1. The document describes applications of computer networking including resource access, data access, communication and data exchange, decentralization of data processing, and easy communication between organizations.
2. It then discusses internet security including client-server security using methods like passwords, firewalls, and encryption. Data and transaction security also uses encryption.
3. Various security methods are described for client/server and data/transaction security including password schemes, firewalls, and encryption techniques.
Digital signals are discrete, consisting of sequences of 0s and 1s. They are transmitted directly in binary form over communication channels using a modem. Digital signals are preferred over analog because they are not affected by noise or disturbances due to their discrete nature. Bandwidth is the frequency range and data transmission capacity of a channel, with higher bandwidth allowing faster transmission speeds. Networks provide convenient access to shared resources and data from any location, as well as communication and decentralized data processing between organizations.
Digital signals are discrete, consisting of sequences of 0s and 1s. They are transmitted directly in binary form via modem conversion to electrical signals. Digital signals are preferred over analog as they are not affected by noise or disturbances due to their discrete nature. Bandwidth is the frequency range and data transfer capacity of a channel, with higher bandwidth allowing faster transmission speeds. Networks provide convenient access to shared resources and unique databases for users regardless of physical location, and allow communication and data exchange through email or teleconferencing.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to allow sharing of resources and communication between users. Common network types include local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) spanning multiple cities or countries. The topology, or layout of connections between devices, can take bus, star, ring or mesh forms. Protocols and layered network architectures like TCP/IP or OSI model provide standards for communication between networked devices.
Dr. John Sum introduces various concepts related to telecommunications and computer networks. He discusses different types of telecommunication media that can transmit electronic signals including twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, microwave, satellite, cellular, and infrared transmission. He also describes network topologies like ring, bus, star, and hierarchical networks. The document covers protocols like TCP/IP and OSI 7-layer model, as well as applications of telecommunications including email, videoconferencing, electronic data interchange, and public network services.
This document provides an overview of data communication. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via a transmission medium. The key components of a data communication system are discussed, including networks. Networks are defined as sets of connected devices called nodes, with the links between nodes being communication channels. For effective data communication, a system must ensure delivery, accuracy and timeliness of the data. Examples of how data communication is important for entertainment, business, education and more are also provided.
The document provides information about computer networks and networking devices. It begins with definitions of networks and their benefits, including resource sharing, file sharing, and communication. It then discusses different types of networks classified by size (LAN, WAN), structure (client-server, peer-to-peer), and topology (bus, star, ring). Various networking devices are also defined, such as hubs, switches, routers, bridges, firewalls, and wireless access points. The document concludes with examples and diagrams to illustrate key network concepts.
Department of Computer Application- Advanced computer network
Locations
Resource-Sharing Functions and Benefits
Resource sharing
Network User Applications
Characteristics of a Network
Foundation
Advance Internet working
Congestion Control & Resource Allocation
Network Security
Cryptographic Building Blocks
Digital signals are discrete, consisting of sequences of 0s and 1s. They are transmitted directly in binary form over communication channels using a modem. Digital signals are preferred over analog because they are not affected by noise or disturbances due to their discrete nature. Bandwidth is the frequency range and data transmission capacity of a channel, with higher bandwidth allowing faster transmission speeds. Networks provide convenient access to shared resources and data from any location, as well as communication and decentralized data processing between organizations.
Digital signals are discrete, consisting of sequences of 0s and 1s. They are transmitted directly in binary form via modem conversion to electrical signals. Digital signals are preferred over analog as they are not affected by noise or disturbances due to their discrete nature. Bandwidth is the frequency range and data transfer capacity of a channel, with higher bandwidth allowing faster transmission speeds. Networks provide convenient access to shared resources and unique databases for users regardless of physical location, and allow communication and data exchange through email or teleconferencing.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to allow sharing of resources and communication between users. Common network types include local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) spanning multiple cities or countries. The topology, or layout of connections between devices, can take bus, star, ring or mesh forms. Protocols and layered network architectures like TCP/IP or OSI model provide standards for communication between networked devices.
Dr. John Sum introduces various concepts related to telecommunications and computer networks. He discusses different types of telecommunication media that can transmit electronic signals including twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, microwave, satellite, cellular, and infrared transmission. He also describes network topologies like ring, bus, star, and hierarchical networks. The document covers protocols like TCP/IP and OSI 7-layer model, as well as applications of telecommunications including email, videoconferencing, electronic data interchange, and public network services.
This document provides an overview of data communication. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between devices via a transmission medium. The key components of a data communication system are discussed, including networks. Networks are defined as sets of connected devices called nodes, with the links between nodes being communication channels. For effective data communication, a system must ensure delivery, accuracy and timeliness of the data. Examples of how data communication is important for entertainment, business, education and more are also provided.
The document provides information about computer networks and networking devices. It begins with definitions of networks and their benefits, including resource sharing, file sharing, and communication. It then discusses different types of networks classified by size (LAN, WAN), structure (client-server, peer-to-peer), and topology (bus, star, ring). Various networking devices are also defined, such as hubs, switches, routers, bridges, firewalls, and wireless access points. The document concludes with examples and diagrams to illustrate key network concepts.
Department of Computer Application- Advanced computer network
Locations
Resource-Sharing Functions and Benefits
Resource sharing
Network User Applications
Characteristics of a Network
Foundation
Advance Internet working
Congestion Control & Resource Allocation
Network Security
Cryptographic Building Blocks
The document provides an introduction to computer networks including:
- The origins of computer networks dating back to the 1950s and 1960s with mainframe-based networks.
- Definitions of a computer network as the interconnection of computer systems for sharing information and resources.
- Examples of different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN.
- Goals of computer networks such as resource sharing, improved performance, high reliability, and cost reduction.
- Hardware and software components including hubs, switches, routers, modems, servers, protocols, and cable types.
