UNIT-2 POLYMER.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•175 views
Chain growth polymerization involves monomers adding together in a chain reaction to form long polymer molecules. There are three main types: free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization. Free radical polymerization is initiated by molecules like peroxides that generate free radicals to start the chain growth. It proceeds in three steps - initiation, propagation where monomers add to the growing chain, and termination when the reaction ends. Cationic polymerization uses acids as initiators and transfers a cation to the monomer. Anionic polymerization uses bases as initiators and transfers an anion to start the chain growth. Common products include polystyrene, polyisobutylene, and elastomers.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Polymer weathering
This document discusses the environmental factors that influence the degradation of polymeric materials: solar radiation, temperature, moisture, and oxygen. It describes how exposure to these factors can cause physical and chemical changes in polymers through mechanisms like photooxidation and hydrolysis. The document also compares natural weathering tests and accelerated laboratory tests used to study how polymers age and degrade when exposed to environmental conditions over time.
Polymers
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeated chemical units. The smallest repeating unit is called monomer (mono [Single] + mer [part]). The word polymer is derived from the Greek word „poly‟ = many; mers = parts. It is generally described in terms of single repeated units
Polymer Chemistry
This document provides an overview of polymer chemistry course content including synthesis of polymers, characterization of polymer molecules, molecular weight determination, and polymer structures. It discusses different types of polymers such as thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, and their properties. The key topics covered are polymerization reactions, molecular weight averages, polymer configurations including isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic, nomenclature, and the importance of molecular weight on polymer properties.
Types of polymerization
This document discusses different types of polymerization, including addition/chain growth polymerization and step polymerization. It focuses on addition/chain growth polymerization, describing the three types: free-radical chain growth polymerization, anionic chain growth polymerization, and cationic chain growth polymerization. Free-radical polymerization uses initiating molecules to start the polymerization reaction and grow polymer chains through a chain reaction mechanism. Anionic and cationic polymerizations also use initiating molecules and chain growth, but differ in whether an anion or cation is used to start and propagate the reaction. Termination of radical polymerization occurs through recombination or disproportionation of polymer chains.
Polymer mechanism
The document summarizes various mechanisms of polymerization, including chain-growth polymerization, step-growth polymerization, radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta catalysis, ring-opening polymerization, and the polymerization of cyclic ethers, cyclic amides, and siloxanes. It discusses reaction initiation, mechanisms, applications, and stereochemistry for different polymerization methods.
Polymer chemistry
Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units. The three main types of polymerization are addition, condensation, and insertion. Addition polymerization involves chain growth where a monomer adds to the end of the growing polymer chain. Condensation polymerization involves step growth where two monomers combine by removing a small molecule. Free radical polymerization is a common type of addition polymerization that uses an initiator to generate free radicals to start the chain reaction.
University Presentations
The document discusses various techniques for polymer production including bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization. Bulk polymerization involves directly polymerizing liquid monomers with a soluble initiator. Solution polymerization uses a solvent to dilute the monomers and make heat and mass transfer easier. Suspension polymerization forms polymer beads by polymerizing droplets of monomers suspended in a liquid. Emulsion polymerization uniformly emulsifies monomers in an aqueous solution using surfactants to form small polymer particles.
Tang 12 polymers
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. They can be either natural or synthetic. Approximately 80% of the organic chemical industry is devoted to producing synthetic polymers. Polymers are classified as addition or condensation polymers depending on the chemical reaction involved in linking the monomers. Examples of important synthetic polymers include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, polyester, Teflon, and Kevlar. Substituted groups attached to the polymer chain determine properties like reactivity and strength. Crosslinking polymer chains increases strength through covalent bonds between chains.
Recommended
Polymer weathering
This document discusses the environmental factors that influence the degradation of polymeric materials: solar radiation, temperature, moisture, and oxygen. It describes how exposure to these factors can cause physical and chemical changes in polymers through mechanisms like photooxidation and hydrolysis. The document also compares natural weathering tests and accelerated laboratory tests used to study how polymers age and degrade when exposed to environmental conditions over time.
