The document discusses right upper quadrant abdominal pain, including the anatomy of the abdominal quadrants and major organs located in each quadrant. It then describes various diseases that can cause right upper quadrant pain, such as hepatitis, cholecystitis, GERD, kidney issues, pancreatitis, liver abscess, shingles, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. The document also outlines how these conditions are diagnosed through tests and their typical treatments.
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS- RUQ ABDOMINAL PAIN
#surgicaleducator #ruqabdominalpain #acutecholecystitis #usmle #babysurgeon #surgicaltutor
• Dear Viewers,
• Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
• Today I have uploaded a video on Acute Cholecystitis
• It is one of the common surgical problems you see in surgical wards.
• I have discussed the various causes for RUQ pain, etiology, pathology, clinical features, investigations, complications and treatment of Acute Cholecystitis.
• I have also included a mind map, a diagnostic and a treatment algorithm for Acute Appendicitis.
• I hope the video will be very useful and you will enjoy it.
• You can watch all my surgical teaching videos in the following links:
• surgicaleducator.blogspot.com youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
• Thank you for watching the video.
acute abdominal pain in pediatrics. include background and approach also there are three cases included, intussusception, Hirschsprung's disease and DKA.
An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked. The blockage can be partial or total, and it prevents passage of fluids and digested food. If intestinal obstruction happens, food, fluids, gastric acids, and gas build up behind the site of the blockage.
Describes the concept of a surgical abdomen, acute abdominal pain, emergency intervention and approach to management, including the controversial use of analgesic and antibiotics in emergency room.
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS- RUQ ABDOMINAL PAIN
#surgicaleducator #ruqabdominalpain #acutecholecystitis #usmle #babysurgeon #surgicaltutor
• Dear Viewers,
• Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
• Today I have uploaded a video on Acute Cholecystitis
• It is one of the common surgical problems you see in surgical wards.
• I have discussed the various causes for RUQ pain, etiology, pathology, clinical features, investigations, complications and treatment of Acute Cholecystitis.
• I have also included a mind map, a diagnostic and a treatment algorithm for Acute Appendicitis.
• I hope the video will be very useful and you will enjoy it.
• You can watch all my surgical teaching videos in the following links:
• surgicaleducator.blogspot.com youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
• Thank you for watching the video.
acute abdominal pain in pediatrics. include background and approach also there are three cases included, intussusception, Hirschsprung's disease and DKA.
An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked. The blockage can be partial or total, and it prevents passage of fluids and digested food. If intestinal obstruction happens, food, fluids, gastric acids, and gas build up behind the site of the blockage.
Describes the concept of a surgical abdomen, acute abdominal pain, emergency intervention and approach to management, including the controversial use of analgesic and antibiotics in emergency room.
A sore that develops on the lining of the oesophagus, stomach or small intestine.
Ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the lining of the digestive tract. Common causes include the bacteria H. Pylori and anti-inflammatory pain relievers including aspirin.
Upper abdominal pain is a common symptom.
Treatment usually includes medication to decrease stomach acid production. If it is caused by bacteria, antibiotics may be required.
C H A P T E R 3
Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain is a subjective feeling of discomfort in the abdomen that can be caused by a variety of
problems. The goal of initial clinical assessment is to distinguish acute lifethreatening conditions from
chronic/recurrent or acute mild, selflimiting conditions. Assessment is complicated by the dynamic rather than
static nature of acute abdominal pain, which can produce a changing clinical picture, often over a short period
of time. In addition, both children and older adults tend to deviate from the usual and anticipated clinical
pattern of abdominal pain. The following three processes can produce abdominal pain: (1) tension in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract wall from muscle contraction or distention, (2) ischemia, and (3) inflammation of the
peritoneum. Pain can also be referred from within or outside the abdomen.