This document provides an overview of mobile computing. It discusses mobile communication infrastructure, mobile hardware devices like smartphones and tablets, and mobile software operating systems. It also describes the three-tier architecture of mobile networks, including the presentation tier for user interfaces, application tier for processing transactions, and data tier for database management. Finally, it discusses common mobile network types like cellular networks that connect devices to base stations, WLAN networks that use wireless access points, and ad hoc networks that allow direct communication between nodes.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, the basic elements of a communication system including message, sender, receiver, medium and protocol. It also describes different communication modes, types of computer networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, common network topologies like bus, ring and star, and several communication protocols used in computer networks such as Ethernet, Token Ring, TCP/IP and WAP.
A network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. A local area network (LAN) connects devices in a limited area like a home or office building. Networks provide advantages like speed, cost savings, security, resource sharing, email and centralized software management. However, networks also have disadvantages such as high setup costs, single point of failures, virus spreading and performance declines with increased traffic. Common network architectures include client-server, where servers provide services to clients, and peer-to-peer where devices connect directly to each other. Common network topologies are bus, ring and star, with stars being popular due to their ease of installation and maintenance. Standards like Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, TCP/IP and
The main categories of transmission media used in data communications networks are listed below (please note that wireless transmission media will be dealt with elsewhere).
Twisted pair copper cable.
Coaxial copper cable.
Optical fibre.
Wireless transmission.
This document provides a summary of general approaches to communication within a network, classifications of networks, and modern networking technologies. It discusses peer-to-peer and client-server models, defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also outlines current technologies including software defined networking, multi-cloud, edge computing, the internet of things, artificial intelligence, and 5G networks.
This document provides an overview of computer communication networks and their basic components and design. It discusses:
1) The key components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
2) Basic network concepts such as the definition of a network, important network characteristics like performance and reliability, and common network topologies.
3) Categories of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
4) Related concepts such as the internet, intranets, and extranets.
5) Protocols and standards that govern data communication and their importance.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including their history, goals, components, types, and technologies. It discusses how the ARPANET was developed in the late 1960s to enable resource sharing between computers. The key components that enable computer networks are described such as network interface cards, servers, clients, routers, switches, and cables. Different types of computer networks are defined including personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks.
1. The document discusses the history and development of computer networks, beginning with ARPANET in the late 1960s which was funded by the U.S. Defense Department and linked research institutions over telephone lines.
2. It provides definitions and examples of common computer network hardware such as routers, servers, clients, and switches. Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable are described as connection types.
3. Network protocols like TCP/IP and OSI are mentioned as the established rules that allow devices to communicate over a network, along with network operating systems to facilitate connection between autonomous computers.
Computer Networking
What is a Computer Network?
Characteristics of a computer network
Distributors
Router
Network Card
Internal Network Cards
External Network Cards
Universal Serial Bus USB
Chapter 08 communication and network cscHisyam Rosly
This document discusses objectives for a chapter on computer communications. It covers topics like describing uses of computer communications including wireless messaging services and wireless internet access points. It also covers differentiating between types of networks like LANs, MANs, and WANs. Additionally, it addresses explaining the purpose of communications software and describing various types of lines for communications over the telephone network.
A computer network connects two or more computers to allow sharing of resources and communication. It can be a local area network (LAN) spanning a single building, or a wide area network (WAN) across continents. The main components are computers, cables or wireless connections, network cards, and network operating software. Computer networks provide benefits like sharing hardware and software, communication, and accessing data remotely, but also have disadvantages such as high installation costs and potential points of failure. Networks can be organized as peer-to-peer, with each computer sharing directly, or client-server with dedicated server computers providing centralized resources to client computers. Common network types include LANs, WANs, MANs, PANs, and
A computer network allows devices to share resources and information. The first computer network, ARPANET, was developed in the 1960s for the US Department of Defense. Networks can be used to facilitate communications, share hardware/files, and preserve/secure information. Networking involves developing connections between people that may be helpful for one's career. Computer networks connect devices using a mix of hardware and software. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, and virtual private networks. Network topology refers to how devices are interconnected on a network, with common topologies including bus, ring
The document provides information about various computing laws and regulations covered in a faculty of ICT course, including:
- The Computer Misuse Act which makes hacking, spreading viruses, and phishing illegal.
- The Copyright Designs and Patents Act which protects against unauthorized copying of software, music, movies, and stealing ideas under copyright.
- The Data Protection Act which controls the storage of personal information and requires data to be accurate, protected, relevant, and not sold to third parties without consent.
- Health and safety regulations requiring employers to provide ergonomic workstations, adequate breaks, and eye tests to prevent injuries from prolonged computer use.
This includes short description about modern computer network technologies like: 5G Technology, Artificial intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, IoT, Edge/cloud computing, WIFI-6, SDN, SD-WAN, DevOps etc.
The document discusses current trends in information technology. It identifies the most popular trends as cloud computing, mobile applications, big data, improved user interfaces, the internet of things, and analytics. Cloud computing allows users to access software and hardware over the internet. Mobile applications have grown significantly with the rise of smartphones and tablets. Big data refers to the analysis of extremely large and complex datasets. User interfaces have been revolutionized by touchscreens. The internet of things connects physical devices to exchange data. Analytics uses statistics, programming and operations research to discover patterns in data.
A computer network allows devices to exchange data through connections between nodes. Nodes originate, route, and terminate data and can include devices like computers, phones, and servers. Networks differ in transmission media, communication protocols, and size. They facilitate interpersonal communication and sharing of files and resources. Most network data is carried in packets that are assembled after reaching their destination. Network topology diagrams depict logical connections rather than physical layout.
This document discusses telecommunications, the internet, wireless technology, and their components. It covers analog and digital signals, wired and wireless transmission methods, network topologies like star, bus, and ring networks. It also discusses local and wide area networks, standards like TCP/IP and OSI models, internet service providers, the world wide web, electronic business technologies, firewalls, extranets, web content management systems, and challenges of new IT infrastructures.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to share resources and communicate. There are different types of networks depending on geographic size: local area networks (LANs) spanning a small area like a home or office, metropolitan area networks (MANs) spanning a city, and wide area networks (WANs) connecting across regions. The topology refers to how the computers are interconnected and common topologies include bus, star, ring, tree and mesh. Factors like cost, cable length needs, growth plans and cable type influence which topology to choose for a network.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including:
1) It defines data as representations of facts, concepts or instructions that are suitable for communication, interpretation or processing.