Polymers
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeated chemical units. The smallest repeating unit is called monomer (mono [Single] + mer [part]). The word polymer is derived from the Greek word „poly‟ = many; mers = parts. It is generally described in terms of single repeated units
Polymer Chemistry
This document provides an overview of polymer chemistry course content including synthesis of polymers, characterization of polymer molecules, molecular weight determination, and polymer structures. It discusses different types of polymers such as thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, and their properties. The key topics covered are polymerization reactions, molecular weight averages, polymer configurations including isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic, nomenclature, and the importance of molecular weight on polymer properties.
Types of polymerization
This document discusses different types of polymerization, including addition/chain growth polymerization and step polymerization. It focuses on addition/chain growth polymerization, describing the three types: free-radical chain growth polymerization, anionic chain growth polymerization, and cationic chain growth polymerization. Free-radical polymerization uses initiating molecules to start the polymerization reaction and grow polymer chains through a chain reaction mechanism. Anionic and cationic polymerizations also use initiating molecules and chain growth, but differ in whether an anion or cation is used to start and propagate the reaction. Termination of radical polymerization occurs through recombination or disproportionation of polymer chains.
Polymer mechanism
The document summarizes various mechanisms of polymerization, including chain-growth polymerization, step-growth polymerization, radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta catalysis, ring-opening polymerization, and the polymerization of cyclic ethers, cyclic amides, and siloxanes. It discusses reaction initiation, mechanisms, applications, and stereochemistry for different polymerization methods.
Polymer chemistry
Polymers are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units. The three main types of polymerization are addition, condensation, and insertion. Addition polymerization involves chain growth where a monomer adds to the end of the growing polymer chain. Condensation polymerization involves step growth where two monomers combine by removing a small molecule. Free radical polymerization is a common type of addition polymerization that uses an initiator to generate free radicals to start the chain reaction.
University Presentations
The document discusses various techniques for polymer production including bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization. Bulk polymerization involves directly polymerizing liquid monomers with a soluble initiator. Solution polymerization uses a solvent to dilute the monomers and make heat and mass transfer easier. Suspension polymerization forms polymer beads by polymerizing droplets of monomers suspended in a liquid. Emulsion polymerization uniformly emulsifies monomers in an aqueous solution using surfactants to form small polymer particles.
Tang 12 polymers
Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. They can be either natural or synthetic. Approximately 80% of the organic chemical industry is devoted to producing synthetic polymers. Polymers are classified as addition or condensation polymers depending on the chemical reaction involved in linking the monomers. Examples of important synthetic polymers include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, polyester, Teflon, and Kevlar. Substituted groups attached to the polymer chain determine properties like reactivity and strength. Crosslinking polymer chains increases strength through covalent bonds between chains.
Polymers
- Polymers are giant molecules formed by linking together small repeating units called monomers via covalent bonds. There are three main types of polymerization: addition, condensation, and copolymerization.
- Properties of polymers depend on factors like the monomer type, the degree of polymerization, tacticity, and whether the polymer is crystalline or amorphous. Common polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate.
- Natural rubbers are polymers of the monomer isoprene that provide flexibility and elasticity. However, natural rubber has limitations that are overcome through vulcanization, which introduces cross-links between polymer chains through the addition of sulfur.
polyamides
This presentation covers almost every aspects of polyamide industrially chemically and applications in detail .
Polymer
Polymers are macromolecules built up by linking together small monomer molecules. There are two types of polymerization mechanisms: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth involves monomers and polymers reacting with each other, while chain-growth only involves monomers reacting with active centers on growing polymer chains. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and whether they are thermoplastic or thermoset. Nomenclature of polymers involves naming them based on the monomer source, such as polyethylene from the monomer ethylene.
Polymerization Process
Polymerization Process and its Advantages , Disadvantage
1.Bulk Polymerization Process
2.Solution Polymerization Process
3.Suspension Polymerization Process
4.Emulsion Polymerization Process
Molecular Weight of Polymers
The document discusses the molecular weight of polymers. It defines molecular weight as the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a polymer molecule. There are two types of average molecular weights - number average molecular weight (Mn) and weight average molecular weight (Mw). Mn is calculated by dividing the total weight of polymer molecules by the total number of molecules, while Mw takes into account that larger molecules contribute more to the total mass. Mw is always higher than Mn. Molecular weight affects various properties - higher molecular weight increases mechanical properties but lowers thermal properties. Various techniques can be used to determine molecular weight and its distribution.
