Polymerization is the process of converting small molecule monomers into long chains or networks of polymers. There are two main types of polymerization: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth polymers form through the stepwise reaction of functional groups on monomers, slowly increasing molecular weight over time. Chain-growth polymerization involves monomers linking together through carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, forming polymers like polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride through free radical or ionic mechanisms. Photopolymerization is a type of chain-growth polymerization initiated by light absorption.
The document discusses ring opening polymerization (ROP), which is a chain growth polymerization where cyclic monomers react to form polymer chains by opening their ring structures. There are three main types of ROP - radical, anionic, and cationic - depending on whether the reactive center is a radical, anion, or cation. Examples are given of monomers that can undergo each type of ROP, along with diagrams of the mechanisms. Common applications of ROP include nylon and biopolymers like polysaccharides.
types of polymerization (Polymerization reaction part 2)Haseeb Ahmad
This document discusses different types of polymerization reactions including step-growth polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, polyaddition polymerization, and polycondensation polymerization. Ring-opening polymerization involves adding cyclic monomers like caprolactam and caprolactone to a polymer chain through breaking and reforming bonds. Common initiators for ring-opening polymerization are organometals, metal amides, alkoxides, and amines. Polyaddition polymerization forms polymers through independent addition reactions between functional groups and does not release volatile compounds. An example is the reaction of diisocyanate and polyol to form polyurethane. Polycondensation polymerization produces polymers from bifunctional and polyfunctional monomers
This document provides an introduction to polymers for A-level chemistry students. It discusses the two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymerization involves monomers joining together with all atoms incorporated into the polymer chain. Condensation polymerization involves monomers joining together with the elimination of small molecules, so not all original atoms are present. Common examples of addition and condensation polymers are discussed, along with their properties and uses.
This document discusses polymer science and its applications in pharmaceutical formulations. It begins with defining polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units. It then covers the ideal characteristics of polymers, various polymer classifications including simple, water interaction, linkage type, polymerization method and composition. Key polymerization processes and factors affecting polymer properties are described. The document concludes by outlining several polymer applications in controlled drug delivery systems for oral, transdermal, ocular and other drug delivery applications.
The document summarizes various mechanisms of polymerization, including chain-growth polymerization, step-growth polymerization, radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta catalysis, ring-opening polymerization, and the polymerization of cyclic ethers, cyclic amides, and siloxanes. It discusses reaction initiation, mechanisms, applications, and stereochemistry for different polymerization methods.
types of polymerization (Polymerization reactionHaseeb Ahmad
This document discusses different types of polymerization reactions including chain growth polymerization, step growth polymerization, and ionic polymerization. Chain growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Step growth polymerization involves condensation reactions between monomers to form polymers and byproducts like water. Ionic polymerization includes anionic polymerization using nucleophilic initiators and cationic polymerization using Lewis acid catalysts. Ziegler-Natta catalysis uses transition metal catalysts to polymerize monomers like propylene.
This chapter discusses polymers, which are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. It covers the different types of polymerization reactions, examples of natural and synthetic polymers, and their properties and uses. The chapter also addresses issues with plastic waste and ways to reduce pollution from plastics.
This document provides an overview of polymers including definitions, classifications, properties, and applications. It defines polymers as long chain molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. Polymers are classified based on their monomer composition (homopolymers or copolymers) and backbone structure (carbon-chain or heterochain). Key properties discussed are molecular weight, hydrophobicity, solubility, and hydrogels. Finally, applications of polymers are outlined in pharmaceutical products like tablets, liquids, semisolids, as well as tissue regeneration and controlled drug delivery using matrix and swelling controlled release systems.
The document discusses ring opening polymerization (ROP), which is a chain growth polymerization where cyclic monomers react to form polymer chains by opening their ring structures. There are three main types of ROP - radical, anionic, and cationic - depending on whether the reactive center is a radical, anion, or cation. Examples are given of monomers that can undergo each type of ROP, along with diagrams of the mechanisms. Common applications of ROP include nylon and biopolymers like polysaccharides.
types of polymerization (Polymerization reaction part 2)Haseeb Ahmad
This document discusses different types of polymerization reactions including step-growth polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, polyaddition polymerization, and polycondensation polymerization. Ring-opening polymerization involves adding cyclic monomers like caprolactam and caprolactone to a polymer chain through breaking and reforming bonds. Common initiators for ring-opening polymerization are organometals, metal amides, alkoxides, and amines. Polyaddition polymerization forms polymers through independent addition reactions between functional groups and does not release volatile compounds. An example is the reaction of diisocyanate and polyol to form polyurethane. Polycondensation polymerization produces polymers from bifunctional and polyfunctional monomers
This document provides an introduction to polymers for A-level chemistry students. It discusses the two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymerization involves monomers joining together with all atoms incorporated into the polymer chain. Condensation polymerization involves monomers joining together with the elimination of small molecules, so not all original atoms are present. Common examples of addition and condensation polymers are discussed, along with their properties and uses.
