIC AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROJECTION OF HAND, it is very helpful for the imaging students and technicians to understand the projections of hand.
Radiographic techniques and projections for the examination of the skull and facial bones including paranasal sinuses to determine any diseases and defects in them
Basic and Supplementary Projection of Carpal Tunnel
and Wrist. IT GIVES INFORMATION'S ABOUT PROJECTIONS OF WRIST . IT IS MORE HELPFUL FOR IMAGING STUDENTS TO KNOW ABOUT WRIST AND ITS RADIO-GRAPHIC POSITIONS.
RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE OF UPPER LIMB BY SAGAR CHAULAGAINSagar Chaulagain
Calling all aspiring radiography professionals! Dive into the intricate world of upper limb radiography with this comprehensive guide tailored to meet the technical demands of radiography field students. From mastering essential techniques to understanding complex pathologies, this presentation equips you with the knowledge and skills necessary to excel in the radiology field.
Here's what you'll discover:
Radiographic Techniques Demystified: Unlock the secrets of acquiring clear and precise radiographic images of the upper limb. Explore a variety of positioning techniques, exposure factors, and tube-object distances to capture optimal views for diagnostic assessment.
Indications and Pathologies: Gain insight into the clinical indications and common pathologies encountered in upper limb radiography. From fractures and dislocations to degenerative joint diseases, learn to identify and interpret radiographic findings with confidence.
Radiation Protection and Safety Protocols: Prioritize patient and staff safety with rigorous adherence to radiation protection measures. Explore best practices for minimizing radiation exposure, including shielding techniques, collimation, and dose optimization strategies.
Image Characteristics and Evaluation Criteria: Develop a keen eye for assessing radiographic images of the upper limb. Understand the key characteristics and evaluation criteria essential for accurate interpretation and diagnosis.
Basic and Supplementary Views: Master the art of acquiring basic views while understanding the necessity and technique behind supplementary views. Explore the role of oblique, tangential, and special projections in revealing hidden pathologies and anatomical details.
Exposure Factors and Optimization: Delve into exposure factors and their impact on image quality and radiation dose. Learn how to manipulate exposure parameters effectively to achieve optimal results while minimizing patient exposure.
Designed as a comprehensive resource for radiography students, this presentation serves as a roadmap to navigate the complexities of upper limb radiography. Whether you're honing your skills in the classroom or preparing for clinical practice, this guide offers invaluable insights to elevate your proficiency and confidence in the radiology field.
There are eight carpal bones in each wrist.
There are five metacarpal bones in each hand.
There are proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges in each digit except for the thumb, which lacks an intermediate phalange.
Basic and supplementary projections of thumb and scaphoidDonBenny2
Basic and supplementary projections of thumb and scaphoid bone. it deals with the x ray projections of thumb and scaphoid bone.which is helpful for radiographers and imaging students.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
18. Indications
Position of the patient and cassette
Direction and centering of x-ray beam
Image characteristics
Technical parameters
-kVp
-mAS
-FFD
-Grid
19. Remove rings, watches, and other radiopaque objects.
Seat the patient at the side or end of the table and place the cassette at a
location and angle that allows the patient to be in the most comfortable position.
Direct the central ray (CR) at a right angle to the midpoint of the cassette.
When performing a bilateral examination of hands or wrists, separately
radiograph each side.
Shield the patient’s gonads from scattered radiation.
Use close collimation. This technique is recommended for all upper-limb
radiographs.
When placing multiple exposures on one cassette, the side of the unexposed
cassette should always be covered with lead.
Use right or left markers and any other vital identification markers when
appropriate.
22. Fingers (2 – 5)
Cassette Size: 24x30cm
Cassette Orientation: Landscape.
All three images projections of fingers can fit on one film.
Central Ray: Perpendicular to Cassette
Centering Point: PIP(Proximal interphalangeal) joint
Collimation: To include distal tip of finger and distal carpal bones
Positioning:
PA:
• Place hand flat with the palmar surface down.
• Separate digits slightly.
Oblique:
• Rotate palm 45 degrees toward IR until digits are resting on support.
Lateral:
• Place hand in lateral position (thumb side up) with finger to be examined
fully extended and centered to portion of IR being exposed.
• Ensure that long axis of finger is parallel to IR.
31. Positioning of the thumb is unique because its axis differs from that of the other digits. Basic
views of the thumb include Anteroposterior (AP), Posteroanterior (PA), Oblique, and Lateral.
Stress views of the first Metacarpo-phalangeal (MCP) Joint may be required for evaluation of
injuries of the ligaments of this joint.