Polysiloxanes,... preparation and properties by Dr. Salma Amir
Polysiloxanes, also known as silicones, have an inorganic backbone of -(Si-O)- repeat units unlike most polymers. They are prepared through the hydrolysis of chlorosilanes or the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic siloxanes. Polysiloxanes have unique properties including flexibility from low rotation barriers, low surface tension, high stability, and high permeability to gases due to their large free volume. Their properties can be tailored by modifying the alkyl side groups along the backbone.
Chloroprene rubber (neoprene)
This document discusses chloroprene rubber, a synthetic rubber introduced in 1932. It summarizes that chloroprene rubber is produced through the emulsion polymerization of chloroprene monomers. It can be produced through two main processes - one using sulfur modification and one using chain transfer agents like mercaptans. The document also lists some key properties of chloroprene rubber, including good resistance to ozone, heat aging and chemicals. Finally, it outlines some common applications for chloroprene rubber like gaskets, cable jackets and hoses due to its temperature resistance and chemical resistance.
Polymer Course
This document provides an introduction to polymer science, including definitions of key terms like polymer, monomer, oligomer, and degree of polymerization. It discusses various classifications of polymers such as by origin, monomer composition (homopolymer, copolymer), chain structure, configuration, and thermal behavior. Mechanisms of polymerization including step-growth and chain-growth are introduced. Physical properties of polymers related to their structure like crystallinity, glass transition temperature, and elastomers are also covered.
Polymerisation Mechanism ( chain growth )
This document summarizes key aspects of polymer science including polymerization, monomers, and polymerization mechanisms. It discusses that polymerization is the process that links monomer molecules into polymer chains. There are different polymerization mechanisms including chain-growth and free radical polymerization. Chain-growth polymerization proceeds through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Free radical polymerization uses initiators to generate free radicals to start the polymerization reaction. The document provides examples of monomers and initiators and discusses how functionality of monomers affects the structure of the resulting polymer chains.
Polymer lecture notes
This document provides an overview of polymers, including their structure, properties, synthesis and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating monomer units. The two main types of polymerization are addition and step-growth. Addition polymers grow by sequential monomer addition while step-growth requires monomers to react and form oligomers before resulting in high molecular weight polymers. Common polymers include polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene as well as nylons, polyesters and natural polymers. The polymer microstructure, such as being atactic, isotactic or syndiotactic, influences properties like crystallinity and melting points.
Polyurethane-structure,types,properties,preparation,application
Polyurethane is a polymer composed of organic units joined by carbamate links. It was first developed in the 1930s as a replacement for rubber. There are various types of polyurethanes including flexible foam, rigid foam, coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers and thermoplastic polyurethane. Polyurethanes are synthesized through the reaction of polyols with isocyanates. They have a wide range of applications including cushioning, insulation, automotive parts, footwear, packaging and medical devices due to their abrasion resistance, flexibility, toughness and other beneficial properties.
Chemistry Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules built from small repeating units joined by covalent bonds. There are two main types: synthetic polymers made from monomers linked through addition or condensation polymerization, and natural macromolecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates composed of amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. Synthetic polymers have various uses but can pollute as they are non-biodegradable, while natural macromolecules are the main constituents of living things.
Chapter 8 ionic chain polymerization
This document discusses ionic chain polymerization, specifically cationic polymerization. It begins by introducing cationic initiators such as Lewis acids and protonic acids. Cationic polymerization proceeds via a chain mechanism involving initiation, propagation, and termination steps. The carbocation intermediate is stabilized by electron-donating substituents on the monomer. Common industrial cationic polymerizations include isobutylene and styrene. Factors that influence the rate of cationic polymerization such as solvent effects and carbocation stability are also discussed.
Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
Discussing about the fundamental principles of polymer chemistry emphasising on the type of reactions for making polymers.
CHAPTER 3 POLYMERIZATION.ppt
The document discusses various topics related to polymerization including:
1. Definitions of polymerization, degree of polymerization, and different polymerization mechanisms including addition, condensation, and co-polymerization.
2. Addition polymerization involves monomers adding to the growing chain without byproducts, while condensation polymerization eliminates molecules like water as monomers join.
