The document defines several technical terms related to power systems, including control area, power pool, prime mover, pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, regulation, reserve margin, restructuring, retail wheeling, revenue, scheduled outage, and real power. It also describes the basic requirements for successful operation of a power system, including maintaining adequate generation to meet load demand, keeping system frequency within narrow limits, maintaining voltage profiles, and controlling tie line power flows for interconnected systems.

1. KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRICHY 1
UNIT – II
REAL POWER AND FREQUENCY
CONTROL

2. TECHNICAL TERMS
 Control area: Most power systems normally control their
generators in unison.
 The individual control loops have the same regulation
parameters.
 The individual generator turbines tend to have the same
response characteristics then it is possible to let the control
loop in the whole system which then would be referred to
as a control area.
Power Pool: An association of two or more interconnected
electric systems having an agreement to coordinate
operations and planning for improved reliability and
efficiencies electric systems having an agreement to
coordinate operations and planning for improved reliability
and efficiencies
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRICHY 2

3.  Prime Mover: The engine, turbine, water wheel, or similar
machine that drives an electric generator; or, for reporting
purposes, a device that converts energy to electricity
directly (e.g., photovoltaic solar and fuel cell(s)).
 Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Plant: A plant that
usually generates electric energy during peak-load periods
by using water previously pumped into an elevated storage
 reservoir during off-peak periods when excess generating
capacity is available to do so. When additional generating
capacity is needed, the water can be released from the
reservoir through a conduit to turbine generators located in
a power plant at a lower level.
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRICHY 3

4.  Regulation: The governmental function of controlling or
directing economic entities through the process of
rulemaking and adjudication
 Reserve Margin (Operating):The amount of unused
available capability of an electric power system at peak load
for a utility system as a percentage of total capability.
 Restructuring: The process of replacing a monopoly
system of electric utilities with competing sellers, allowing
individual retail customers to choose their electricity
supplier but still receive delivery over the power lines of the
local utility. It includes the reconfiguration of the
vertically-integrated electric utility.
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRICHY 4

5. Retail Wheeling: The process of moving electric power from
a point of generation across one or more utility-owned
transmission and distribution systems to a retail customer.
Revenue: The total amount of money received by a firm
from sales of its products and/or services, gains from the
sales or exchange of assets, interest and dividends earned on
investments, and other increases in the owner's equity except
those arising from capital adjustments.
Scheduled Outage: The shutdown of a generating unit,
transmission line, or other facility, for inspection or
maintenance, in accordance with an advance schedule.
Real power: The real power in a power system is being
controlled by controlling the driving torque of the individual
turbines of the system.
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRICHY 5

6. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
 The following basic requirements are to be fulfilled for
successful operation of the system:
 The generation must be adequate to meet all the load
demand
 The system frequency must be maintained within narrow
and rigid limits.
 The system voltage profile must be maintained within
reasonable limits and
 In case of interconnected operation, the tie line power
flows must be maintained at the specified values.
KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TRICHY 6