This document discusses polymer science and its applications in pharmaceutical formulations. It begins with defining polymers as large molecules composed of repeating structural units. It then covers the ideal characteristics of polymers, various polymer classifications including simple, water interaction, linkage type, polymerization method and composition. Key polymerization processes and factors affecting polymer properties are described. The document concludes by outlining several polymer applications in controlled drug delivery systems for oral, transdermal, ocular and other drug delivery applications.
The document summarizes various mechanisms of polymerization, including chain-growth polymerization, step-growth polymerization, radical polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, Ziegler-Natta catalysis, ring-opening polymerization, and the polymerization of cyclic ethers, cyclic amides, and siloxanes. It discusses reaction initiation, mechanisms, applications, and stereochemistry for different polymerization methods.
types of polymerization (Polymerization reactionHaseeb Ahmad
This document discusses different types of polymerization reactions including chain growth polymerization, step growth polymerization, and ionic polymerization. Chain growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Step growth polymerization involves condensation reactions between monomers to form polymers and byproducts like water. Ionic polymerization includes anionic polymerization using nucleophilic initiators and cationic polymerization using Lewis acid catalysts. Ziegler-Natta catalysis uses transition metal catalysts to polymerize monomers like propylene.
This chapter discusses polymers, which are large molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. It covers the different types of polymerization reactions, examples of natural and synthetic polymers, and their properties and uses. The chapter also addresses issues with plastic waste and ways to reduce pollution from plastics.
This document provides an overview of polymers including definitions, classifications, properties, and applications. It defines polymers as long chain molecules composed of repeating structural units called monomers. Polymers are classified based on their monomer composition (homopolymers or copolymers) and backbone structure (carbon-chain or heterochain). Key properties discussed are molecular weight, hydrophobicity, solubility, and hydrogels. Finally, applications of polymers are outlined in pharmaceutical products like tablets, liquids, semisolids, as well as tissue regeneration and controlled drug delivery using matrix and swelling controlled release systems.
Polymer chemistry involves the study of polymers, which are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds. The monomers that make up polymers are linked through polymerization reactions. Polymers can be classified based on their structure, source, number of monomers, arrangement of monomers, and configuration. Common types of polymers include linear, branched, and cross-linked polymers. Polymers are also classified as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source. Polymerization reactions are either addition polymerization, involving chain growth, or condensation polymerization, involving step growth. Polymers have a variety of applications and properties depending on their structure and bonding forces.
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of many smaller subunits. There are four main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides like glucose linked together by glycosidic bonds. Proteins are made of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotide monomers linked by phosphodiester bonds. Lipids include fats and oils made of glycerol and fatty acids linked by ester bonds. Each macromolecule type has an important function like energy storage, structure, or information storage.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on polymer science given to Dr. R. V. Kulkarni. The presentation covered various topics including polymer classification, applications of polymers in controlled drug delivery, biodegradable and natural polymers. Key points discussed include the different methods of polymer classification including by linking method, composition, polymerization method, mechanism and origin. Important polymerization methods like addition, condensation and step-growth were also summarized.
he reaction involving combination of two or more monomer units to form a long chain polymer is termed as polymerization. These are widely used as Pharmaceutical aids like suspending agents, Emulsifying agents, Adhesives, Coating agents, Adjuvants etc.
This document provides an introduction to polymers. Polymers are macromolecules formed by linking many smaller molecules called monomers through a process called polymerization. Polymers can be classified based on their structure as linear, branched or cross-linked. Polymerization occurs through either addition or condensation reactions. Addition polymers are formed without the loss of small molecules, while condensation polymers are formed with the loss of small molecules like water or ammonia. Common examples of addition and condensation polymers are also provided.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Introduction to pharmaceuitcal polymer chemistryGanesh Mote
The document discusses various types of polymers including their structure, properties, and uses. It defines a polymer as a large molecule formed by the repeated linking of small molecules called monomers. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, molecular forces, and mode of polymerization. Common polymers discussed include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, and poly(methyl methacrylate). Their properties and applications in various industries are also summarized.