3. Common polymerization techniques are discussed briefly, including bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
Polymers
This document discusses polymerization reactions and polymer classification. It begins by defining monomers and polymers, and explaining that polymerization is the chemical reaction where monomers join together via covalent bonds to form polymers. Polymers are classified as homopolymers, copolymers, or by their chain structure. The two main types of polymerization reactions are step-growth and chain-growth polymerization. Step-growth includes condensation polymerization while chain-growth includes addition polymerization. The document provides examples of common polymers formed by different reaction types and ends by discussing applications of polymeric materials.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking many smaller units, or monomers, through covalent bonds. Natural substances like proteins and synthetic polymers are examples of macromolecules. Monomers undergo polymerization to form macromolecules by linking together through addition or condensation reactions. Polymers can be classified in different ways such as natural vs synthetic, organic vs inorganic, thermoplastic vs thermosetting, and linear, branched or cross-linked based on their molecular structure. The process of polymerization and properties of polymers depend on factors like the type of monomers, reaction conditions and molecular architecture.
GROUP TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION
Group transfer polymerization (GTP) is a "quasi-living" polymerization technique that allows controlled polymerization of monomers like methacrylates. GTP uses silyl ketene acetal initiators and metal-free catalysts. Propagation occurs via Michael addition, transferring the silyl group to the added monomer. While initially thought to proceed via an associative mechanism, evidence supports a dissociative mechanism. GTP produces polymers with controlled molecular weight and can create block copolymers, random copolymers, and other architectures. Applications include dispersing agents for water-based inks.
Polymers 12th State Board
1. Polymers are large macromolecules formed by chemical bonding of repeating structural units called monomers.
2. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, intermolecular forces, process of polymerization, types of monomers, and biodegradability.
3. Common natural polymers include rubber from plants and silk/wool from animals, while synthetic polymers are man-made like nylon, polyester, and neoprene. Semisynthetic polymers are derived from natural polymers like rayon.
Production of Polypropylene (PP) and their Products. Polypropylene Multifilam...
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer that is used in a variety of applications. It is made from propylene monomers and can be processed using various thermoplastic methods like extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding. The document discusses the properties and manufacturing of polypropylene, as well as providing an outlook on the market and demand for polypropylene in India. It analyzes factors driving demand and provides a feasibility analysis for starting a polypropylene manufacturing business.
Denture base resins/dental courses
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Polymer science: preparation and uses of polymers
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many smaller molecules called monomers. They are made through polymerization reactions where monomers join together in chains. There are two main types of polymerization - addition and condensation. Polymers have a wide variety of applications including plastics, fibers, elastomers and more. Their properties depend on factors like molecular structure and weight. Thermal analysis techniques are used to characterize polymers and determine properties like glass transition temperature. Biodegradable polymers break down over time and have applications in drug delivery.
More Related Content
What's hot
Polymers
- Polymers are giant molecules formed by linking together small repeating units called monomers via covalent bonds. There are three main types of polymerization: addition, condensation, and copolymerization.
- Properties of polymers depend on factors like the monomer type, the degree of polymerization, tacticity, and whether the polymer is crystalline or amorphous. Common polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate.
- Natural rubbers are polymers of the monomer isoprene that provide flexibility and elasticity. However, natural rubber has limitations that are overcome through vulcanization, which introduces cross-links between polymer chains through the addition of sulfur.
polyamides
This presentation covers almost every aspects of polyamide industrially chemically and applications in detail .
Polymer
Polymers are macromolecules built up by linking together small monomer molecules. There are two types of polymerization mechanisms: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth involves monomers and polymers reacting with each other, while chain-growth only involves monomers reacting with active centers on growing polymer chains. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and whether they are thermoplastic or thermoset. Nomenclature of polymers involves naming them based on the monomer source, such as polyethylene from the monomer ethylene.
Polymerization Process
Polymerization Process and its Advantages , Disadvantage
1.Bulk Polymerization Process
2.Solution Polymerization Process
3.Suspension Polymerization Process
4.Emulsion Polymerization Process
Molecular Weight of Polymers
The document discusses the molecular weight of polymers. It defines molecular weight as the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a polymer molecule. There are two types of average molecular weights - number average molecular weight (Mn) and weight average molecular weight (Mw). Mn is calculated by dividing the total weight of polymer molecules by the total number of molecules, while Mw takes into account that larger molecules contribute more to the total mass. Mw is always higher than Mn. Molecular weight affects various properties - higher molecular weight increases mechanical properties but lowers thermal properties. Various techniques can be used to determine molecular weight and its distribution.