Cassette Size: 24x30cm.
Cassette Orientation: Landscape.
All three thumb images can fit on one film.
FFD: 100cm.
Centering Point: MCP.
Central Ray: Perpendicular to Cassette.
Collimation: To include distal tip of thumb and distal carpal bones.
Positioning:
(AP): Rotate the Hand Medially to make the Thumb in True AP Projection.
(PA): Place hand in lateral position with little finger on cassette.
(Oblique): Place hand flat with the palmar surface down. This orientate the thumb to an
oblique position
(Lateral): Flex all Fingers and make the Lateral aspect of thumb resting on the cassette with.
36. Evaluation criteria of Thumb projections
1. The area from the distal tip of the thumb to the trapezium should be clearly
demonstrated.
2. There should be no rotation, and concavity of the phalangeal and metacarpal
shafts should be demonstrated with equal amounts of soft tissue on both sides of
the phalanges.
3. The first CMC joint should be free of superimposition of the hand or other bony
elements.
4. The first metacarpal and trapezium should be clearly demonstrated.
5. There should be open interphalangeal and MCP joint spaces.
6. The soft tissue and bony trabeculation should be clearly present.
37. • Routine projections
– PA
– PA OBLIQUE
• Non-routine projections
Lateral for Foreign Body
Posterior oblique(Ball
catcher’s or, Norgaard
Projection.)
39. Cassette Size: 24x30cm
Cassette Orientation: Landscape (Crosswise).
FFD: 100cm
Central Ray: Perpendicular to cassette
Centering Point: Entering hand at 3rd MCP Jt.
Collimation: To include entire hand and Distal Forearm.
Positioning:
PA : Place affected hand/finger palmar side down on
cassette.
OBLIQUE: Place affected hand/finger palmar side
down on a 45º sponge/angle thumb side raised.
LATERAL : Place affected hand with thumb raised.
To properly visualize the phalanges the fingers should be
positioned in a fan like arrangement.
40.
41.
42. Evaluation criteria
The entire hand, wrist, and about 2.5
cm of the distal forearm should be
visible.
MCP and interphalangeal joints
should appear open.
No rotation of hand.
The digits should be separated
slightly with soft tissues and should not
be overlapping.
PA HAND
43. Evaluation criteria
Entire hand, wrist, and about 2.5 cm of
the distal forearm should be visible in
oblique view.
MCP and interphalangeal joints should
be open.
A 45° oblique is evidenced by the
following: Midshafts of third, fourth, and
fifth metacarpals should not overlap; some
overlap of the distal heads of third, fourth,
and fifth metacarpals but no overlap of
distal second and third metacarpals should
occur; excessive overlap of metacarpals
indicates over rotation, and too much
separation indicates under rotation.
HAND OBLIQUE
44. Evaluation Criteria
Entire hand, wrist, and about 2.5 cm of
the distal forearm should be visible.
Fingers should appear equally separated,
with phalanges in the lateral position and
joint spaces open.
Thumb should appear in a slightly
oblique position completely free of
superimposition, with joint spaces open.
Hand and wrist should be in a true-
lateral position evidenced by the
following:
1. Distal radius and ulna superimposed.
2. metacarpals are superimposed.
HAND LATERAL
47. Patient is seated alongside the table. However, if this is
not possible due to patient’s condition, the patient is
seated facing the table.
Both forearms are supinated and placed on the table
with dorsal surface of the hand in contact with
cassette.
From this position ,both hands are rotated
internally(medially) 45degs into ball catching position.
Cassette is adjusted such that ROI lies in close contact
with cassette.
48. The vertical central ray is centered to a
point midway between the hands at the
level of the fifth metacarpo-phalangeal
joints.
49. The image should demonstrate all
phalanges, including the soft tissue of
fingertips ,the carpal and metacarpal
bones, and distal end of radius and ulna.
53. Radiographic Positioning of the WRIST
Cassette Size: 24x30cm
Cassette Orientation: Landscape (Crosswise).
• All three Wrist images can usually fit on one film.
FFD: 100cm
Central Ray: Perpendicular to the cassette.
Centering Point:
PA: Midway between the radial and ulnar styloid processes.
OBLIQUE: Radial Styloid Process.
LATERAL: Radial Styloid Process.
Collimation: To include the distal 1/3 of the forearm and metacarpal bones.
Positioning:
PA: Forearm resting with anterior aspect on the table, with cassette under wrist.
OBLIQUE:
• Forearm resting with anterior aspect on the table, with cassette under wrist.
• Rotate wrist 45º with thumb side raised and rest on sponge if required.