This document discusses ionic chain polymerization, specifically cationic polymerization. It begins by introducing cationic initiators such as Lewis acids and protonic acids. Cationic polymerization proceeds via a chain mechanism involving initiation, propagation, and termination steps. The carbocation intermediate is stabilized by electron-donating substituents on the monomer. Common industrial cationic polymerizations include isobutylene and styrene. Factors that influence the rate of cationic polymerization such as solvent effects and carbocation stability are also discussed.
Polymer science concerns large molecules called polymers that include rubbers, plastics, and fibers. Polymers are made of repeating molecular units and have high molecular weights. There are over 60,000 scientists working with polymers today to develop new materials with customized properties. Common polymers include polypropylene, polyethylene, and nylons. Polymers can be categorized based on their molecular structure as thermoplastics, thermosets, or elastomers, which determine how they respond to heat.
Polymer science is the study of polymers, which are large molecules composed of many repeating units called monomers. Some key points:
- The first synthetic polymer was celluloid in 1845, while Bakelite in 1872 was one of the earliest plastics. Many common polymers like polyethylene and PVC were invented in the 1930s.
- Polymers have a wide array of applications, from insulation coatings to automotive parts to pharmaceutical packaging and coatings. They are used to stabilize emulsions, thicken liquids, and control drug release.
- Polymers can be classified by their structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), origin (natural vs synthetic), and properties (therm
The document discusses polymers including their classification, types of polymerization, characteristics, and applications. Polymers can be classified based on source, structure, polymerization method, and molecular forces. There are two main types of polymerization - addition and condensation. Polymers have characteristics like low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. They have wide applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment.
Polymeric materials – Formation of polymer structureMaharajanNJ
Polymeric materials are formed through polymerization reactions that link together small molecular units into long chains or networks. There are three main types of polymerization: condensation polymerization, step-growth polymerization, and ring-opening polymerization. Condensation polymerization involves monomers reacting to form larger units while releasing smaller molecules as byproducts. Step-growth polymerization proceeds through the formation of dimers, trimers, and eventually long chains. Ring-opening polymerization breaks cyclic monomers open to add them to the growing polymer chain. Examples provided include the condensation polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate and the ring-opening polymerization of nylon-6 from caprolactam.
Polyamides are polymers where the repeating units are held together by amide links. Nylon and Kevlar are examples of polyamides. Nylon-6,6 is formed through condensation polymerization of hexanedioic acid and 1,6-diaminohexane, resulting in a chain with amide links between carbon atoms. Kevlar is similar but has aromatic benzene rings joined by amide links. Polyamides have a variety of uses depending on their strength and properties.
This document discusses synthetic polymers and their production. It begins by introducing addition polymerization, where monomers like ethene join together to form polymers like polyethene. Condensation polymerization is also discussed, where monomers join together while releasing a small molecule, using nylon as an example. Common synthetic polymers are then outlined, including their properties and uses. Polythene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polypropylene are discussed. The document concludes by recapping the key topics of monomers, addition polymerization, and condensation polymerization.
The document discusses the mechanisms of polymerization, including chain growth and step growth polymerization. Chain growth polymerization involves the repeated addition of monomers with double or triple bonds to form polymers. Step growth polymerization occurs through condensation reactions between bifunctional or multifunctional monomers to form dimers, trimers, and eventually long chain polymers. The key mechanisms of chain growth polymerization, including free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization are described. The mechanisms of step growth polymerization through condensation reactions are also outlined.
- The document describes polymers including their classification, properties, and uses. Polymers are classified as natural or synthetic, homopolymers or copolymers, and thermoplastics or thermosets.
- Polymerization can occur through addition polymerization where monomers have double bonds or condensation polymerization where functional groups are removed.
- Common polymers are discussed including natural rubber, proteins, cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, and bakelite. Each has different applications from tires to plastic bottles to synthetic fabrics.
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization reactions: addition and condensation. Addition polymers are formed by repeated addition of double or triple bonded monomers. Condensation polymers are formed through repeated condensation reactions between bifunctional or trifunctional monomers, eliminating small molecules like water. Examples of addition polymers discussed are polyethylene, which is formed through free radical polymerization of ethene monomers, and natural rubber, which can be crosslinked through vulcanization with sulfur. An example of a biodegradable condensation polymer mentioned is poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV).