2) A database is defined as a structured set of non-redundant information organized based on a data model, consisting of files, records and fields.
3) A database management system (DBMS) provides an interface between users and the database, allowing for data definition, manipulation and control.
Output devices allow information to exit the computer and be perceived by users. Common output devices include printers, monitors, plotters, and speakers. Printers produce hard copies of documents on paper or transparencies. Monitors display viewable images without producing a permanent record. Plotters are used to produce graphs and designs. Audio output allows users to hear sound through computer speakers or other devices.
The document provides an introduction to computer networks including:
- The origins of computer networks dating back to the 1950s and 1960s with mainframe-based networks.
- Definitions of a computer network as the interconnection of computer systems for sharing information and resources.
- Examples of different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN.
- Goals of computer networks such as resource sharing, improved performance, high reliability, and cost reduction.
- Hardware and software components including hubs, switches, routers, modems, servers, protocols, and cable types.
This document provides an overview of mobile computing. It discusses mobile communication infrastructure, mobile hardware devices like smartphones and tablets, and mobile software operating systems. It also describes the three-tier architecture of mobile networks, including the presentation tier for user interfaces, application tier for processing transactions, and data tier for database management. Finally, it discusses common mobile network types like cellular networks that connect devices to base stations, WLAN networks that use wireless access points, and ad hoc networks that allow direct communication between nodes.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, the basic elements of a communication system including message, sender, receiver, medium and protocol. It also describes different communication modes, types of computer networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, common network topologies like bus, ring and star, and several communication protocols used in computer networks such as Ethernet, Token Ring, TCP/IP and WAP.
A network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. A local area network (LAN) connects devices in a limited area like a home or office building. Networks provide advantages like speed, cost savings, security, resource sharing, email and centralized software management. However, networks also have disadvantages such as high setup costs, single point of failures, virus spreading and performance declines with increased traffic. Common network architectures include client-server, where servers provide services to clients, and peer-to-peer where devices connect directly to each other. Common network topologies are bus, ring and star, with stars being popular due to their ease of installation and maintenance. Standards like Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth, TCP/IP and
The main categories of transmission media used in data communications networks are listed below (please note that wireless transmission media will be dealt with elsewhere).
Twisted pair copper cable.
Coaxial copper cable.
Optical fibre.
Wireless transmission.
This document provides a summary of general approaches to communication within a network, classifications of networks, and modern networking technologies. It discusses peer-to-peer and client-server models, defines local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also outlines current technologies including software defined networking, multi-cloud, edge computing, the internet of things, artificial intelligence, and 5G networks.
This document provides an overview of computer communication networks and their basic components and design. It discusses:
1) The key components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
2) Basic network concepts such as the definition of a network, important network characteristics like performance and reliability, and common network topologies.
3) Categories of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs).
4) Related concepts such as the internet, intranets, and extranets.
5) Protocols and standards that govern data communication and their importance.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including their history, goals, components, types, and technologies. It discusses how the ARPANET was developed in the late 1960s to enable resource sharing between computers. The key components that enable computer networks are described such as network interface cards, servers, clients, routers, switches, and cables. Different types of computer networks are defined including personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks.
1. The document discusses the history and development of computer networks, beginning with ARPANET in the late 1960s which was funded by the U.S. Defense Department and linked research institutions over telephone lines.
2. It provides definitions and examples of common computer network hardware such as routers, servers, clients, and switches. Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable are described as connection types.
3. Network protocols like TCP/IP and OSI are mentioned as the established rules that allow devices to communicate over a network, along with network operating systems to facilitate connection between autonomous computers.
Computer Networking
What is a Computer Network?
Characteristics of a computer network
Distributors
Router
Network Card
Internal Network Cards
External Network Cards
Universal Serial Bus USB
Chapter 08 communication and network cscHisyam Rosly
This document discusses objectives for a chapter on computer communications. It covers topics like describing uses of computer communications including wireless messaging services and wireless internet access points. It also covers differentiating between types of networks like LANs, MANs, and WANs. Additionally, it addresses explaining the purpose of communications software and describing various types of lines for communications over the telephone network.
A computer network connects two or more computers to allow sharing of resources and communication. It can be a local area network (LAN) spanning a single building, or a wide area network (WAN) across continents. The main components are computers, cables or wireless connections, network cards, and network operating software. Computer networks provide benefits like sharing hardware and software, communication, and accessing data remotely, but also have disadvantages such as high installation costs and potential points of failure. Networks can be organized as peer-to-peer, with each computer sharing directly, or client-server with dedicated server computers providing centralized resources to client computers. Common network types include LANs, WANs, MANs, PANs, and
A computer network allows devices to share resources and information. The first computer network, ARPANET, was developed in the 1960s for the US Department of Defense. Networks can be used to facilitate communications, share hardware/files, and preserve/secure information. Networking involves developing connections between people that may be helpful for one's career. Computer networks connect devices using a mix of hardware and software. Common network types include local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), home area networks (HANs), wide area networks (WANs), campus networks, metropolitan area networks, and virtual private networks. Network topology refers to how devices are interconnected on a network, with common topologies including bus, ring
The document provides information about various computing laws and regulations covered in a faculty of ICT course, including:
- The Computer Misuse Act which makes hacking, spreading viruses, and phishing illegal.
- The Copyright Designs and Patents Act which protects against unauthorized copying of software, music, movies, and stealing ideas under copyright.
- The Data Protection Act which controls the storage of personal information and requires data to be accurate, protected, relevant, and not sold to third parties without consent.
- Health and safety regulations requiring employers to provide ergonomic workstations, adequate breaks, and eye tests to prevent injuries from prolonged computer use.
This includes short description about modern computer network technologies like: 5G Technology, Artificial intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, IoT, Edge/cloud computing, WIFI-6, SDN, SD-WAN, DevOps etc.
