fundamentals of software engineering a deep study of diagrams DFD ER use case Activity and many others functional and non functional requirements listed required by customer
This document discusses architectural design and introduces key concepts. It covers:
1) The importance of architectural design in identifying system subsystems, frameworks for communication and control.
2) Common architectural design decisions around system organization, decomposition styles, and control styles.
3) Complementary styles for organizing systems including shared repositories, client-server models, and layered models.
This document outlines a software requirement specification (SRS) for a software system. It defines what an SRS is, including that it provides a complete description of the system's behavior and documents interactions between users and the software. The document also describes the key components of an SRS, including functionality, objectives, requirements, and constraints. It explains that an SRS is important as the official contract between developers and users, and serves as the basis for further system development. Finally, it provides an outline for the structure and contents of a full SRS document.
The document discusses architectural design and introduces three common architectural styles for organizing systems: repository, client-server, and layered (abstract machine) models. The repository model centrally stores shared data, while the client-server model distributes data across server and client components. The layered model organizes a system into abstract layers that provide services to adjacent layers. Architectural design involves decisions about system structure, distribution, and appropriate styles to meet requirements like performance, security, and maintainability.
Extracting Quality Scenarios from Functional ScenariosProf. Amir Tomer
Discovering quality attributes by applying "how well?" questions to functions in Use-Case structured scenarios, and then enriching the software architecture with additional functionality.
This document discusses four types of hierarchical architecture: main-subroutine architecture, master-slave architecture, layered architecture, and virtual architecture. Main-subroutine architecture reuses subroutines that are developed independently and passed data through parameters. Master-slave architecture supports fault tolerance through slaves providing replicated services to the master. Layered architecture decomposes a system into layers with defined responsibilities and interfaces between layers. Virtual architecture builds upon an existing system to provide virtual abstraction and portability.
A brief report on Client Server Model and Distributed Computing. Problems and Applications are also discussed and Client Server Model in Distributed Systems is also discussed.
The document discusses software requirements and specifications. It explains that requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements for a system. Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed functional specifications. Both types of statements may be called requirements. The document also discusses different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides examples and explanations of each. The structure and intended users of a requirements document are also covered.
This document discusses architectural design and introduces key concepts. It covers:
1) The importance of architectural design in identifying system subsystems, frameworks for communication and control.
2) Common architectural design decisions around system organization, decomposition styles, and control styles.
3) Complementary styles for organizing systems including shared repositories, client-server models, and layered models.
This document outlines a software requirement specification (SRS) for a software system. It defines what an SRS is, including that it provides a complete description of the system's behavior and documents interactions between users and the software. The document also describes the key components of an SRS, including functionality, objectives, requirements, and constraints. It explains that an SRS is important as the official contract between developers and users, and serves as the basis for further system development. Finally, it provides an outline for the structure and contents of a full SRS document.
The document discusses architectural design and introduces three common architectural styles for organizing systems: repository, client-server, and layered (abstract machine) models. The repository model centrally stores shared data, while the client-server model distributes data across server and client components. The layered model organizes a system into abstract layers that provide services to adjacent layers. Architectural design involves decisions about system structure, distribution, and appropriate styles to meet requirements like performance, security, and maintainability.
Extracting Quality Scenarios from Functional ScenariosProf. Amir Tomer
Discovering quality attributes by applying "how well?" questions to functions in Use-Case structured scenarios, and then enriching the software architecture with additional functionality.
This document discusses four types of hierarchical architecture: main-subroutine architecture, master-slave architecture, layered architecture, and virtual architecture. Main-subroutine architecture reuses subroutines that are developed independently and passed data through parameters. Master-slave architecture supports fault tolerance through slaves providing replicated services to the master. Layered architecture decomposes a system into layers with defined responsibilities and interfaces between layers. Virtual architecture builds upon an existing system to provide virtual abstraction and portability.
A brief report on Client Server Model and Distributed Computing. Problems and Applications are also discussed and Client Server Model in Distributed Systems is also discussed.
The document discusses software requirements and specifications. It explains that requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements for a system. Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed functional specifications. Both types of statements may be called requirements. The document also discusses different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It provides examples and explanations of each. The structure and intended users of a requirements document are also covered.