Polymerisation reactions and synthesis of important polymersbapu thorat
The document discusses various types of polymerization reactions including condensation polymerization, which involves the step-wise reaction of bifunctional monomers to form polymers through the elimination of small molecules like water or alcohol. It also describes different mechanisms of addition polymerization, specifically free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization which involve the chain growth of polymers through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Key initiators and mechanisms are outlined for different polymerization reactions.
Catalytic polymerization and types of polymerizationshaizachandoor
Its about the catalytic polymerization.
Its tells the types of the catalytic polymerization and about the Ziegler natta polymerization .
It has the details of co-odination polymerization and addition polymerization and their further types.
It is easy to access and has a proper guidelines for the students to look and study and easy to understand.
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including their classification, types, mechanisms of polymerization, and polymerization reactions. It classifies polymers based on their chain structure, chemical composition, source, and backbone. The main types discussed are thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. It describes the mechanisms of condensation and addition polymerization. Chain polymerization reactions like free radical, anionic and cationic polymerization are explained in detail with their initiation, propagation and termination steps.
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including their classification, types, mechanisms of polymerization, and methods of polymerization. Polymers can be classified based on their chain structure, chemical composition, source, and backbone. The main types are thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. Polymerization can occur via addition or condensation reactions and methods include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
Polymer chemistry involves the study of polymers, which are large molecules composed of many repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds. The monomers that make up polymers are linked through polymerization reactions. Polymers can be classified based on their structure, source, number of monomers, arrangement of monomers, and configuration. Common types of polymers include linear, branched, and cross-linked polymers. Polymers are also classified as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source. Polymerization reactions are either addition polymerization, involving chain growth, or condensation polymerization, involving step growth. Polymers have a variety of applications and properties depending on their structure and bonding forces.
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of many smaller subunits. There are four main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides like glucose linked together by glycosidic bonds. Proteins are made of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made of nucleotide monomers linked by phosphodiester bonds. Lipids include fats and oils made of glycerol and fatty acids linked by ester bonds. Each macromolecule type has an important function like energy storage, structure, or information storage.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on polymer science given to Dr. R. V. Kulkarni. The presentation covered various topics including polymer classification, applications of polymers in controlled drug delivery, biodegradable and natural polymers. Key points discussed include the different methods of polymer classification including by linking method, composition, polymerization method, mechanism and origin. Important polymerization methods like addition, condensation and step-growth were also summarized.
he reaction involving combination of two or more monomer units to form a long chain polymer is termed as polymerization. These are widely used as Pharmaceutical aids like suspending agents, Emulsifying agents, Adhesives, Coating agents, Adjuvants etc.
This document provides an introduction to polymers. Polymers are macromolecules formed by linking many smaller molecules called monomers through a process called polymerization. Polymers can be classified based on their structure as linear, branched or cross-linked. Polymerization occurs through either addition or condensation reactions. Addition polymers are formed without the loss of small molecules, while condensation polymers are formed with the loss of small molecules like water or ammonia. Common examples of addition and condensation polymers are also provided.
The presentation gives a brief idea about polymers,its definition,types of polymers,common examples of polymers,polymerization and its types,polymer processing and applications of polymers.
Introduction to pharmaceuitcal polymer chemistryGanesh Mote
The document discusses various types of polymers including their structure, properties, and uses. It defines a polymer as a large molecule formed by the repeated linking of small molecules called monomers. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, molecular forces, and mode of polymerization. Common polymers discussed include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, and poly(methyl methacrylate). Their properties and applications in various industries are also summarized.
This document discusses ionic chain polymerization, specifically cationic polymerization. It begins by introducing cationic initiators such as Lewis acids and protonic acids. Cationic polymerization proceeds via a chain mechanism involving initiation, propagation, and termination steps. The carbocation intermediate is stabilized by electron-donating substituents on the monomer. Common industrial cationic polymerizations include isobutylene and styrene. Factors that influence the rate of cationic polymerization such as solvent effects and carbocation stability are also discussed.
Polymer science concerns large molecules called polymers that include rubbers, plastics, and fibers. Polymers are made of repeating molecular units and have high molecular weights. There are over 60,000 scientists working with polymers today to develop new materials with customized properties. Common polymers include polypropylene, polyethylene, and nylons. Polymers can be categorized based on their molecular structure as thermoplastics, thermosets, or elastomers, which determine how they respond to heat.