LATERAL:
• Forearm resting with ulnar side on the table, with cassette under wrist.
57. Evaluation criteria for PA
wrist:
True PA is evidenced by
the following: 1. separation
of the distal radius and ulna
is present, except for
possible minimal
superimposition at the distal
radioulnar joint.
Soft tissue and bony
trabeculation should be
visible.
PA WRIST
58. Evaluation criteria
Distal radius and ulna,
carpals, and at least the
midmetacarpal area should be
visible.
True-lateral position is
evidenced by the following:
1. Ulnar head should be
superimposed over distal
radius.
2. proximal second through
fifth metacarpals all should
appear aligned and
superimposed.
Soft tissue and bony
trabeculation should be visible.
WRIST LATERAL
61. The patient is seated alongside the table
with affected side nearest the table.
Ensure the radial and ulnar styloid process
are equidistant from cassette.
The hand lower forearm are immobilized
using sandbags.
62. The vertical central ray is centered midway
between radial and ulnar styloid process.
63. The image should include distal end of
radius and ulna and proximal end of
metacarpals.
The joint space should be demonstrated
clearly.
65. Direction and centering of X-ray beam
- The vertical central ray is centred midway
between the radial and ulnar styloid
process.
Image characteristics
- The scaphoid series should be seen
clearly, with its long axis parallel to the
cassette.
66. Direction and centering of X-ray beam
- The vertical central ray is centred ulnar
styloid process.
Image characteristics
- The scaphoid series should be seen
clearly, with its long axis perpendicular to
the cassette.
67. Direction and centering of X-ray beam
- The vertical central ray is centred radial
styloid process.
Image characteristics
- The image should include distal end of
radius and ulna and proximal end of
metacarpals.
68.
69. Casted
– Regular film
– Lower mAs 10 times
Wet cast
– Add 15 to the kV
Dry cast
– Add 10 to the kV
Fiberglass
– Add 5 to the kV
• No cast
– Extremity film
– 10mAs @ 60kV
70.
71.
72.
73.
74. Medial Epicondyle
Coronoid Process
Shaft (Ulna)
Ulnar Head
Ulnar Styloid
Process
Lateral
Epicondyle
Radial Head
Radial
Tuberosity
Shaft (Radius)
Distal
Radioulnar Jt.
Radial Styloid
Process
78. Cassette Size: 35 x 35 cm or 35 x 43 cm depending on
Patient size.
Cassette Orientation: Portrait
FFD: 100cm.
Central Ray: Perpendicular to cassette.
Centering Point: Midshafts of forearm.
Collimation: To include both wrist and elbow within field.
Positioning:
AP : Posterior aspect of Forearm on cassette with both wrist
and elbow in AP position.
LATERAL:
Medial side of Forearm on cassette with both wrist and
elbow in lateral position.
Elbow flexed at 90.
82. AP FOREARM
Evaluation criteria
1.The entire radius and ulna should
be visible, with pertinent soft
tissues.
2. The wrist and distal humerus
(Elbow) should be clearly
demonstrated.
3. No rotation as evidenced by
humeral Epicondyle visualized in
profile with slight superimposition
of the radial head, neck, and
tuberosity over the proximal ulna.
4.Similar radiographic densities of
the proximal and distal forearm.
83. LATERAL FOREARM
Evaluation criteria
1. No rotation as evidenced by:
Superimposition of the radius
and ulna at their distal end.
Superimposition by the radial
head over the Coronoid process.
Radial tuberosity facing
anteriorly.
Superimposed humeral
Epicondyle.
2.Elbow should be flexed
90degree.
3. soft tissues and bony
trabeculation should be visible.
84. • Routine projections
– AP
– Lateral
• Non-routine
– Obliques medial
(internal) rotation
and lateral (external)
rotation.
86. Cassette Size: 24x30cm.
Cassette Orientation: Landscape.
FFD: 100cm.
Central Ray: Perpendicular to Cassette.
Centering Point: Elbow Joint.
Collimation: To include Distal third of humerus and proximal third of forearm.
Positioning:
AP:
• Elbow as close to straight as the patient is able, with posterior aspect on cassette.
• Humerus and forearm should both be in contact with the cassette in order to
ensure a open joint space.
OBLIQUE:
• Elbow as close to straight as the pt is able, with posterior aspect on cassette.
• Rotate entire arm laterally as far as pt will tolerate.
• Humerus and forearm should both be in contact with the cassette.
LATERAL:
• Elbow flexed at 900, with wrist in lateral orientation.
• Forearm, Humerus and cassette all parallel.