Unusual Cord And Disc Tb
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1) A 41-year-old man presented with increasing weakness in his limbs, mild fever, and neck pain. 2) An MRI revealed spondylodiskitis (infection and inflammation of the vertebral disk and vertebrae) between his C6 and C7 vertebrae, as well as a focal lesion within the spinal cord at the same cervical level. 3) The disk and cord lesions showed characteristic signals and enhancement on MRI that were diagnostic for tuberculous infection. Treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs resulted in improvement of symptoms and regression of the lesions on follow-up MRI.
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Ultrasound guided pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the pudendal nerve in ch...
This case report summarizes the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the pudendal nerve in three patients with chronic pelvic pain. The three patients, two males with interstitial cystitis and one female with pudendal neuralgia, underwent ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve blocks followed by pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the pudendal nerve. All three patients experienced reduced pain scores and decreased analgesic use following the treatment. No complications occurred. The report concludes pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the pudendal nerve under ultrasound guidance provides adequate analgesia for chronic pelvic pain.
NM
This document contains abstracts from presentations at the 29th Annual Northeast Regional Scientific Meeting. The abstracts describe several studies involving nuclear imaging techniques:
1. A study evaluating the reproducibility of quantitative measurements from FDG PET and gallium scans in distinguishing between interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis in rats. It found the measurements to be highly reproducible.
2. A case report describing how SPECT/CT imaging with indium-111 labeled white blood cells revealed unsuspected pulmonary septic emboli in a patient with infected hemodialysis access.
3. A case report where bone SPECT/CT identified an acute pelvic fracture that was missed on other imaging in a patient
Case record...Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with congestive myelopathy
Case record...Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with congestive myelopathyProfessor Yasser Metwally
Case record...Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with congestive myelopathy
http://yassermetwally.com
http://yassermetwally.netReseach section: Dorsal disc herniation
The document discusses a study of 11 patients with surgically confirmed degenerative dorsal disc herniation. Clinical exams and tests found higher rates of vascular risk factors and increased blood viscosity in these patients compared to controls. MRI and CT myelography showed partially or heavily calcified disc herniations in the lower dorsal spine. The clinical presentation was characterized by a mainly motor myelopathy with remissions and exacerbations. The findings help explain the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of myelopathy from degenerative dorsal disc disease.
2012 noroozi-carotid sinus syndrome as the presenting symptom of cystadenolym...
This case report describes a 45-year-old woman who presented with a one-week history of swelling in her left mandibular angle and symptoms of vertigo, loss of consciousness, and sinus arrest. Testing revealed she had carotid sinus syndrome caused by a cystadenolymphoma tumor in her left parotid gland. Surgical removal of the 31x17mm tumor resulted in complete resolution of her symptoms and electrocardiogram abnormalities. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of carotid sinus syndrome secondary to cystadenolymphoma.
Intradural extramedullary mass - a case on MRI
An 18-year-old boy presented with 6 months of lower back pain and lower extremity weakness on the left side. MRI revealed two masses - an intradural extramedullary mass between D10-D12 deviating the spinal cord to the right, and a long paravertebral mass extending from T7-L1. The intradural mass enhanced with contrast and was considered to be an intradural extramedullary lesion such as a neurofibroma. The patient was referred for surgical management and biopsy to determine the exact diagnosis.
Epidural abcess a case presentation
This document presents a case study of a 68-year-old female patient who presented to the emergency department with worsening lower back pain, lower limb weakness, loss of sensation, urinary retention, and fever. Imaging revealed an extensive precontrast T1 hyperintense thoracolumbar spinal canal extramedullary collection consistent with a spinal epidural abscess. The patient was treated with hemodialysis, IV antibiotics, and a neurosurgery consultation was obtained. The document reviews spinal epidural abscesses, including risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, and key points.
Epidural abcess a case presentation
This document presents a case study of a 68-year-old female patient who presented to the emergency department with worsening lower back pain, lower limb weakness, loss of sensation, urinary retention, and fever. Imaging revealed an extensive precontrast T1 hyperintense thoracolumbar spinal canal extramedullary collection consistent with a spinal epidural abscess. The patient was treated with hemodialysis, IV antibiotics, and a neurosurgery consultation was obtained. The document reviews spinal epidural abscesses, including risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, and key points.