The document discusses current trends in information technology. It identifies the most popular trends as cloud computing, mobile applications, big data, improved user interfaces, the internet of things, and analytics. Cloud computing allows users to access software and hardware over the internet. Mobile applications have grown significantly with the rise of smartphones and tablets. Big data refers to the analysis of extremely large and complex datasets. User interfaces have been revolutionized by touchscreens. The internet of things connects physical devices to exchange data. Analytics uses statistics, programming and operations research to discover patterns in data.
A computer network allows devices to exchange data through connections between nodes. Nodes originate, route, and terminate data and can include devices like computers, phones, and servers. Networks differ in transmission media, communication protocols, and size. They facilitate interpersonal communication and sharing of files and resources. Most network data is carried in packets that are assembled after reaching their destination. Network topology diagrams depict logical connections rather than physical layout.
This document discusses telecommunications, the internet, wireless technology, and their components. It covers analog and digital signals, wired and wireless transmission methods, network topologies like star, bus, and ring networks. It also discusses local and wide area networks, standards like TCP/IP and OSI models, internet service providers, the world wide web, electronic business technologies, firewalls, extranets, web content management systems, and challenges of new IT infrastructures.
A computer network connects two or more computers together to share resources and communicate. There are different types of networks depending on geographic size: local area networks (LANs) spanning a small area like a home or office, metropolitan area networks (MANs) spanning a city, and wide area networks (WANs) connecting across regions. The topology refers to how the computers are interconnected and common topologies include bus, star, ring, tree and mesh. Factors like cost, cable length needs, growth plans and cable type influence which topology to choose for a network.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including:
1) It defines data as representations of facts, concepts or instructions that are suitable for communication, interpretation or processing.
2) A database is defined as a structured set of non-redundant information organized based on a data model, consisting of files, records and fields.
3) A database management system (DBMS) provides an interface between users and the database, allowing for data definition, manipulation and control.
Output devices allow information to exit the computer and be perceived by users. Common output devices include printers, monitors, plotters, and speakers. Printers produce hard copies of documents on paper or transparencies. Monitors display viewable images without producing a permanent record. Plotters are used to produce graphs and designs. Audio output allows users to hear sound through computer speakers or other devices.
Digital signals are discrete, consisting of sequences of 0s and 1s. They are transmitted directly in binary form via modem conversion to electrical signals. Digital signals are preferred over analog as they are not affected by noise or disturbances due to their discrete nature. Bandwidth is the frequency range and data transfer capacity of a channel, with higher bandwidth allowing faster transmission speeds. Networks provide convenient access to shared resources and unique databases for users regardless of physical location, and allow communication and data exchange through email or teleconferencing.
This document discusses applications of networking and internet security. It describes how networks can provide 1) access to resources regardless of physical location, 2) access to unique databases for local and remote users, and 3) communication and data exchange between users irrespective of time or location. It then discusses client-server security and data/transaction security when transmitting data over the internet. Specific security methods discussed include password schemes, firewalls, and encryption.
The document discusses data mining and provides an overview of key concepts. It describes data mining as the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving techniques like classification, clustering, association rule mining, and outlier detection. It also discusses different types of data that can be mined, including transactional data and text data. Additionally, it presents different classifications of data mining systems based on the type of data, knowledge discovered, and techniques used.
Data mining involves analyzing large amounts of data to discover patterns that can be used for purposes such as increasing sales, reducing costs, or detecting fraud. It allows companies to better understand customer behavior and develop more effective marketing strategies. Common data mining techniques used by retailers include loyalty programs to track purchasing patterns and target customers with personalized coupons. Data mining software uses techniques like classification, clustering, and prediction to analyze data from different perspectives and extract useful information and patterns.
This document provides an overview of network models, including the OSI and TCP/IP models. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. The four layers of the TCP/IP model are also explained, along with their relationship to the OSI layers. Key topics covered include data encapsulation, peer-to-peer communication between layers, and the responsibilities of the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers.
Computer Network Notes (Handwritten) UNIT 2NANDINI SHARMA
Data link layer: flow control, error control, line discipline, stop and wait, sliding window protocol, stop and wait arq, sliding window arq, BSC, HDLC, bit stuffing, elemenary data link protocol etc
Data Link Layer, Error correction and detection like LRC, VRC, CRC, checksum and Hamming coding, Data link protocols, stop and wait ARQ, sliding window ARQ, Petrinet models, HDLC, etc
This slide is brief description of DCN of unit-2 .It explains about the different noisy channel and noiseless channel protocols and brief description about HDLC.
This document summarizes different aspects of data transmission including various transmission mediums like fiber optic cable, metal cable, and wireless transmission. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these mediums. It also covers other topics related to data transmission such as user IDs, passwords, protocols, bandwidth, data compression, and the costs associated with installing a computer network.
This document provides an overview of the course "Information & Communication Technology – 2 (ICT-2)" which covers Internet fundamentals and web tools. The 5 units cover topics such as networking concepts, internet services, internet applications like browsers and social media, email fundamentals, web terminology, HTML basics for creating simple web documents, and more. Key concepts discussed include data communication, network devices, transmission media, and common network protocols.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and data communication. It defines key terms like data, information, data communication and its components. It describes different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), network topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh, tree), and protocols (TCP/IP, OSI model). It discusses network structure, applications, and risks. The document is serving as an introduction to the topic of computer networks and data communication for a course.
A computer network connects two or more computers to share resources like printers and files. Data communication is the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums like cables. The key components of data communication are messages, senders, receivers, transmission mediums, and protocols. Protocols establish rules for sequencing, routing, formatting, flow control, error control, transmission order, connection processes, security, and logs to ensure effective data delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and minimal jitter during communication. Communication can occur in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex modes depending on transmission capabilities.
Computer networks allow for the connection and communication between multiple devices. They consist of devices like computers, routers, and switches that are connected via various transmission mediums. The goals of computer networks include resource sharing, high reliability through file replication, inter-process communication between users located apart, and flexible access to files from any computer on the network. Transmission mediums can be broadcast networks, which transmit packets to all recipients simultaneously, or point-to-point networks, which connect only two sites and are more secure but more expensive.