Colic is a type of tension pain. It is associated with forceful peristaltic contractions and is the most
characteristic type of pain arising from the viscera. Colicky pain can be produced by an irritant substance, from
infection with a virus or bacteria, or by the body’s attempt to force its luminal contents through an obstruction.
Another type of tension pain is caused by acute stretching of the capsule of an organ, such as the liver, spleen,
or kidney. The patient with this visceral pain is restless, moves about, and has difficulty getting comfortable.
Ischemia produces an intense, continuous pain. The most common cause of intestinal ischemic pain is
strangulation of the bowel from obstruction.
Inflammation of the peritoneum usually begins at the serosa covering the affected and inflamed organ,
causing visceral peritonitis. The pain is a poorly localized aching. As the inflammatory process spreads to the
adjacent parietal peritoneum, it produces localized parietal peritonitis. The pain of parietal peritonitis is more
severe and is perceived in the area of the abdomen corresponding to the inflammation. A patient with parietal
pain usually lies still and does not want to move.
Pain can be referred from within the abdomen or from other parts of the body (Box 3.1).
Box 3.1
S o m e C a u s e s o f P a i n P e r c e i v e d i n A n a t o m i c a l R e g i o n s
Right upper quadrant
• Duodenal ulcer
• Hepatitis
• Hepatomegaly
• Pneumonia
• Cholecystitis
Right lower quadrant
• Appendicitis
• Salpingitis
• Ovarian cyst
• Ruptured ectopic pregnancy
• Renal or ureteral stone
• Strangulated hernia
• Meckel diverticulitis
http://e.pub/isc9kypqjl4sstrvk47e.vbk/OEBPS/xhtml/CHP0003-print-1560441994.xhtml 6/13/2019
http://e.pub/isc9kypqjl4sstrvk47e.vbk/OEBPS/xhtml/CHP0003-print-1560441994.xhtml
• Regional ileitis
• Perforated cecum
Periumbilical
• Intestinal obstruction
• Acute pancreatitis
• Early appendicitis
• Mesenteric thrombosis
• Aortic aneurysm
• Diverticulitis
Left upper quadrant
• Ruptured spleen
• Gastric .
C H A P T E R 3
Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain is a subjective feeling of discomfort in the abdomen that can be caused by a variety of
problems. The goal of initial clinical assessment is to distinguish acute lifethreatening conditions from
chronic/recurrent or acute mild, selflimiting conditions. Assessment is complicated by the dynamic rather than
static nature of acute abdominal pain, which can produce a changing clinical picture, often over a short period
of time. In addition, both children and older adults tend to deviate from the usual and anticipated clinical
pattern of abdominal pain. The following three processes can produce abdominal pain: (1) tension in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract wall from muscle contraction or distention, (2) ischemia, and (3) inflammation of the
peritoneum. Pain can also be referred from within or outside the abdomen.
Colic is a type of tension pain. It is associated with forceful peristaltic contractions and is the most
characteristic type of pain arising from the viscera. Colicky pain can be produced by an irritant substance, from
infection with a virus or bacteria, or by the body’s attempt to force its luminal contents through an obstruction.
Another type of tension pain is caused by acute stretching of the capsule of an organ, such as the liver, spleen,
or kidney. The patient with this visceral pain is restless, moves about, and has difficulty getting comfortable.
Ischemia produces an intense, continuous pain. The most common cause of intestinal ischemic pain is
strangulation of the bowel from obstruction.
Inflammation of the peritoneum usually begins at the serosa covering the affected and inflamed organ,
causing visceral peritonitis. The pain is a poorly localized aching. As the inflammatory process spreads to the
adjacent parietal peritoneum, it produces localized parietal peritonitis. The pain of parietal peritonitis is more
severe and is perceived in the area of the abdomen corresponding to the inflammation. A patient with parietal
pain usually lies still and does not want to move.
Pain can be referred from within the abdomen or from other parts of the body (Box 3.1).