Introduction To Software Concepts Unit 1 & 2Raj vardhan
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an introduction to software concepts course. It covers the following topics: definitions of software, importance of software, types of software, software components, members involved in software development, and an overview of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Specifically, it defines software, discusses why it is important, lists common software types and components. It also outlines the roles of various members in software development projects, such as subject matter experts, functional analysts, developers, testers, and project managers. Finally, it provides a high-level overview of the waterfall model for the SDLC.
The document provides an overview of software architectural design, including:
1) Definitions of software architecture, architectural design, and architectural design models. The architectural design process involves creating a data design, deriving architectural representations, analyzing styles, and elaborating the selected style.
2) An emphasis on software components as the basic elements of an architecture. Common component types include modules, classes, databases, and middleware.
3) The importance of architectural design for communication, early impactful decisions, and managing complexity through abstraction. Example diagrams are provided.
4) Descriptions of common architectural styles like data flow, call-and-return, object-oriented, layered, and data-centered styles. Adv
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It provides examples of each type of model, such as a data flow diagram of an order processing system and a state diagram for a microwave oven. The objectives are to explain why system context should be modeled, describe different modeling notations and perspectives, and discuss how computer-aided software engineering tools can support system modeling.
This document discusses different software design strategies, including top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid approaches. Top-down design starts with a generalized model and defines more specific parts, eventually composing the whole system. Bottom-up design starts with basic components and builds higher levels by composing lower levels until the desired system is evolved. A hybrid approach combines top-down and bottom-up methods. The document provides examples of when each strategy is typically used.
The document discusses component-level design which occurs after architectural design. It aims to create a detailed design model from previous models. Key points:
- A software component is a modular building block with well-defined interfaces and collaboration. Components can be viewed as classes, modules, or reusable processes.
- Effective design follows principles like open-closed and dependency inversion. Components have well-defined dependencies and inheritance relationships.
- Class-based components are designed for high cohesion and low coupling. Conventional components are derived from analysis models and decompose problems into logical modules.
This document provides definitions and information about software architecture and specifications. It defines architectural models as the top-level structure and organizing principles of a system. Specifications are described at different levels: A-level from the customer perspective, B-level from the developer perspective describing logical components. Requirements are decomposed into processes and data flows during analysis and composed into modules and classes during design. Specifications should be unambiguous and testable.
Requirements Engineering - "Ch2 an introduction to requirements"Ra'Fat Al-Msie'deen
System requirements, Types of requirements, Requirements problems, FAQS about requirements, Systems engineering, Emergent properties, System engineering activities, Requirements document, Users of requirements documents, Adapting the standard, Writing requirements, Writing guidelines, Writing essentials, etc.
The document defines an SRS as the official statement of what system developers should implement, providing a complete description of the system behavior. An SRS precisely defines the software product and is used to understand requirements to design the software. It includes the purpose, product scope, features, interfaces, and other functional and non-functional requirements. The SRS benefits include establishing agreement between customers and suppliers, reducing development effort, and providing a baseline for validation.
This document provides a template and guidelines for creating a Software Requirements Specification (SRS). It includes sections for an introduction, general description, specific requirements, and appendix. The specific requirements section breaks down high-level functional requirements into detailed child requirements and includes examples of formatting for non-functional and design requirements. Guidelines are provided on attributes of a good SRS such as requirements being correct, necessary, unambiguous and verifiable.
This document provides a template for a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document. It outlines the typical sections included in an SRS, including an introduction, overall description of the system, specific requirements, and additional sections for change management, approvals, and supporting information. The template offers explanatory comments and examples of the types of information that would be included in each section to help specify the requirements for a software project.
This document provides an overview of an active workshop on functional specifications and use cases. It discusses the purpose of the workshop, which is to introduce a simple, practical, and precise methodology for writing functional specifications for software systems. The workshop agenda is then outlined, which will cover requirements, the use case model, a case study, system and software use cases, and use case realization. Finally, some basic concepts that will be covered in the workshop like stakeholders, actors, use cases, and use case diagrams are introduced at a high level.