Computer networks allow for the connection and communication between multiple devices. They consist of devices like computers, routers, and switches that are connected via various transmission mediums. The goals of computer networks include resource sharing, high reliability through file replication, inter-process communication between users located apart, and flexible access to files from any computer on the network. Transmission mediums can be broadcast networks, which transmit packets to all recipients simultaneously, or point-to-point networks, which connect only two sites and are more secure but more expensive.
Chapter No 1 Introduction to Network and Network Models.pptxPoojaBahirat1
The document provides an introduction to computer networks and network models. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices via transmission mediums like wired or wireless connections. The five basic components of a data communication system are the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. Network models like OSI and TCP/IP reference models organize networks into layers, with each layer performing specified functions and following protocols to communicate between devices.
The document discusses different types of network topologies including point-to-point, bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid. It provides details on point-to-point, bus and star topologies. Point-to-point topology connects two computers directly in close proximity. Bus topology uses one main cable that connects all nodes and if it breaks the whole network fails. Star topology connects each computer to a central hub allowing for easier troubleshooting than bus topology.
It a a complete ppt explaining the basics of computer networking. It Includes topics like :
1. Types of Network
2. Protocols
3. Threats to network
4. Security of Network
etc
This document discusses communication and computer networks. It defines communication as the exchange of information between individuals using various methods. It then explains that for communication to occur, there must be established protocols that govern elements like senders, receivers, methods of transmission, and message formats. The document also summarizes the basic components of a computer network, including rules/protocols, messages, transmission mediums, and devices. It emphasizes that for networks to function properly, strict protocols must be in place to control the communication processes.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in data communications including:
1. Data communication involves the transfer of data from one machine to another so that the sender and receiver interpret the data correctly. Protocols provide rules for different operating systems to share resources.
2. The effectiveness of data communication depends on delivery, timeliness, and accuracy of data transfer without errors or alterations.
3. Components of a data communication system include the message, sender, medium, receiver, and protocols governing the exchange.
4. Computer networks can be classified as local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), or wide area networks (WANs) based on their size, geographic range, and
The document defines key concepts in data communication and computer networking. It discusses the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, medium, receiver and protocol. It also describes distributed processing, network types including LAN, MAN and WAN, network structures like client-server and peer-to-peer, topologies such as star, bus, ring and mesh, transmission media including guided, ungugided and wireless, common network protocols like TCP/IP and OSI model, applications of the internet like email, blogs, domain names and IP addresses, and search engines.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in data communication and networks. It defines common terminology like data, information, communication, networks, and nodes. It describes what data communication is and its main components, including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. It discusses data representation, data flow modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), network criteria like performance and reliability, and different physical network topologies like bus, star, and ring. The document serves as an introductory lecture on data communication fundamentals.
This document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses the history of ARPANET, the first packet switching network and predecessor to the Internet. It then defines what a computer network is and lists common goals of computer networks like sharing resources, performance, reliability, and scalability. The document also outlines some common applications of computer networks and provides details on typical network hardware, software, and cabling technologies.
This document is an assignment report for a course on data communication and networks. It contains an acknowledgement section thanking the course teacher and others for their support. The content section lists 12 topics that will be covered in the report, including introductions to packet switching, datagram and virtual circuit networks, encryption, and approaches to encryption across packet switching networks like link encryption and end-to-end encryption. Figures and tables are included to illustrate key concepts.
This document provides an overview of advanced networking concepts. It begins with learning objectives around data communication, network devices, protocols, topologies and network types. It then defines key networking components like switches, routers, and firewalls. It discusses different network topologies, media like Ethernet and wireless, and various network types including LAN, WAN, SAN and more. The document is intended to help readers understand fundamental networking concepts.
The document provides an introduction to computer networks including:
1. The origins and early development of the Internet from ARPANET in the 1960s-1980s.
2. The basic components, goals, and applications of computer networks including resource sharing, reliability, and performance.
3. The key hardware, software, and transmission media that enable computer networking including hubs, switches, routers, network interface cards, transmission control protocol, and fiber optic cables.
This document provides a summary of computer applications in business. It discusses various topics related to business communications including communication hardware, channels, protocols, networks, security, and electronic commerce. The key points covered are:
- Communication hardware transfers data between computers and includes channels, interface cards, and control units. Common channel media are fiber optic cables and microwaves.
- Protocols define rules for data transmission between devices to ensure compatible communication. Networks like LANs and WANs connect computers over different geographic areas. The Internet uses TCP/IP protocols to connect global networks.
- Electronic commerce allows businesses to sell goods over the internet through websites connected to databases. Customers can browse products, fill orders,
The document defines computer networks and distributed networks. It explains that computer networks allow devices to exchange data through connections. The main goals of computer networks are resource sharing and increasing reliability and performance. Some key applications of networks include accessing remote programs and databases, file sharing, streaming media, and information sharing over the internet. The document also defines data communication and its components. It explains that data communication refers to the exchange of data between a source and receiver. The major components are the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. Finally, the document discusses common network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and tree; and explains their advantages and disadvantages.
This document contains a past computer applications exam with three sections - Section A with short answer questions, Section B with longer answer questions, and Section C with essay questions. Section A contains 10 one-mark questions testing definitions and concepts. Section B has 4 out of 7 five-mark questions to choose from. Section C provides 2 out of 3 ten-mark essay questions. The exam covers topics such as computer hardware, software, operating systems, databases, networking and applications of computers in management.
The document contains information about a computer applications in management exam, including:
- It is divided into 3 sections with multiple choice and essay questions worth a total of 50 marks
- Section A contains 10 one-mark multiple choice definitions
- Section B contains 4 out of 7 five-mark essay questions
- Section C contains 2 out of 3 ten-mark essay questions
The questions cover topics like software, input/output devices, data communication protocols, database management systems, computer networks and applications of computers in management.