Inflammatory processes &spondyloarthropathies eva pharma
The document discusses various spinal infections and inflammatory conditions. It covers the typical causative organisms of spinal infections like pyogenic spondylodiscitis, tuberculous spondylosis, and brucellar spondylosis. It also discusses transverse myelitis, sarcoidosis, and multiple sclerosis as causes of spinal cord inflammation. Diagnostic imaging findings on modalities like CT, MRI, and radiography are provided for different spinal conditions.
Parent article.
This study aimed to establish normative measurements of cervical spinal canal and spinal cord dimensions based on MRI scans of 140 healthy volunteers. The researchers found that dimensions varied significantly based on sex, spinal level, height, and to a lesser extent age. They defined normal ranges for sagittal diameters and cross-sectional areas of the spinal canal and cord at C1, C3, and C6 levels, accounting for sex, level, age and height. Having defined normal cervical spinal anatomy will aid radiologists in assessing potential spinal stenosis.
Spinal tb
This document discusses spinal tuberculosis, including:
1. It affects the dorsal spine in 42% of cases and describes 4 types of vertebral lesions.
2. Symptoms include back pain, stiffness, and potential neurological deficit in advanced cases.
3. Investigations include blood tests, imaging like xray, CT and MRI to determine lesion type and severity.
4. Management involves chemotherapy initially but may require surgical intervention for abscesses, severe deformity or neurological deficit.
Cauda Equina Neuroendocrine Tumor: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature
Cauda equina Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET), previous known as cauda equina paragangliomas, is uncommon neoplasm in adults. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed two cases of cauda equina NET patients who had underwent surgical treatment in our department. We reviewed patient age, gender, presenting symptom, tumor radiological feature, surgical procedure, pathologic data and postoperative complications. Two cases were all clinically non-functional cauda equina NETs without sympathetic symptom. While image-based differential diagnosis of cauda equina tumors is still difficult and definite diagnosis depends on pathology and immunohistochemical staining, resecting the tumor with minimally invasive technique has good curative effect.
Cauda Equina Neuroendocrine Tumor: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature
Cauda equina Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET), previous known as
cauda equina paragangliomas, is uncommon neoplasm in adults.
In this study, we retrospectively reviewed two cases of cauda equina NET patients who had underwent surgical treatment in our department. We reviewed patient age, gender, presenting symptom,
tumor radiological feature, surgical procedure, pathologic data
and postoperative complications. Two cases were all clinically
non-functional cauda equina NETs without sympathetic symptom.
While image-based differential diagnosis of cauda equina tumors
is still difficult and definite diagnosis depends on pathology and
immunohistochemical staining, resecting the tumor with minimally invasive technique has good curative effect.
The value of dynamic MRI in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: About 24 cases.T...
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine is extremely useful in assessing
pathological changes at the spinal cord, vertebrae, discs, ligaments and facet joints. we attempted to
document the radiological changes that the cervical spine undergoes during dynamic maneuvers and the
effects of Dynamic MRI in management of cervical myelopathy, emphasizing on the changes in treatment
protocol effected by the new findings discovered. Our work is based on 24 consecutive patients with
cervical spondylotic myelopathy had cervical MR imaging in neutral position, in flexion and extension of
the cervical spine between January 2021 and December 2021. The result found the mean age was 57.9
years (range 26-85 years). Among these 24 patients, there were 11 males and 13 females. Total number of
levels of compression were 47 and the additional levels of involvement were 17. Additional levels of
compression were noted in 12 patients, among these 17 new levels, 7 were in the posterior and 10 in the
anterior. The most affected level was C5C6 with 16 cases. All additional levels of compression were noted
in extension; Reduction of the cervical canal was observed in 20 patients only in extension. In the bending
sequences we have noticed an increase of the canal diameter in 3 patients. The location of the
compression is in 15 cases anterior, 2 cases posterior and 5 cases are mixed anterior and posterior
Surgery was considered in 17 patients. Anterior procedures were 11 (ACDF/ corpectomy and fusion) and
Posterior surgeries were 6 (laminoplasty/laminectomy), and. The rest of the patients did not require
surgery and was conservatively treated. A change of the signal was found in 3 patients during the
acquisition in extension position a. Most studies have shown a reduction of the root canal with an increase
of the compression level, which was the case in our study. MRI is a useful tool for diagnosis of CM, it does
not give an exact idea as to which is the offending level in a multilevel compression that requires surgery.