Polysiloxanes,... preparation and properties by Dr. Salma Amir
Polysiloxanes, also known as silicones, have an inorganic backbone of -(Si-O)- repeat units unlike most polymers. They are prepared through the hydrolysis of chlorosilanes or the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic siloxanes. Polysiloxanes have unique properties including flexibility from low rotation barriers, low surface tension, high stability, and high permeability to gases due to their large free volume. Their properties can be tailored by modifying the alkyl side groups along the backbone.
Chloroprene rubber (neoprene)
This document discusses chloroprene rubber, a synthetic rubber introduced in 1932. It summarizes that chloroprene rubber is produced through the emulsion polymerization of chloroprene monomers. It can be produced through two main processes - one using sulfur modification and one using chain transfer agents like mercaptans. The document also lists some key properties of chloroprene rubber, including good resistance to ozone, heat aging and chemicals. Finally, it outlines some common applications for chloroprene rubber like gaskets, cable jackets and hoses due to its temperature resistance and chemical resistance.
Polymer Course
This document provides an introduction to polymer science, including definitions of key terms like polymer, monomer, oligomer, and degree of polymerization. It discusses various classifications of polymers such as by origin, monomer composition (homopolymer, copolymer), chain structure, configuration, and thermal behavior. Mechanisms of polymerization including step-growth and chain-growth are introduced. Physical properties of polymers related to their structure like crystallinity, glass transition temperature, and elastomers are also covered.
Polymerisation Mechanism ( chain growth )
This document summarizes key aspects of polymer science including polymerization, monomers, and polymerization mechanisms. It discusses that polymerization is the process that links monomer molecules into polymer chains. There are different polymerization mechanisms including chain-growth and free radical polymerization. Chain-growth polymerization proceeds through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Free radical polymerization uses initiators to generate free radicals to start the polymerization reaction. The document provides examples of monomers and initiators and discusses how functionality of monomers affects the structure of the resulting polymer chains.
Polymer lecture notes
This document provides an overview of polymers, including their structure, properties, synthesis and applications. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating monomer units. The two main types of polymerization are addition and step-growth. Addition polymers grow by sequential monomer addition while step-growth requires monomers to react and form oligomers before resulting in high molecular weight polymers. Common polymers include polyolefins like polyethylene and polypropylene as well as nylons, polyesters and natural polymers. The polymer microstructure, such as being atactic, isotactic or syndiotactic, influences properties like crystallinity and melting points.
Polyurethane-structure,types,properties,preparation,application
Polyurethane is a polymer composed of organic units joined by carbamate links. It was first developed in the 1930s as a replacement for rubber. There are various types of polyurethanes including flexible foam, rigid foam, coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers and thermoplastic polyurethane. Polyurethanes are synthesized through the reaction of polyols with isocyanates. They have a wide range of applications including cushioning, insulation, automotive parts, footwear, packaging and medical devices due to their abrasion resistance, flexibility, toughness and other beneficial properties.
Chemistry Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules built from small repeating units joined by covalent bonds. There are two main types: synthetic polymers made from monomers linked through addition or condensation polymerization, and natural macromolecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates composed of amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars. Synthetic polymers have various uses but can pollute as they are non-biodegradable, while natural macromolecules are the main constituents of living things.
Chapter 8 ionic chain polymerization
This document discusses ionic chain polymerization, specifically cationic polymerization. It begins by introducing cationic initiators such as Lewis acids and protonic acids. Cationic polymerization proceeds via a chain mechanism involving initiation, propagation, and termination steps. The carbocation intermediate is stabilized by electron-donating substituents on the monomer. Common industrial cationic polymerizations include isobutylene and styrene. Factors that influence the rate of cationic polymerization such as solvent effects and carbocation stability are also discussed.
Introduction to Polymer Chemistry
Discussing about the fundamental principles of polymer chemistry emphasising on the type of reactions for making polymers.
CHAPTER 3 POLYMERIZATION.ppt
The document discusses various topics related to polymerization including:
1. Definitions of polymerization, degree of polymerization, and different polymerization mechanisms including addition, condensation, and co-polymerization.
2. Addition polymerization involves monomers adding to the growing chain without byproducts, while condensation polymerization eliminates molecules like water as monomers join.