Output devices allow information to exit the computer and be perceived by users. Common output devices include printers, monitors, plotters, and speakers. Printers produce hard copies on paper and can be classified based on printing speed, quality, and whether they use impact or non-impact printing methods. Monitors display soft copy output and use technologies like CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED. Plotters produce printed graphs and designs by moving paper or pens. Speakers allow users to hear audio output from the computer.
An operating system acts as an intermediary between a user and computer hardware by providing an environment for running programs efficiently while hiding hardware details. It aims to make computers convenient to use and utilize resources efficiently. Key functions include process management, memory management, file management, I/O management, and more. Operating systems can be categorized as desktop, departmental, or enterprise depending on the number of supported users and level of sophistication.
System software includes operating systems and compilers that help utilize hardware resources, while application software performs specific tasks like word processing. Utility programs perform basic functions like formatting disks. High-level languages are easier for humans to read and write than low-level languages like assembly, which are closer to machine code.
The document discusses different types of computer data storage, including primary storage such as RAM and ROM, and secondary storage devices like floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, and DVDs. It describes the characteristics of each storage type including access time, storage capacity, and cost, and explains how data is represented and stored internally in a computer using bits and bytes.
Output devices allow information to exit the computer and be perceived by users. Common output devices include printers, monitors, plotters, and speakers. Printers produce hard copies of documents on paper or transparencies. Monitors display viewable images without producing a permanent record. Plotters are used to produce graphs and designs. Audio output allows users to hear sound through computer speakers or other devices.
Flow charts are diagrams that represent a sequence of steps to solve a problem. They use standard symbols to visually depict the logic and processes within a program or system. Flow charts facilitate communication between programmers and non-technical stakeholders. Guidelines for effective flow charts include using a logical structure, clear symbols, and ensuring the chart has a defined start and end. Pseudocode and structured English are additional tools to represent programming logic at a higher level before implementation in a specific coding language.
The document classifies computers into 5 categories - super computers, mainframes, mini computers, micro computers. It also describes the 5 generations of computers from vacuum tubes to today's artificial intelligence-based computers. The generations saw a transition from large room-sized computers to today's portable devices driven by advances in integrated circuits and microprocessors.
The document traces the history and evolution of computers from ancient counting devices like the abacus to early mechanical calculators and computers of the 19th century to the first modern electronic computers developed in the 1940s like ENIAC. It discusses pioneers in computing technology like Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, and John Atanasoff and milestones like the programmable Jacquard Loom. The document also outlines key characteristics of modern computers like speed, accuracy, reliability, storage capacity, versatility, and their ability to work automatically without tiring.
The document provides an overview of computer basics including:
- The need for computer literacy in most workplaces to access information and advance careers.
- Components of a computer system including hardware, software, and users. Hardware includes input/output devices and the central processing unit.
- An explanation of what a computer is as a programmable electronic device that takes in data, processes it according to instructions, and provides information.
- The main components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, secondary storage, and different types of software like system software, application software, and utility software.
Spreadsheets organize data into columns and rows and allow users to insert formulas to calculate and analyze the data. Common spreadsheet functions include summing a range of cells, sorting data, and filtering tables. Spreadsheet programs like Microsoft Excel are widely used for tasks like managing finances, analyzing data, and modeling different scenarios.
A spreadsheet is a grid that organizes data into columns and rows, allowing users to display information and insert formulas to work with the data. Popular spreadsheet programs like Microsoft Excel allow users to sort, filter, and summarize data using functions like auto sum. Spreadsheets can be used to model different scenarios and help people make decisions across a variety of subjects.
The document discusses different types of data storage used in computer systems, including primary storage such as RAM and ROM, and secondary storage devices like hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, and DVDs. It describes the characteristics of these storage units like access time, storage capacity, and cost, and explains how data is represented and stored in each type of storage device.
Internetworking involves connecting distinct computer networks together using common routing technologies to form an internetwork. The largest example is the Internet, which connects networks worldwide using TCP/IP protocols. An internetwork functions as a single large network by connecting individual networks through intermediate devices like routers. [/SUMMARY]
1. The business environment is determined by changing social, economic, and political forces that create challenges and opportunities for businesses.
2. Modern business involves both production and distribution activities to satisfy needs and desires in society while also generating profit.
3. The main objectives of businesses are to maximize profits and sales revenue, minimize costs, ensure long-term survival, achieve financial soundness and economic self-sufficiency, provide employee satisfaction, and sometimes dominate the market or serve society.
This document provides an overview of computer applications in management. It discusses the role of computers and how they have impacted every sphere of human activity. It then covers the personal benefits of learning about computers, such as improved employment prospects and greater self-sufficiency. The document also examines how information technology has influenced business organizations by enabling faster response times, communication, and decision-making. It provides examples of how IT has been applied to key management areas like accounting, finance, marketing, production, and human resources. Finally, the document defines what a computer is and describes the components of a basic computer system.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
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Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
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During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
1. Applications of Networking
1. Resource Access
Regardless of the physical location of the resources and the users, networks can provide
special computing resources with convenient access at any time to its users. These resources sharing
may be of specialized computers, software or other devices that are expensive or unique. For example
accessing a corporate supercomputer from workstations at remote research laboratories.
2. Data Access
Networks can provide access to unique database to its local and remote users.
3. Communication and Data Exchange
Networks allow users to exchange data, graphs or documents and to communicate using
email, bulletin boards or by teleconference, irrespective of the time or their location.
4. Decentralization of Data Processing
A complicated job can be divided into multiple modules and can be distributed to different
departments for processing.
5. Easy Communication
Various organizations cooperating in a task can communicate with each other on network
and exchange information.
Internet Security
As internet is open to all, the security, privacy, authenticity and anonymity issues play a
vital role as one need to be sure about these things, then only he can use the Internet to its fullest
extent. As information and its transfer are crucial for every one who is using the internet, there need to
be provisions, which is reliable then only one can connect to internet. The security of internet can be
divided into two broad categories, namely:
2. 1. Client-Server Security
2. Data & Transaction Security
Client-Server Security
This security is for preventing unauthorized access to restricted databases and other
information which is confidential. This is an authorization mechanism, which makes it sure that the users,
who are authorized only should be able to connect and access the information. These mechanisms are required
to ensure that only authenticated users can access the resources, which they are entitled to. Password
protection, encrypted smart cards, biometrics, firewalls etc. are some of the methods adopted to ensure client-
server security.