Even the approach and procedure cannot be decided on a static examination and hence are subject to
significant interpractitioner the role of extension MRI in determining cervical compression levels. Thus,
dynamic cervical spine MRI should be an important investigation before we decide to write off surgical
treatment in patients with cervical myelopathy and cord signal changes without definitive compression on
static MRI. Flexion and extension MRI is an important tool for decision making and planning appropriate
management in cervical compressive myelopathy.
multiple level spondylodiscitis in neurobrucllosis: int jr of medicine
Multiple level spondylodiscitis with presacral abscess in spinal brucellosis: a rare presentation
A 56-year-old male farmer in India presented with lower back pain and weakness in his legs for 9 weeks. MRI revealed multi-level infective spondylodiscitis and a prevertebral sacral abscess. Blood culture grew Brucella melitensis after 8 days. Treatment was modified to a 12-month triple antibiotic therapy. Spinal brucellosis should be considered for those with back pain in endemic areas, as timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment is important.
Analysis of lesion development pml
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal brain disease caused by JC virus in immunocompromised patients. This study examines two PML patients using diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to analyze lesion development. DWI showed abnormal diffusion within lesions, correlating with clinical progression speed. DTI revealed decreased anisotropy and increased diffusion in affected regions, detecting different disease stages not seen on standard MRI. DWI and DTI appear useful for monitoring PML disease activity and response to treatment.
Spine presentation
Potts spine , tuberculosis of spine , Potts paraplegia, spinal tumor syndrome, treatment of spinal tuberculosis, exposure for tuberculosis spine
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Ultrasound guided pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the pudendal nerve in ch...
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Case record...Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with congestive myelopathy
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2012 noroozi-carotid sinus syndrome as the presenting symptom of cystadenolym...
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Inflammatory processes &spondyloarthropathies eva pharma
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Cauda Equina Neuroendocrine Tumor: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature
Cauda Equina Neuroendocrine Tumor: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature
Cauda Equina Neuroendocrine Tumor: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature
Cauda Equina Neuroendocrine Tumor: Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature
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The value of dynamic MRI in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: About 24 cases.T...
The value of dynamic MRI in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: About 24 cases.T...
multiple level spondylodiscitis in neurobrucllosis: int jr of medicine
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More from Dr. Himadri Sikhor Das
Dr Himadri Sikhor Das
This certificate recognizes Dr. Himadri Sikhor Das for his professional expertise as an international judge at the 2nd International Scientific E-Conference held from November 16-26, 2015. The certificate was issued by Texila American University to honor Dr. Das's contributions as a judge during the online conference that had over 800 registrants from 69 countries.
Healthcare Express
Dr Himadri Sikhor Das pursued radiology after becoming fascinated by the vast knowledge of anatomy and pathophysiology demonstrated by radiology residents while he was a surgery resident. He now owns his own successful radiology practice. Some of the benefits of owning his own practice include freedom and flexibility to set his own protocols. Some challenges in setting up a radiology lab included securing funding for equipment, finding an appropriate location, and obtaining necessary government clearances and approvals. He deals with challenges by fully understanding the problem and then working to find solutions without shortcuts. His advice for radiology students is to work hard to build a strong foundation in disease anatomy and pathology.