6. FUNDAMENTALS OF SE AND REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING.pptPedadaSaikumar
This document discusses requirement engineering fundamentals including requirement elicitation, analysis, and system models. It defines what requirements are, describes different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It also discusses requirements engineering processes like requirements elicitation and analysis, specification, validation, and the use of system models. Key activities in requirements engineering include establishing customer needs, specifying services and constraints, and generating requirements descriptions.
Bus Information Live Monitoring System software is a globally deployable, integrated, workflow based end-to-end system starting from searching bus routes to gathering entering details of the BUS. This is a complete application for Students as well as Transportation Staff. Vendors provide the information like, available routes, timings, etc. Students will have facility to view all the BUS details under college transportation. There is also scope to measure the user satisfaction regarding the BUS selection.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
The document discusses software requirement specification and the requirement engineering process. It describes how requirements are elicited from stakeholders, analyzed for consistency and completeness, and specified in a requirements document. The key activities in requirements engineering include requirements elicitation, analysis, validation, and management, which are iterative processes.
This document discusses server architecture and different types of server architectures. It defines server architecture as how server layers like the server, network connectivity, and other connected components are arranged. The key points are:
- Server architecture depends on factors like the application type, targeted users, firmware/middleware, and third-party applications.
- Common architectures include client-server, layered, peer-to-peer, and pipes and filters. Client-server architecture involves clients that make requests and servers that satisfy requests.
- Web applications typically use 2-tier, 3-tier, or multitier (n-tier) client-server architectures with specialized tiers for tasks like the user interface, application processing, and
The document discusses various software architectural styles. It provides descriptions and examples of different styles including:
1) Data-centered architectures which focus on integrating data access and use a centralized data store. Examples given are repository and blackboard styles.
2) Pipe-and-filter architectures which view systems as data transformations through a series of components. Both batch sequential and incremental pipe-and-filter styles are covered.
3) Client-server architectures which separate systems into independent clients that request services from servers. Peer-to-peer is also discussed as a related style.
System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. It involves determining the elements of a system such as its architecture, modules, and components as well as the interfaces and data flows. Systems design takes a systematic approach and considers all related variables to design a coherent system that meets the needs of an organization. One structured methodology is SSADM, which uses logical data modeling, data flow modeling, and entity behavior modeling throughout the system design life cycle from initial design to physical implementation.
Architecture Design in Software Engineeringcricket2ime
The document discusses various concepts related to software architecture design. It describes that architecture design identifies subsystems and their interactions early in the design process. It involves decomposing a system, determining component responsibilities, and how components communicate and work together. The document outlines different architectural styles like shared repository, client-server, and layered models. It also discusses design decisions, modular decomposition approaches like function-oriented and object-oriented, and control styles like centralized and event-based control.
1 Software Requirements Descriptions and specification.docxjeremylockett77
1
Software Requirements
Descriptions and specifications
of a system
What is a requirement?
• May range from
– a high-level abstract statement of a service
or
– a statement of a system constraint to a
detailed mathematical functional specification
• Requirements may be used for
– a bid for a contract
• must be open to interpretation
– the basis for the contract itself
• must be defined in detail
• Both the above statements may be called
requirements
Example Example
……
4.A.5 The database shall support the generation and control of
configuration objects; that is, objects which are themselves groupings
of other objects in the database. The configuration control facilities
shall allow access to the objects in a version group by the use of an
incomplete name.
……
2
Types of requirements
• Written for customers
– User requirements
• Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the
services the system provides and its operational
constraints.
• Written as a contract between client and
contractor
– System requirements
• A structured document setting out detailed
descriptions of the system services.
• Written for developers
– Software specification
• A detailed software description which can serve as a
basis for a design or implementation.
User requirements readers
• Client managers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• Contractor managers
• System architects
System requirements readers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• System architects
• Software developers
Software specification readers
• Client engineers (maybe)
• System architects
• Software developers
3
We will come back to user
and system requirements
Functional requirements
• Statements of services the system
should provide, how the system
should react to particular inputs
and how the system should behave
in particular situations.
Functional requirements
• Describe functionality or system services
• Depend on the type of software,
expected users and the type of system
where the software is used
• Functional user requirements may be
high-level statements of what the
system should do but functional system
requirements should describe the system
services in detail
Examples of functional
requirements
1. The user shall be able to search either
all of the initial set of databases or
select a subset from it.