Data & Transaction Security
As the data transmissions and transactions occur across the network, there are fair chances that
they can be intercepted, read and manipulated as well as the source and destination can be tracked. To prevent
this one has to provide security to the data and transactions, which is usually done by using data encryptions,
which is implemented through various cryptographic methods.
Security Methods for Client/Server & Data/Transaction Security
1. Password Scheme:
This is an easy solution to provide security, so that unauthorized users do not get access to the
data. This is the first level of security, which can be provided. Here, the authorized users are assigned
user names and a password is associated to them, which are to provided when connecting to the site.
But this security measure can be broken easily, if common words or proper names are used as
passwords, but if alphanumeric passwords of bigger length are used, then it is very difficult to break
them.
Another problem is that, if the login is remote, then the password travels through the system to
server for authentication, in meantime, it can be trapped, for this reason the passwords are to be
encrypted before transmitting them.
But in spite of these threats, password schemes are still the most popular forms of ensuring
security.
3. 2. Firewalls
Firewall is accepted as the network protection mechanism, it is a barrier between corporate
network and the outside world, which will ensure that the authentic users only connect as well only the
data which is harmless enters and leaves the system.
The term firewall can be defined as a device, a computer or a router which is placed between
the network and the internet to control and monitor the traffic between the inside and outside world.
Firewall is a device which is used to shield vulnerable areas from various dangers. The firewall
system is located at a gateway point which actually is the connecting point to the outside world.
Firewalls come in many varieties and offer different features, but the basic feature is to filter the traffic
of data and control it.
3. Encryption
This method of data and transaction security is used for retaining confidentiality and integrity
of the data being transmitted. Data confidentiality is that property, which makes data contents to be
safe from being read, while on the path of transmission, which is made sure by using cryptography
algorithms for encrypting data, which no one can interpret. Along with data being confidential, it has
to remain unmodified, while on transit i.e. the data should be intact without any modifications, while it
is on way to destination. This is made sure by using various encryption techniques like Secret-Key
Cryptography, Data Encryption Standard(DES), Public Key Cryptography RSA etc.
Analog Signals
Analog signals are continuous in nature, they carry information in the form of waves e.g., the way
sound travels in the medium such as telephone lines. Analog communication uses general purpose
communication channels. These signals are characterized by two parameters such as amplitude and
frequency.
Digital Signals
Digital signals are discrete in nature. They transfer information in the form of 0s and 1s. in digital
communication, data are transmitted directly in binary form that is a sequence of 0s and 1s. to transmit
binary data over these channels 0s and 1s should be converted to the electrical signals. This is done by
Modem (modulator-demodulator). Digital signals are preferred over analog signals. Because of the
4. discrete nature, these signals are not affected by noise or any other disturbances. Moreover, computer
at the receiving end does not perform any conversion as in analog signals i.e. analog to digital.
Packet Transmission:
• Computers use data grouped into packets for transmission
• Local Area Networks
• Wide Area Networks
• Addressing and Routing
Concepts of Packets:
• Computer networks divide data into small blocks called packets
• Packets are send individually
• Often called packet networks and packet switching networks
• Motivation for using packets
o Sender and receiver needs to coordinate transmission to ensure that data
arrives correctly
o Helps determine which blocks arrive intact and which do not
o Computers often share underlying connections and hardware
o Packet switching helps ensure fairness to access
Shared Resources:
1. The first networks
1.1. A 5 MB file at 56 Kbps will take 12 min to transfer from A to D
1.2. B & C must wait
2. Packet networks
2.1. Divide data into packets of 1000 bytes each
2.2. A sends a packet to D taking only 143 ms
2.3. B transmits data to C
2.4. A continues
3. No long delays
5. Packets and TDM
1) Time Division Multiplexing
a) Many resources take turns accessing the shared communication resources
2) All sources receive prompt service
3) The source with less
Packets and Frames
1. Packet refers to a small block of data
2. Each hardware technology uses different packet format
3. Frame denotes packet used with specific type of network
4. EX : RS-232 mechanism
4.1. Does not include a mechanism that allows a sender to signal the end of a block of
characters
4.2. Sending and receiving computers must agree on such details
5. Network systems can choose two unused values to define format
6. EX: RS-232 can use frame delimiters
6.1. Soh –start of header
6.2. Eot – end of transmission
7. Overhead is an disadvantage
7.1. An extra, unnecessary character between blocks of data
8. Advantageous when large delays or computer crashes
8.1. Missing eot indicates sending computer crashed
8.2. Missing soh indicates receiver missed beginning of frame
6. Packet transmission:
A packet transmission rate control scheme between nodes on a wireless Ad-hoc
network is proposed considering the characteristics of Wireless LAN rent transmission
efficiencies by different transmission distances. Many energy efficient routing algorithms
researches have been conducted only on the assumption of ideal experimental cases. This
paper considers the way of finding suitable transmission rate for the transmission distances
between nodes on a mobile Ad-hoc networks so that a more realizable method is presented.
In this research, a controlling algorithm for transmission data rates by the distances
between mobile nodes is realized using Fuzzy logic, possibly available to be applied to Ad-
hoc network routing, and simulations are conducted to verify the enhancements in
throughput.
Long distance communication:
method of forming a long distance communication channel between two
telephone devices each of which are connected to a PSTN, said method
comprising
a user of one of said telephone devices initiating and establishing a
telephone communication with a first commercial access provider node of
INTERNET and providing thereto a telephone address,
using INTERNET to establish a communication channel between said first
commercial access provider node and a second commercial access provider
node of INTERNET and providing said telephone address to said second
commercial access provider node,
said second commercial access provider node using said telephone address
and a telephone dial out capability of said second commercial access
provider node to establish a communication with a telephone device at the
telephone address using a PSTN, and
using the INTERNET communication channel to link said telephone devices and
form a real time voice communication between said telephone devices.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 including, after initiating said
telephone communication with said first commercial access provider node,
said first commercial access provider node communicates with said user to
establish authorization for completing a long distance communication.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said first and second commercial
access provider nodes encrypt signals there between and decrypt received
signals such that signals transmitted over INTERNET are encrypted.