Imaging in neuro ophthalmology & revisting orbital imaging.2012 (1) (1)
This document provides an overview of imaging in neuro-ophthalmology and orbital anatomy. It discusses the anatomy and imaging appearance of the visual pathway, optic nerve, extraocular muscles, vessels and nerves in the orbit. Common pathologies are described including papilledema, optic neuritis, tumors of the optic nerve, sellar region, and orbit. Imaging modalities useful for evaluation including CT, MRI, MR angiography and ultrasound are also mentioned. In summary, it serves as a comprehensive review of normal orbital anatomy and variations as well as pathologies of the visual system that can be evaluated with medical imaging.
Overview & role of imaging of ms
This document provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS), including its causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, course, classifications, and the role of MR imaging. MS is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically affects people aged 20-40. It has an unknown cause but is thought to involve genetic, viral, autoimmune, and environmental factors. Clinically, it presents with sensory issues, optic neuritis, spasticity, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves identifying neurological abnormalities via history, exam, and MRI findings. The disease course is highly variable but can be classified as relapsing-remitting, secondary-progressive, primary-progressive, or progressive-
Neuro d dx
This document provides a differential diagnosis for various neurological and head/neck conditions organized by location and imaging findings. Some of the most common causes included are:
1. Intracranial hemorrhage is most often due to hypertension, tumors, trauma, or aneurysms.
2. Aneurysms are commonly saccular and degenerative or traumatic in nature.
3. Spinal cord compression is often caused by compression fractures, disk disease, or primary bone disorders like Paget's disease.
4. Intracanalicular internal auditory canal masses are typically acoustic neuromas or facial neuromas.
Imaging the cv junction.part 2. himadri s das
This document discusses various abnormalities, fractures, and pathologies that can occur in the cervical vertebrae and craniocervical junction. It describes os odontoideum, persistent ossiculum terminale, Jefferson fractures, three types of odontoid fractures, hangman's fractures, Chiari malformations, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, and various tumors that can affect this region. Imaging findings for many of these conditions are also presented.
Imaging the cv junction.part 1. himadri s das
This document discusses imaging of the cranio-vertebral junction. It begins by defining the cranio-vertebral junction and its key anatomical parts. It then discusses various imaging modalities for evaluating the CV junction, including plain radiographs, CT, MRI, and angiography. Specific abnormalities that can be seen include basilar invagination, atlantoaxial subluxation, occipital anomalies, and os odontoideum. Measurement lines and angles used in evaluation are also defined.
Overview & role of imaging of ms
This document provides an overview of multiple sclerosis (MS), including its causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, course, classifications, and the role of MR imaging. MS is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that typically affects people aged 20-40. It has an unknown cause but is thought to involve genetic, viral, autoimmune, and environmental factors. Clinically, it presents with sensory issues, optic neuritis, spasticity, and other symptoms. Diagnosis involves identifying neurological abnormalities via history, exam, and MRI findings. The disease course is highly variable but can be classified as relapsing-remitting, secondary-progressive, primary-progressive, or progressive-
Overview Of Hepatocellular Cas
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Risk factors include cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis B and C infections, and exposure to certain chemicals. HCC can be solitary or multifocal tumors that vary in appearance and may invade blood vessels. Diagnostic imaging tools like ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI are used to identify and characterize HCC lesions based on features like vascularity, enhancement patterns over time with contrast agents, and signal intensities on T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences. These tools help determine if the tumors are confined to the liver or have spread.
MR maging In Orthopaedics
MRI is the most useful imaging modality for evaluating the spine. It can be used to diagnose degenerative spinal diseases, spinal infections, bone marrow diseases, congenital anomalies, and craniovertebral junction abnormalities. MRI provides high quality images of soft tissues and bones without radiation, allowing early detection and diagnosis of various spinal pathologies important for orthopedic surgeons. It is particularly useful for diagnosing degenerative disc disease, spinal infections like tuberculosis and pyogenic spondylitis, and bone marrow disorders.