Polymer science is the study of polymers, which are large molecules composed of many repeating units called monomers. Some key points:
- The first synthetic polymer was celluloid in 1845, while Bakelite in 1872 was one of the earliest plastics. Many common polymers like polyethylene and PVC were invented in the 1930s.
- Polymers have a wide array of applications, from insulation coatings to automotive parts to pharmaceutical packaging and coatings. They are used to stabilize emulsions, thicken liquids, and control drug release.
- Polymers can be classified by their structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), origin (natural vs synthetic), and properties (therm
The document discusses polymers including their classification, types of polymerization, characteristics, and applications. Polymers can be classified based on source, structure, polymerization method, and molecular forces. There are two main types of polymerization - addition and condensation. Polymers have characteristics like low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. They have wide applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment.
Polymeric materials – Formation of polymer structureMaharajanNJ
Polymeric materials are formed through polymerization reactions that link together small molecular units into long chains or networks. There are three main types of polymerization: condensation polymerization, step-growth polymerization, and ring-opening polymerization. Condensation polymerization involves monomers reacting to form larger units while releasing smaller molecules as byproducts. Step-growth polymerization proceeds through the formation of dimers, trimers, and eventually long chains. Ring-opening polymerization breaks cyclic monomers open to add them to the growing polymer chain. Examples provided include the condensation polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate and the ring-opening polymerization of nylon-6 from caprolactam.
Polyamides are polymers where the repeating units are held together by amide links. Nylon and Kevlar are examples of polyamides. Nylon-6,6 is formed through condensation polymerization of hexanedioic acid and 1,6-diaminohexane, resulting in a chain with amide links between carbon atoms. Kevlar is similar but has aromatic benzene rings joined by amide links. Polyamides have a variety of uses depending on their strength and properties.
This document discusses synthetic polymers and their production. It begins by introducing addition polymerization, where monomers like ethene join together to form polymers like polyethene. Condensation polymerization is also discussed, where monomers join together while releasing a small molecule, using nylon as an example. Common synthetic polymers are then outlined, including their properties and uses. Polythene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polypropylene are discussed. The document concludes by recapping the key topics of monomers, addition polymerization, and condensation polymerization.
The document discusses the mechanisms of polymerization, including chain growth and step growth polymerization. Chain growth polymerization involves the repeated addition of monomers with double or triple bonds to form polymers. Step growth polymerization occurs through condensation reactions between bifunctional or multifunctional monomers to form dimers, trimers, and eventually long chain polymers. The key mechanisms of chain growth polymerization, including free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization are described. The mechanisms of step growth polymerization through condensation reactions are also outlined.
- The document describes polymers including their classification, properties, and uses. Polymers are classified as natural or synthetic, homopolymers or copolymers, and thermoplastics or thermosets.
- Polymerization can occur through addition polymerization where monomers have double bonds or condensation polymerization where functional groups are removed.
- Common polymers are discussed including natural rubber, proteins, cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, and bakelite. Each has different applications from tires to plastic bottles to synthetic fabrics.
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization reactions: addition and condensation. Addition polymers are formed by repeated addition of double or triple bonded monomers. Condensation polymers are formed through repeated condensation reactions between bifunctional or trifunctional monomers, eliminating small molecules like water. Examples of addition polymers discussed are polyethylene, which is formed through free radical polymerization of ethene monomers, and natural rubber, which can be crosslinked through vulcanization with sulfur. An example of a biodegradable condensation polymer mentioned is poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV).
Polymerisation reactions and synthesis of important polymersbapu thorat
The document discusses various types of polymerization reactions including condensation polymerization, which involves the step-wise reaction of bifunctional monomers to form polymers through the elimination of small molecules like water or alcohol. It also describes different mechanisms of addition polymerization, specifically free radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization which involve the chain growth of polymers through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Key initiators and mechanisms are outlined for different polymerization reactions.
Catalytic polymerization and types of polymerizationshaizachandoor
Its about the catalytic polymerization.
Its tells the types of the catalytic polymerization and about the Ziegler natta polymerization .
It has the details of co-odination polymerization and addition polymerization and their further types.
It is easy to access and has a proper guidelines for the students to look and study and easy to understand.
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including their classification, types, mechanisms of polymerization, and polymerization reactions. It classifies polymers based on their chain structure, chemical composition, source, and backbone. The main types discussed are thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. It describes the mechanisms of condensation and addition polymerization. Chain polymerization reactions like free radical, anionic and cationic polymerization are explained in detail with their initiation, propagation and termination steps.