2. The system shall provide appropriate
viewers for the user to read documents
in the document store.
3. Every order shall be allocated a unique
identifier (ORDER_ID) which the user
shall be able to copy to the account’s
permanent storage area.
4
Requirements imprecision
• Problems arise when requirements are
not precisely stated
• Ambiguous requirements may be
interpreted in different ways by
developers and users
• Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’
– User intention - special purpose viewer fo ...
The document discusses software architectural design. It introduces architectural design and the decisions that must be made, including system organization, decomposition styles, and control styles. It also covers reference architectures, which are used to communicate and compare architectures. Key aspects of architectural design discussed include structuring a system, modular decomposition, control flow, architectural conflicts, and architectural models.
Introduction To Software Concepts Unit 1 & 2Raj vardhan
This document provides an overview of Module 1 of an introduction to software concepts course. It covers the following topics: definitions of software, importance of software, types of software, software components, members involved in software development, and an overview of the software development life cycle (SDLC). Specifically, it defines software, discusses why it is important, lists common software types and components. It also outlines the roles of various members in software development projects, such as subject matter experts, functional analysts, developers, testers, and project managers. Finally, it provides a high-level overview of the waterfall model for the SDLC.
The document provides an overview of software architectural design, including:
1) Definitions of software architecture, architectural design, and architectural design models. The architectural design process involves creating a data design, deriving architectural representations, analyzing styles, and elaborating the selected style.
2) An emphasis on software components as the basic elements of an architecture. Common component types include modules, classes, databases, and middleware.
3) The importance of architectural design for communication, early impactful decisions, and managing complexity through abstraction. Example diagrams are provided.
4) Descriptions of common architectural styles like data flow, call-and-return, object-oriented, layered, and data-centered styles. Adv
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It provides examples of each type of model, such as a data flow diagram of an order processing system and a state diagram for a microwave oven. The objectives are to explain why system context should be modeled, describe different modeling notations and perspectives, and discuss how computer-aided software engineering tools can support system modeling.
This document discusses different software design strategies, including top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid approaches. Top-down design starts with a generalized model and defines more specific parts, eventually composing the whole system. Bottom-up design starts with basic components and builds higher levels by composing lower levels until the desired system is evolved. A hybrid approach combines top-down and bottom-up methods. The document provides examples of when each strategy is typically used.
The document discusses component-level design which occurs after architectural design. It aims to create a detailed design model from previous models. Key points:
- A software component is a modular building block with well-defined interfaces and collaboration. Components can be viewed as classes, modules, or reusable processes.
- Effective design follows principles like open-closed and dependency inversion. Components have well-defined dependencies and inheritance relationships.
- Class-based components are designed for high cohesion and low coupling. Conventional components are derived from analysis models and decompose problems into logical modules.
This document provides definitions and information about software architecture and specifications. It defines architectural models as the top-level structure and organizing principles of a system. Specifications are described at different levels: A-level from the customer perspective, B-level from the developer perspective describing logical components. Requirements are decomposed into processes and data flows during analysis and composed into modules and classes during design. Specifications should be unambiguous and testable.
Requirements Engineering - "Ch2 an introduction to requirements"Ra'Fat Al-Msie'deen
System requirements, Types of requirements, Requirements problems, FAQS about requirements, Systems engineering, Emergent properties, System engineering activities, Requirements document, Users of requirements documents, Adapting the standard, Writing requirements, Writing guidelines, Writing essentials, etc.
The document defines an SRS as the official statement of what system developers should implement, providing a complete description of the system behavior. An SRS precisely defines the software product and is used to understand requirements to design the software. It includes the purpose, product scope, features, interfaces, and other functional and non-functional requirements. The SRS benefits include establishing agreement between customers and suppliers, reducing development effort, and providing a baseline for validation.
This document provides a template and guidelines for creating a Software Requirements Specification (SRS). It includes sections for an introduction, general description, specific requirements, and appendix. The specific requirements section breaks down high-level functional requirements into detailed child requirements and includes examples of formatting for non-functional and design requirements. Guidelines are provided on attributes of a good SRS such as requirements being correct, necessary, unambiguous and verifiable.