3. Common polymerization techniques are discussed briefly, including bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
Polymers
This document discusses polymerization reactions and polymer classification. It begins by defining monomers and polymers, and explaining that polymerization is the chemical reaction where monomers join together via covalent bonds to form polymers. Polymers are classified as homopolymers, copolymers, or by their chain structure. The two main types of polymerization reactions are step-growth and chain-growth polymerization. Step-growth includes condensation polymerization while chain-growth includes addition polymerization. The document provides examples of common polymers formed by different reaction types and ends by discussing applications of polymeric materials.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking many smaller units, or monomers, through covalent bonds. Natural substances like proteins and synthetic polymers are examples of macromolecules. Monomers undergo polymerization to form macromolecules by linking together through addition or condensation reactions. Polymers can be classified in different ways such as natural vs synthetic, organic vs inorganic, thermoplastic vs thermosetting, and linear, branched or cross-linked based on their molecular structure. The process of polymerization and properties of polymers depend on factors like the type of monomers, reaction conditions and molecular architecture.
GROUP TRANSFER POLYMERIZATION
Group transfer polymerization (GTP) is a "quasi-living" polymerization technique that allows controlled polymerization of monomers like methacrylates. GTP uses silyl ketene acetal initiators and metal-free catalysts. Propagation occurs via Michael addition, transferring the silyl group to the added monomer. While initially thought to proceed via an associative mechanism, evidence supports a dissociative mechanism. GTP produces polymers with controlled molecular weight and can create block copolymers, random copolymers, and other architectures. Applications include dispersing agents for water-based inks.
Polymers 12th State Board
1. Polymers are large macromolecules formed by chemical bonding of repeating structural units called monomers.
2. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, intermolecular forces, process of polymerization, types of monomers, and biodegradability.
3. Common natural polymers include rubber from plants and silk/wool from animals, while synthetic polymers are man-made like nylon, polyester, and neoprene. Semisynthetic polymers are derived from natural polymers like rayon.
Production of Polypropylene (PP) and their Products. Polypropylene Multifilam...
Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer that is used in a variety of applications. It is made from propylene monomers and can be processed using various thermoplastic methods like extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding. The document discusses the properties and manufacturing of polypropylene, as well as providing an outlook on the market and demand for polypropylene in India. It analyzes factors driving demand and provides a feasibility analysis for starting a polypropylene manufacturing business.
What's hot (20)
Polysiloxanes,... preparation and properties by Dr. Salma Amir
Polysiloxanes,... preparation and properties by Dr. Salma Amir
Polyurethane-structure,types,properties,preparation,application
Polyurethane-structure,types,properties,preparation,application
Production of Polypropylene (PP) and their Products. Polypropylene Multifilam...
Production of Polypropylene (PP) and their Products. Polypropylene Multifilam...
Similar to UNIT-2 POLYMER.pptx
Denture base resins/dental courses
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Polymer science: preparation and uses of polymers
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many smaller molecules called monomers. They are made through polymerization reactions where monomers join together in chains. There are two main types of polymerization - addition and condensation. Polymers have a wide variety of applications including plastics, fibers, elastomers and more. Their properties depend on factors like molecular structure and weight. Thermal analysis techniques are used to characterize polymers and determine properties like glass transition temperature. Biodegradable polymers break down over time and have applications in drug delivery.
Polymerisation reactions and synthesis of important polymers
The document discusses various types of polymerization reactions including condensation polymerization, which involves the step-wise reaction of bifunctional monomers to form polymers through the elimination of small molecules like water or alcohol. It also describes different mechanisms of addition polymerization, specifically free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization which involve the chain growth of polymers through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Key initiators and mechanisms are outlined for different polymerization reactions.
polymerscience-180420142337.pdf
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including their classification, types, mechanisms of polymerization, and polymerization reactions. It classifies polymers based on their chain structure, chemical composition, source, and backbone. The main types discussed are thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. It describes the mechanisms of condensation and addition polymerization. Chain polymerization reactions like free radical, anionic and cationic polymerization are explained in detail with their initiation, propagation and termination steps.
polymer
Polymer science deals with large macromolecules formed by bonding many small monomer units together. There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. In addition polymerization, monomers add together through a chain reaction of initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Condensation polymers form when monomers bond together while releasing small molecules, like water. Polymers can be classified in various ways, including their source, monomer composition, chain structure, and properties like being thermoplastic or thermosetting. Common polymers have a wide range of applications as plastics, fibers, elastomers, and more.