The document discusses various topics related to polymers including their classification, types, mechanisms of polymerization, and methods of polymerization. Polymers can be classified based on their chain structure, chemical composition, source, and backbone. The main types are thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. Polymerization can occur via addition or condensation reactions and methods include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
Polymers are large molecules formed by combining many small molecules called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers form without releasing any byproducts while condensation polymers form with the release of small molecules like water. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, and thermal properties. Common polymerization techniques include bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion which depend on factors like physical state and reaction mechanism. Bulk polymerization involves only monomer and initiator while solution polymerization dissolves the monomer in a solvent.
Polymers are large molecules made of repeating structural units bonded together. They can be classified as homopolymers made of one monomer unit, or copolymers made of two or more monomer units. Polymers can have linear, branched, or cross-linked structures. They are formed through polymerization reactions, which can occur via addition polymerization or condensation polymerization mechanisms. Addition polymerization includes free radical, ionic, and coordination chain polymerization and results in polymers that are exact multiples of the monomer units. Condensation polymerization involves step-wise reactions between functional groups of monomers and produces polymers with residual functional end groups.
Dr. Sonia Rani presented on polymers. She defined key terms like monomers, polymers and polymerization. Polymers are classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked) and molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization reactions are addition/chain growth and condensation/step growth. Important addition polymers like polythene, polypropylene and nylon were discussed along with their preparations. Copolymerization and natural rubber were also summarized.
Polymer M.Sc. Final presented by Dr. Sonia Rani.pptxSoniaRani69
Dr. Sonia Rani presented on polymers. She defined key terms like monomers, polymers and polymerization. Polymers are classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked) and molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization reactions are addition/chain growth and condensation/step growth. Important addition polymers like polythene, polypropylene and nylon were discussed along with their preparations. Copolymerization and natural rubber were also summarized.
This document provides information about polymers and polymerization. It defines a polymer as a long molecule formed by joining thousands of small monomer units through chemical bonds. The degree of polymerization refers to the number of repeating monomer units in the polymer chain. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, tacticity, monomer units, end uses, conductance, environmental impact, and behavior when heated. The two main types of polymerization are addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. Examples of daily use polymers like polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, bakelite etc. are also discussed along with their properties and applications.
Polymers are macromolecules formed by combining many small molecules (monomers) through covalent bonds. Common examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and rubber. Polymers can be classified based on their source (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic), structure (linear, branched, cross-linked), or the polymerization process used to create them (addition, condensation). Polymerization involves monomers combining in chains through addition or condensation reactions with or without the loss of small molecules as byproducts. The type of polymerization determines the properties and applications of the resulting polymers.
The document discusses various topics related to polymerization including:
1. Definitions of polymerization, degree of polymerization, and different polymerization mechanisms including addition, condensation, and co-polymerization.
2. Addition polymerization involves monomers adding to the growing chain without byproducts, while condensation polymerization eliminates molecules like water as monomers join.
3. Common polymerization techniques are discussed briefly, including bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.
Polymers are macromolecules built up by linking together small monomer molecules. There are two types of polymerization mechanisms: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth involves monomers and polymers reacting with each other, while chain-growth only involves monomers reacting with active centers on growing polymer chains. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and whether they are thermoplastic or thermoset. Nomenclature of polymers involves naming them based on the monomer source, such as polyethylene from the monomer ethylene.
Dental polymers with recent advancements in dental base techniques 2PoojaKhandelwal45
This document discusses recent advancements in dental polymers and base techniques. It begins with definitions of polymers and polymerization. The history of dental polymers is then reviewed, including the development of synthetic elastomers in the 20th century and the introduction of PMMA and resin-based composites. Various dental applications of polymers are listed. Key aspects of polymers like chain length, branching, copolymer structures, and properties are described. The document concludes with an overview of addition and step-growth polymerization, as well as details on acrylic dental resins.
This document provides an overview of polymers including their classification, methods of polymerization, important natural and synthetic polymers, and commercial applications. It discusses:
1. Classification of polymers as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic based on their source and structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked.
2. The two main polymerization methods - addition (chain growth) and condensation (step growth) - and examples of each including polyvinyl chloride, nylon, polyester, phenol-formaldehyde, and rubbers.