Functional MRI in Neuroradio
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques like BOLD-fMRI can noninvasively image the brain with high spatial and temporal resolution. BOLD-fMRI measures oxygenated blood flow changes to map brain activity. It has several applications including studying language, vision, movement, and memory. Other fMRI methods include perfusion fMRI, diffusion-weighted fMRI, and MRI spectroscopy, which can provide additional functional or metabolic information about the brain. These techniques hold promise for advancing understanding of psychiatric and neurological disorders.
MR Morphology Of Intracranial Tuberculomas
This document discusses the MR morphology of intracranial tuberculomas based on a study of 10 patients. Key findings include:
1) Tuberculomas showed variable signals on T1 and T2 weighted MR images depending on their stage of evolution and composition.
2) Most lesions appeared hypointense on T2 weighted images due to fibrosis, scar tissue, and free radicals from macrophages.
3) MR was useful for visualizing the full extent of lesions, differentiating tuberculomas from other pathologies, and delineating internal components like necrotic centers.
4) Follow up MR in patients responding to treatment showed reduction in lesion size and surrounding edema.
Cerebral Venous Sinus Anatomy.Paper Iria 2009.Ghy
The document summarizes the anatomy of the cerebral venous system and dural sinuses. It describes the superficial and deep venous systems that drain blood from the brain. The superficial system includes cortical veins and sagittal sinuses, while the deep system includes lateral, straight, and sigmoid sinuses that drain deeper cortical veins. These systems drain into the internal jugular veins. The document highlights key anatomical features of the veins and sinuses and their clinical relevance to understanding cerebral venous thrombosis.
Clinical Imaging Of The Bp
This document provides an overview of the brachial plexus including its anatomy, clinical presentations, and imaging indications and findings for various pathologies. The brachial plexus originates from the cervical spinal nerve roots C5-T1 and provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper extremity. Common pathologies include traumatic injuries, neoplasms, inflammation from radiation therapy, and infections. Magnetic resonance imaging is often the preferred imaging modality to evaluate the brachial plexus due to its ability to characterize soft tissues and visualize the nerve roots.
Nf 1
This study evaluated 7 children clinically diagnosed with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) using MRI to look for characteristic brain lesions. 4 patients showed focal areas of increased signal on T2-weighted MRI in typical locations including the globus pallidus, midbrain, and cerebellar peduncles. These lesions were believed to represent non-neoplastic hamartomatous changes and lacked mass effect or enhancement. The study concluded these lesions are common in around 50% of children with NF-1 and represent benign vacuolar changes in myelin that increase in size and intensity from ages 8-10 years before fading in adolescence.
Imaging In Trauma
The document discusses imaging for various types of trauma, focusing on craniocerebral trauma, spinal trauma, chest trauma, and pelvic trauma. For head injuries, CT is recommended as the initial investigation to evaluate brain injuries. Plain films are used to evaluate spinal and bone injuries. CT is also recommended for suspected spinal injuries, as it allows viewing the entire cervical spine in axial, sagittal, and coronal reconstructed images. Any neurological deficit indicates major trauma requiring CT and possibly MRI.
Imaging In Obstructive Biliopathy.Aizawl
Imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing and distinguishing between benign and malignant hepatic masses. Multiphase CT and MRI are useful for evaluating lesions, the surrounding liver, and determining the extent of involvement. Small lesions less than 1.5 cm are often difficult to characterize and may require biopsy for diagnosis.
Imaging The Paranasal Sinuses. Iria 2008
The document discusses CT and MR imaging of the paranasal sinuses with a focus on endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). It covers normal sinus anatomy and variants, the osteomeatal complex, imaging protocols, common sinus diseases, complications of sinusitis and FESS, and key imaging findings for different sinus pathologies.
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Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. vonoprazan A novel drug for GERD presentation
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LOW BIRTH WEIGHT. PRETERM BABIES OR SMALL FOR DATES BABIES
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
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It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
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Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdf
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In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Unusual Cord And Disc Tb
- 1. SPINAL CORD TUBERCULOMA WITH SIMULTANEOUS TUBERCULAR SPONDYLODISKITIS AT SAME VERTEBRAL LEVEL - A CASE REPORT Dr. H. S. Das, MD. MATRIX Guwahati-5, Assam, India