Polymer science
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including their classification, types, mechanisms of polymerization, and methods of polymerization. Polymers can be classified based on their chain structure, chemical composition, source, and backbone. The main types are thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. Polymerization can occur via addition or condensation reactions and methods include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
Polymerization process or synthesis by Dr. Salma Amir
The document summarizes different types of polymerization processes for inorganic polymers:
1) Step-growth polymerization involves monomers reacting through condensation reactions to form linear polymers through the removal of small molecules like water.
2) Chain-growth polymerization uses initiators and involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps to grow polymer chains from unsaturated monomers. Many metal-containing polymers are synthesized this way.
3) Ring-opening polymerization uses cyclic monomers that open to elongate a growing polymer chain through cationic, anionic, or radical mechanisms. A wide range of heteroatom-containing cyclic monomers can be used.
Polymer for engineering students
Polymers are macromolecules formed by combining many small molecules (monomers) through covalent bonds. Common examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and rubber. Polymers can be classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), or the polymerization process used to create them (addition, condensation). Polymerization involves monomers combining in chains through addition or condensation reactions with or without the loss of small molecules as byproducts. The type of polymerization determines the properties and applications of the resulting polymers.
nmr.pptx
Dr. Sonia Rani presented on polymers. She defined key terms like monomers, polymers and polymerization. Polymers are classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked) and molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization reactions are addition/chain growth and condensation/step growth. Important addition polymers like polythene, polypropylene and nylon were discussed along with their preparations. Copolymerization and natural rubber were also summarized.
Polymer M.Sc. Final presented by Dr. Sonia Rani.pptx
Dr. Sonia Rani presented on polymers. She defined key terms like monomers, polymers and polymerization. Polymers are classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked) and molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization reactions are addition/chain growth and condensation/step growth. Important addition polymers like polythene, polypropylene and nylon were discussed along with their preparations. Copolymerization and natural rubber were also summarized.
MITOCHONDRIA Is The powerhouse of the cell.pptx
The mitochondria is the power house of the cell, there are a various of different reactions that occur in the mitochondria, in this powerpoint we will explain what is the mitochondria, and also its structure and function and that is has a DNA and makes some of its proteins for it self
Polymer for engineering students
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers form without releasing any byproducts while condensation polymers form with the release of small molecules like water. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, and thermal properties. Common polymerization techniques include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion which depend on factors like physical state and reaction mechanism. Bulk polymerization involves only monomer and initiator while solution polymerization dissolves the monomer in a solvent.
Polymerisation kapoors project
Polymerization is the process of converting small molecule monomers into long chains or networks of polymers. There are two main types of polymerization: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth polymers form through the stepwise reaction of functional groups on monomers, slowly increasing molecular weight over time. Chain-growth polymerization involves monomers linking together through carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, forming polymers like polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride through free radical or ionic mechanisms. Polymerization is used industrially to produce many common plastics and requires control of initiation, propagation and termination to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Polymerisation kapoors project
Polymerization is the process of converting small molecule monomers into long chains or networks of polymers. There are two main types of polymerization: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth polymers form through the stepwise reaction of functional groups on monomers, slowly increasing molecular weight over time. Chain-growth polymerization involves monomers linking together through carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, forming polymers like polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride through free radical or ionic mechanisms. Photopolymerization is a type of chain-growth polymerization initiated by light absorption.
Engineering Chemistry - Polymer
B.Sc. (Engineering)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Course - Engineering Chemistry
Topic - Polymer & its Classifications
Engineering Chemistry - Polymer
B.Sc. Engineering First Year First Semester Engineering Chemistry Course on Polymer & its Classifications
Dental polymers with recent advancements in dental base techniques 2
This document discusses recent advancements in dental polymers and base techniques. It begins with definitions of polymers and polymerization. The history of dental polymers is then reviewed, including the development of synthetic elastomers in the 20th century and the introduction of PMMA and resin-based composites. Various dental applications of polymers are listed. Key aspects of polymers like chain length, branching, copolymer structures, and properties are described. The document concludes with an overview of addition and step-growth polymerization, as well as details on acrylic dental resins.
Revised polymer 2011
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including their classification, physical properties, types of polymerization, and important polymers. It describes the different types of polymers based on their source, structure, molecular forces, and provides examples. The key types of polymerization covered are addition, condensation, copolymerization, cationic and anionic polymerization. Important polymers discussed include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and their properties and uses.