3. Important natural polymers like natural rubber and its vulcanization, as well as synthetic versions like neoprene.
4. Commercial polymers are classified
This document summarizes key aspects of polymer science including polymerization, monomers, and polymerization mechanisms. It discusses that polymerization is the process that links monomer molecules into polymer chains. There are different polymerization mechanisms including chain-growth and free radical polymerization. Chain-growth polymerization proceeds through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Free radical polymerization uses initiators to generate free radicals to start the polymerization reaction. The document provides examples of monomers and initiators and discusses how functionality of monomers affects the structure of the resulting polymer chains.
Chapter 21.3 : Organic Reactions and PolymersChris Foltz
1. Organic reactions can be substitution, addition, condensation, or elimination reactions. Substitution reactions involve replacing atoms, addition increases saturation, condensation combines molecules removing a small molecule like water, and elimination forms a small molecule from carbon atoms.
2. Polymers are large molecules made of repeating small monomer units joined by organic reactions. Addition polymers form by monomers adding across double bonds, while condensation polymers form by monomers condensing and removing a molecule like water. Common examples are polyethylene, polyester, and vulcanized rubber.
Polymerization process or synthesis by Dr. Salma Amirsalmaamir2
The document summarizes different types of polymerization processes for inorganic polymers:
1) Step-growth polymerization involves monomers reacting through condensation reactions to form linear polymers through the removal of small molecules like water.
2) Chain-growth polymerization uses initiators and involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps to grow polymer chains from unsaturated monomers. Many metal-containing polymers are synthesized this way.
3) Ring-opening polymerization uses cyclic monomers that open to elongate a growing polymer chain through cationic, anionic, or radical mechanisms. A wide range of heteroatom-containing cyclic monomers can be used.
Polymer science deals with large macromolecules formed by bonding many small monomer units together. There are two main types of polymerization: addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. In addition polymerization, monomers add together through a chain reaction of initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Condensation polymers form when monomers bond together while releasing small molecules, like water. Polymers can be classified in various ways, including their source, monomer composition, chain structure, and properties like being thermoplastic or thermosetting. Common polymers have a wide range of applications as plastics, fibers, elastomers, and more.
1. Polymerization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An example of alkene polymerization, in which each styrenemonomer's double bond reforms as a single bond plus
a bond to another styrene monomer.The productis polystyrene.
IUPAC definition
polymerization:The process ofconverting a monomer or a mixture of monomers into a polymer.[1]
In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in
a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.[2][3][4]
There are many
forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Step-growth
3 Chain-growth
o 3.1 Physical polymer reaction engineering
o 3.2 Photopolymerization
4 See also
5 References
Introduction[edit]
In chemical compounds, polymerization occurs via a
variety of reaction mechanisms that vary in complexity
due to functional groupspresent in reacting
compounds[4]
and their inherent steric effects. In more
straightforward polymerization, alkenes, which are
relatively stable due to bonding between carbon
atoms, form polymers through relatively simple radical
reactions; in contrast, more complex reactions such as those that involve substitution at the carbonyl
group require more complex synthesis due to the way in which reacting molecules polymerize.[4]
As alkenes can be formed in somewhat straightforward reaction mechanisms, they form useful
compounds such as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) when undergoing radical
reactions,[4]
which are produced in high tonnages each year[4]
due to their usefulness in
manufacturing processes of commercial products, such as piping, insulation and packaging. In
general, polymers such as PVC are referred to as "homopolymers," as they consist of repeated
long chains or structures of the same monomer unit, whereas polymers that consist of more than
one molecule are referred to as copolymers (or co-polymers).[5]
Other monomer units, such as formaldehyde hydrates or simple aldehydes, are able to polymerize
themselves at quite low temperatures (ca. −80 °C) to form trimers;[4]
molecules consisting of 3
Homopolymers
Copolymers
2. monomer units, which can cyclize to form ring cyclic structures, or undergo further reactions to
form tetramers,[4]
or 4 monomer-unit compounds. Further compounds either being referred to
as oligomers[4]
in smaller molecules. Generally, because formaldehyde is an exceptionally reactive
electrophile it allows nucleophillicaddition of hemiacetal intermediates, which are in general short-
lived and relatively unstable "mid-stage" compounds that react with other molecules present to form
more stable polymeric compounds.
Polymerization that is not sufficiently moderated and proceeds at a fast rate can be very hazardous.
This phenomenon is known as hazardous polymerization and can cause fires and explosions.