Box 3.1
S o m e C a u s e s o f P a i n P e r c e i v e d i n A n a t o m i c a l R e g i o n s
Right upper quadrant
• Duodenal ulcer
• Hepatitis
• Hepatomegaly
• Pneumonia
• Cholecystitis
Right lower quadrant
• Appendicitis
• Salpingitis
• Ovarian cyst
• Ruptured ectopic pregnancy
• Renal or ureteral stone
• Strangulated hernia
• Meckel diverticulitis
http://e.pub/isc9kypqjl4sstrvk47e.vbk/OEBPS/xhtml/CHP0003-print-1560441994.xhtml 6/13/2019
http://e.pub/isc9kypqjl4sstrvk47e.vbk/OEBPS/xhtml/CHP0003-print-1560441994.xhtml
• Regional ileitis
• Perforated cecum
Periumbilical
• Intestinal obstruction
• Acute pancreatitis
• Early appendicitis
• Mesenteric thrombosis
• Aortic aneurysm
• Diverticulitis
Left upper quadrant
• Ruptured spleen
• Gastric ...
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Unravel the mystery of right upper quadrant (ruq) abdominal pain
1. Unravel the mystery of Right Upper
Quadrant (RUQ) Abdominal Pain
The abdominal region of your body encases organs which are vital for the proper
functioning of our body. These organs often work in a mutually symbiotic
relationship inside your body. To understand the anatomy and function of these
organs they are divided into 4 equal abdominal quadrants. This division helps
clinicians to localize, identify, and diagnose if the patient is suffering from
abdominal pain.
The four-division are chartered out by a vertical line called (media plane) linea
alba that splits the abdomen in vertical half and the transumbilical plane divides it
into horizontal half. These two planes intersect each other at an umbilicus
separating the four quadrants and giving them a distinct appearance.
2. 4 Abdominal Quadrants
Source: pinimg.com
The four quadrants are easy to remember because they are mostly named as
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left lower Quadrant(LLQ)
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Here are some major organs you will find in each of the quadrants
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Source: slideserve.com
● Stomach
● Spleen
● Left lobe of the liver
● The main part of the pancreas
● Proximal ileum
● Jejunum
● The superior part of the colon
● Left kidney
4. Left lower Quadrant(LLQ)
Source: grepmed.com
● Left ovary
● A part of the large bowel system
● Left ureter
● Uterus
● uterine tube
● ductus deferens
● urinary bladder
● part of colon
5. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Source: grepmed.com
● The right lobe of the liver
● Gallbladder
● Pylorus of stomach
● Part of duodenum
● Right Kidney
● Part of colon
6. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Source: grepmed.com
● Appendix
● Right ureter
● Ascending part of the colon
These organs appear as a meshwork and often proves difficult to pinpoint the
pain associated in the abdomen.
7. Various diseases associated with Right Upper
Quadrant (RUQ)
Source: wp.com
Here are few diseases to check out if you have experienced right upper quadrant
pain and symptoms associated with it.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a disease caused by the virus. The most common viruses are
HEP A: It is a mild Hepatitis caused by contaminated water and food.
HEP B: It is a severe form of Hepatitis which may lead to cirrhosis or liver failure
8. HEP C. It is a chronic viral disease caused by infected blood. This may also lead
to inflammation and damage to the liver
Hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver which in turns hampers its functionality
The symptoms associated are fatigue, dark urine, jaundice, and flu.
Cholecystitis
An infection ensued by gallstones in a gall bladder is called Cholecystitis. The
gallstones are a mixture of bile and digestive juices. This mixture gets deposited
in the gallbladder or inside a cystic duct (neck of a gallbladder) resulting in
excruciating pain between shoulder and back. There are no noticeable symptoms
however mild symptoms such as nausea and vomiting could be noticed. The
incidences of Cholecystitis is higher in females as compared to males.
GERD- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder
IT is a chronic digestive disease that causes esophageal burning and heartburn.
The stomach propels the acid towards the chest through the Oesophagus and out
of the mouth.