Polyethylene and its polymerization.pptx
1. Polyethylene
2. Polymerization
3. Classification of Polymers
4. Types of Polymerization
5. Types of polyethylene
6. Manufacturing of LIFE
7. Applications of Polyethylene
8. Addition Polymerization
9. Condensation Polymerization
10. Thermoplastic Polymer
11. Thermosetting Polymer
12. Chain Polymerization
13. Free Radical Polymerization
14. Step growth Polymerization
15. Uses of polyethylene
Mass polymerization & interfacial polymerization
Mass or bulk polymerization involves adding an initiator to pure liquid monomer, which is then heated to initiate polymerization. It produces pure polymer but heat transfer and mixing become difficult as viscosity increases. Interfacial polymerization occurs where two immiscible phases, usually liquids, meet. Monomers in each phase react at the interface, producing polymer constrained to the interface. It allows polymerization at low temperatures with incomplete monomer conversion. Examples include nylon, polyesters, and conducting polymers via interfacial techniques.
Similar to UNIT-2 POLYMER.pptx (20)
Polymerisation reactions and synthesis of important polymers
Polymerisation reactions and synthesis of important polymers
Polymerization process or synthesis by Dr. Salma Amir
Polymerization process or synthesis by Dr. Salma Amir
Polymer M.Sc. Final presented by Dr. Sonia Rani.pptx
Polymer M.Sc. Final presented by Dr. Sonia Rani.pptx
Dental polymers with recent advancements in dental base techniques 2
Dental polymers with recent advancements in dental base techniques 2
Recently uploaded
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion drone
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Recently uploaded (20)
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Generative AI leverages algorithms to create various forms of content
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
UNIT-2 POLYMER.pptx
- 1. What is polymerization? • polymerization, any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chain like or network molecule, called a polymer. Chain growth polymerization • Chain growth polymer is also known as addition polymer. • A chain-growth polymer is a polymer which is formed when molecules of the same monomer or different monomers add together on a large scale to form the polymer. • Chain growth polymerization is mainly classified into 3 types: 1.Free radical addition polymerization 2.Cationic polymerization 3.Anionic polymerization
- 2. 1.Free radical addition polymerization • Free-radical polymerizations are chain reactions in which the addition of a monomer molecule to an active chain-end regenerates the active site at the chain-end. • Free-radical polymerizations is always done in presence of heat or sunlight. • Free Radical Polymerization occurs in three steps, i.e. (1) Initiation (2) Propagation (3)Termination. (1) Initiation • Initiation is the first step in the polymerization process. • An active centre is generated in this process to begin polymerization. • All the monomers are not liable for the initiation process. • One or two radicals are created from the initiating molecules in the first step. • Radicals are transferred from the initiating molecules to the monomer units in the second step.
- 3. • NOTE: If we want to start initiating step for polymerization then we need any peroxide group (benzoyl peroxide, Acetyle peroxide, di-oxide etc) that creates free radical for chain growth.
- 5. (2) Propagation • A polymer spends most of its time expanding its chain length or propagating. After initiation of free radical, it attacks another monomer subunit. • After initiation, the chain propagates until no monomer is left or termination starts.
- 6. (3)Termination • Termination is the final step in the polymerization process.
- 7. Applications of Free Radical Polymerization • It is used in synthesizing polystyrene and elastomers. • It is used in synthesizing chemical surfactants, lubricants.
- 8. Some Common Addition Polymers
- 9. 2.Cationic polymerization • Cationic polymerization is a type of chain growth polymerization in which a cationic initiator transfers charge to a monomer which then becomes reactive.(it initiated by Acid) • For cationic polymerization, requires Strong Acids like H₂SO₄/Lewis acids(AlCl₃). • Suppose we take H₂SO₄ and in solution it gives H+ + HSO4 – ions. (H₂SO₄ ------ > H+ + HSO4 – ) (As we know that H+ Requires electrons so take ethylene as example.)
- 10. Example of Cationic polymerization Polystyrene, poly isobutylene. 3.Anionic polymerization • Cationic polymerization is a type of chain growth polymerization in which an anionic initiator transfers charge to a monomer which then becomes reactive.(it initiated by Base) • For anionic polymerization,requires Strong Base like NaNH2(sodamite)/ R−Mg−X (Grignard reagent)