7. 4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said telephone devices are
conventional telephones.
5. A method as claimed in claim 4 wherein signals transmitted between said
commercial access nodes using INTERNET are encrypted.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the originating telephone device
has a predetermined arrangement with said first commercial access provider
node and said second telephone device has no prior relationship with
either of said commercial access provider nodes.
7. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein each commercial access node has
different DID telephone addresses for voice and facsimile transmissions.
8. A method of establishing a long distance telephone communication between
an initiating telephone device and a receiving device telephone identified
by a telephone address, said method comprising using a PSTN to initiate a
telephone communication with a commercial access provider node of a
digitized packet based network and provide the node with said telephone
address, said commercial access provider node causing a real time voice
communication channel to be formed between said telephone devices, which
communication channel includes an initial PSTN segment between the
initiating telephone device and said commercial access provider node a
digitized packet based network segment between said commercial access
provider node, and a further commercial access provider node and a PSTN
segment between said further commercial access provider node and the
telephone device identified by the telephone address, wherein the further
commercial access provider node uses the telephone address and the PSTN to
initiate the PSTN segment there between.
9. A method as claimed in claim 8 wherein said telephone devices are
conventional telephones.
10. A method of forming a long distance telephone communication between a
first telephone device and a second telephone device which communication
is capable of transmitting real time voice communications similar to
existing long distance voice telephone communications, comprising the
steps of
forming an initial telephone link between the first telephone device and a
commercial access provider node of a digitized packet based network and
providing thereto a telephone address of the second telephone device, said
commercial access provider forming an appropriate digitized packet based
communication channel with a further commercial access provider node
located in closer proximity to the location of the second telephone device
8. and providing thereto said telephone address, said further commercial
access provider establishing a telephone link with said second telephone
device using said telephone address, and then linking said telephone
devices using said digitized packet based communication channel thereby
forming a real time voice communication between said telephone devices.
11. A method as claimed in claim 10 wherein said second telephone device
requires no prearrangement with said further commercial access provider
node.
12. A communication arrangement for long distance telephone to telephone
voice communication comprising a first provider node of a digitized packet
based network having means to allow users to initiate a telephone
communication with a desired telephone device identified by a telephone
address by the steps of initially forming a communication with said first
provider node and providing said telephone address thereto,
said first provider node cooperating with a second provider node of said
digitized packet network to form a real time voice communication channel
there between and said second provider node including dial out capabilities
which are used upon receipt of the telephone address provided thereto to
form a telephone communication with the telephone device,
said second provider cooperating with said first provider node to link the
telephone devices using a digitized packet based network segment between
said provider nodes and using PSTN segments between the initiating
telephone device and the first provider node and between the second
commercial access provider node and said telephone device identified by
said telephone address,
wherein the first and second provider nodes appropriately process the
signals for transmission using the digitized packet based network.
13. A communication arrangement as claimed in claim 12 wherein the signals
transmitted over the digitized packet based network are encrypted by said
commercial access provider nodes.
14. A long distance telephone communication arrangement having three
distinct communication segments, comprising a first communication segment
which carries voice communication over a PSTN between a first telephone
device and a first commercial access provider node of a digitized racket
based network a second segment between said first commercial access
provider node and a second commercial access provider node of said
digitized packet based network which exchange digitized voice packets
there between based on communications received from the first and third
segments, said third segment carrying voice communication over a PSTN
9. between a second telephone device and said second commercial access
provider node after said second commercial access provider node has
established said third segment with said second telephone device, and
wherein said second commercial access provider establishes said third
segment with said second telephone device by using the telephone address
of said second telephone device provided thereto by said first provider
which received the telephone address in a communication from said first
telephone device.
15. A long distance telephone communication arrangement as claimed in claim
14 wherein said first and second commercial access provider nodes carry
out all necessary signal conversion to and from the first and third
segments.
16. A long distance telephone communication arrangement as claimed in claim
14 wherein said first and second commercial access provider nodes encrypt
signals transmitted on the second segment.
17. A long distance telephone communication arrangement as claimed in claim
14 wherein said first and second commercial access provider nodes convert
the signals for transmission by the second segment to a different form
relative to the signals carried by the first and third segments.
18. A long distance telephone communication arrangement having three
distinct communication segments for transmitting a signal, comprising a
first communication segment which carries voice communication over a PSTN
between a first telephone device and a first commercial access provider of
a digitized packet based network, a second segment between said first
commercial access provider and a second commercial access provider of said
digitized packet based network which exchange digitized voice packets
there between based on communications received thereby, and a third segment
which carries voice communication over a PSTN between a second telephone
device and said second commercial access provider and wherein said first
and second commercial access providers convert the signal to and from the
first and third segments whereby the signal carried by the second segment
is in a form different from the signal carried by at least one of the
first and third segments, and wherein said second commercial access
provider establishes said third segment with said second telephone device
by using the telephone address of said second telephone device provided
thereto by said first provider which received the telephone address in a
communication from said first telephone device.
19. A long distance telephone communication arrangement comprising a
digitized packet based network segment between at least two commercial
access providers of the digitized packet based network, said commercial
access providers cooperating to form a communication channel having a real
10. time digitized packet based communication segment, said communication
channel linking a first telephone device and a second telephone device,
said communication channel being established upon receipt of an initial
telephone communication with one of said commercial access providers from
said first telephone device which communication includes a telephone
address of the second telephone device, and where after said telephone
address is transmitted over the digitized packet based network to the
other commercial access provider which uses the same to form a telephone
communication with said second telephone device identified by the
telephone address, and thereafter said telephone devices are connected
using the digitized packet based segment.