Step-growth[edit]
Main article: Step-growth polymerization
Step-growth polymers are defined as polymers formed by the stepwise reaction between functional
groups of monomers, usually containing heteroatoms such as nitrogen or oxygen. Most step-growth
polymers are also classified as condensation polymers, but not all step-growth polymers
(like polyurethanes formed from isocyanate and alcohol bifunctional monomers) release
condensates; in this case, we talk about addition polymers. Step-growth polymers increase in
molecular weight at a very slow rate at lower conversions and reach moderately high molecular
weights only at very high conversion (i.e., >95%).
To alleviate inconsistencies in these naming methods, adjusted definitions for condensation and
addition polymers have been developed. A condensation polymer is defined as a polymer that
involves loss of small molecules during its synthesis, or contains heteroatoms as part of
its backbone chain, or its repeat unit does not contain all the atoms present in the hypothetical
monomer to which it can be degraded.
Chain-growth[edit]
Main article: Chain-growth polymerization
Chain-growth polymerization (or addition polymerization) involves the linking together of molecules
incorporating double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. These unsaturatedmonomers (the identical
molecules that make up the polymers) have extra internal bonds that are able to break and link up
with other monomers to form a repeating chain, whose backbone typically contains only carbon
atoms. Chain-growth polymerization is involved in the manufacture of polymers such
as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). A special case of chain-growth
polymerization leads to living polymerization.
In the radical polymerization of ethylene, its π bond is broken, and the two electrons rearrange to
create a new propagating center like the one that attacked it. The form this propagating center takes
depends on the specific type of addition mechanism. There are several mechanisms through which
this can be initiated. The free radical mechanism is one of the first methods to be used. Free radicals
are very reactive atoms or molecules that have unpaired electrons. Taking the polymerization of
ethylene as an example, the free radical mechanism can be divided into three stages: chain
initiation, chain propagation, and chain termination.
Polymerization of ethylene
Free radical addition polymerization of ethylene must take place at high temperatures and
pressures, approximately 300 °C and 2000 atm. While most other free radical polymerizations do not
require such extreme temperatures and pressures, they do tend to lack control. One effect of this
lack of control is a high degree of branching. Also, as termination occurs randomly, when two chains
3. collide, it is impossible to control the length of individual chains. A newer method of polymerization
similar to free radical, but allowing more control involves the Ziegler-Natta catalyst, especially with
respect to polymer branching.
Other forms of chain growth polymerization include cationic addition polymerization and anionic
addition polymerization. While not used to a large extent in industry yet due to stringent reaction
conditions such as lack of water and oxygen, these methods provide ways to polymerize some
monomers that cannot be polymerized by free radical methods such as polypropylene. Cationic and
anionic mechanisms are also more ideally suited for living polymerizations, although free radical
living polymerizations have also been developed.
Esters of acrylic acid contain a carbon-carbon double bond which is conjugated to an ester group.
This allows the possibility of both types of polymerization mechanism. An acrylic ester by itself can
undergo chain-growth polymerization to form a homopolymer with a carbon-carbon backbone, such
as poly(methyl methacrylate). Also, however, certain acrylic esters can react with diamine monomers
by nucleophilic conjugate addition of amine groups to acrylic C=C bonds. In this case the
polymerization proceeds by step-growth and the products are poly(beta-amino ester) copolymers,
with backbones containing nitrogen (as amine) and oxygen (as ester) as well as carbon.[6]
Physical polymer reaction engineering[edit]
To produce a high-molecular-weight, uniform product, various methods are employed to better
control the initiation, propagation, and termination rates during chain polymerization and also to
remove excess concentrated heat during these exothermic reactions compared to polymerization of
the pure monomer. These include emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension
polymerization, and precipitation polymerization. Although the polymer polydispersity and molecular
weight may be improved, these methods may introduce additional processing requirements to
isolate the product from a solvent.
Photopolymerization[edit]
Photopolymerization reactions are chain-growth polymerizations which are initiated by the
absorption of visible or ultraviolet light. The light may be absorbed either directly by the reactant
monomer (direct photopolymerization), or else by a photosensitizer which absorbs the light and then
transfers energy to the monomer. In general only the initiation step differs from that of the ordinary
thermal polymerization of the same monomer; subsequent propagation, termination and chain
transfer steps are unchanged.[7]
Photopolymerization can be used as a photographic or printing process, because polymerization
only occurs in regions which have been exposed to light. Unreacted monomer can be removed from
unexposed regions, leaving a relief polymeric image.[7]
Several forms of 3D printing -- including layer-
by-layer stereolithography and two-photon absorption 3D photopolymerization -- use
photopolymerization