Causes of GERD– It is caused when the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a ring
of muscle doesn’t tighten or close properly to stop the acid regurgitation toward
the chest. When it is working properly the LES relaxes as you swallow the food
then it tightens and closes itself.
Pregnant women are more likely to suffer from GERD.
Kidney issues
Any kidney problems such as renal infection, kidney stones or UTI can radiate its
pain into the RUQ of the abdomen. The symptoms typically include micturition,
foul odor of your urine, vomiting, and fever.
9. Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It is situated in the upper area
behind the stomach.
The main role of the pancreas is to secrete insulin and regulate blood sugar
levels. Pancreatitis is often accompanied by the onset of fever, abdominal pain
after consuming food, rapid pulse rate, etc.
Liver Abscess
An abscess or pus is formed inside a liver. The pus is festered with bacteria
which may result in septicemia. The primary manifestation of symptoms is
dark-colored urine, grey stool, Pain in the right abdomen, weight loss, jaundice,
night sweat, and chills.
Shingles
Shingles appear as rashes and blisters on the upper part of the abdomen. They
are caused by a viral infection. They appear in a ring formation around the upper
abdomen. The symptoms are tingling, burning, fever itching, and headache.
Gastritis
An inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach often associated with a
complaint of periodic abdominal pain over a fairly large area, which is triggered
after consuming food. Alcohol abuse, frequent consumption of pain relievers,
and variable bacterial infection accounts for the majority of cases worldwide. The
symptoms are associated with nausea, vomiting and bloating
10. Peptic ulcers
Peptic ulcers, a harbinger of abdominal pain is often accompanied by perforation
or penetration. It affects the inner lining environs of the stomach and may result
in a burning sensation in the upper part of the abdomen.
Pregnancy
Abdominal pain often reflects a higher incidence in females as compared to
males. The cardinal reason for abdominal pain in women is pregnancy. In
pregnant women, as the baby grows, the abdominal cavity stretches itself to
accommodate the grown-up fetus thus inviting pain in lower right abdomen in
female
Cancer
Cancer, a silent killer starts showing symptoms way ahead of its malignancy. But
it can only be detected in later stages. However, if you have a metastatic or tumor
there could be persistent pain in your abdomen. The symptoms in later stages
could aggravate if overlooked.
11. How to diagnose right quadrant (upper and
lower)abdominal pain
Source: pinimg.com
A doctor may ask you to perform an array of the test to ascertain the causes of
pain.
● CBC, electrolytes, and Liver function tests can determine the causes of
underlying diseases.
● Urinalysis may be used to assess your kidney function or renal stones
● A stool culture could be asked to look for pathogenic infections.
● Although comprehensive tests like endoscopy, ultrasound, X-Ray, and
CT scan could pinpoint the tricky complications involved with pain.
12. Also Read: Some Of The Main Causes Of Stomach Pain
Treatment for pain in the right quadrant (upper and
lower)abdominal pain
Source: rd.com
A cause is identified now a treatment seems to be a cakewalk for you and your
doctor.
● Antibiotics and antiviral therapy prove to be a choice of treatment for
bacterial and viral infections respectively.
● Kidney infections, Shingles and Cholecystitis can be treated with an
accurate dosage of antibiotics and antiviral
● An antacid or proton pump inhibitor is the holy grail for stomach ulcers,
GERD or Gastritis.
● Kidney stones or gall bladder stones can be removed surgically
13. ● Cancer could be treated by radiotherapy or chemotherapy
● A tumor could be removed by surgical procedures
Outlook
The causes of the abdominal pain and its treatment can absolve in its entirety if
treated on time. However, if left untreated it may herald major complications. The
mild ailments like gut problems could be easily treated with painkillers or
antibiotics. The major complication of liver or kidney or cancer associated with
any organ needs to be addressed with proper treatment and under the guidance
of your clinical practitioner.
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