This document provides a template for a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document. It outlines the typical sections included in an SRS, including an introduction, overall description of the system, specific requirements, and additional sections for change management, approvals, and supporting information. The template offers explanatory comments and examples of the types of information that would be included in each section to help specify the requirements for a software project.
This document provides an overview of an active workshop on functional specifications and use cases. It discusses the purpose of the workshop, which is to introduce a simple, practical, and precise methodology for writing functional specifications for software systems. The workshop agenda is then outlined, which will cover requirements, the use case model, a case study, system and software use cases, and use case realization. Finally, some basic concepts that will be covered in the workshop like stakeholders, actors, use cases, and use case diagrams are introduced at a high level.
6. FUNDAMENTALS OF SE AND REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING.pptPedadaSaikumar
This document discusses requirement engineering fundamentals including requirement elicitation, analysis, and system models. It defines what requirements are, describes different types of requirements like user requirements, system requirements, functional requirements, and non-functional requirements. It also discusses requirements engineering processes like requirements elicitation and analysis, specification, validation, and the use of system models. Key activities in requirements engineering include establishing customer needs, specifying services and constraints, and generating requirements descriptions.
Bus Information Live Monitoring System software is a globally deployable, integrated, workflow based end-to-end system starting from searching bus routes to gathering entering details of the BUS. This is a complete application for Students as well as Transportation Staff. Vendors provide the information like, available routes, timings, etc. Students will have facility to view all the BUS details under college transportation. There is also scope to measure the user satisfaction regarding the BUS selection.
This document provides an overview of a requirements specification (SRS) for a software engineering project. It defines what an SRS is, its purpose, types of requirements it should include, its typical structure, characteristics of a good SRS, and benefits of developing an SRS. The SRS is intended to clearly define the requirements for a software product to guide its design and development.
The document discusses software requirement specification and the requirement engineering process. It describes how requirements are elicited from stakeholders, analyzed for consistency and completeness, and specified in a requirements document. The key activities in requirements engineering include requirements elicitation, analysis, validation, and management, which are iterative processes.
This document discusses server architecture and different types of server architectures. It defines server architecture as how server layers like the server, network connectivity, and other connected components are arranged. The key points are:
- Server architecture depends on factors like the application type, targeted users, firmware/middleware, and third-party applications.
- Common architectures include client-server, layered, peer-to-peer, and pipes and filters. Client-server architecture involves clients that make requests and servers that satisfy requests.
- Web applications typically use 2-tier, 3-tier, or multitier (n-tier) client-server architectures with specialized tiers for tasks like the user interface, application processing, and
The document discusses various software architectural styles. It provides descriptions and examples of different styles including:
1) Data-centered architectures which focus on integrating data access and use a centralized data store. Examples given are repository and blackboard styles.
2) Pipe-and-filter architectures which view systems as data transformations through a series of components. Both batch sequential and incremental pipe-and-filter styles are covered.
3) Client-server architectures which separate systems into independent clients that request services from servers. Peer-to-peer is also discussed as a related style.
System design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. It involves determining the elements of a system such as its architecture, modules, and components as well as the interfaces and data flows. Systems design takes a systematic approach and considers all related variables to design a coherent system that meets the needs of an organization. One structured methodology is SSADM, which uses logical data modeling, data flow modeling, and entity behavior modeling throughout the system design life cycle from initial design to physical implementation.
Architecture Design in Software Engineeringcricket2ime
The document discusses various concepts related to software architecture design. It describes that architecture design identifies subsystems and their interactions early in the design process. It involves decomposing a system, determining component responsibilities, and how components communicate and work together. The document outlines different architectural styles like shared repository, client-server, and layered models. It also discusses design decisions, modular decomposition approaches like function-oriented and object-oriented, and control styles like centralized and event-based control.
1 Software Requirements Descriptions and specification.docxjeremylockett77
1
Software Requirements
Descriptions and specifications
of a system
What is a requirement?
• May range from
– a high-level abstract statement of a service
or
– a statement of a system constraint to a
detailed mathematical functional specification
• Requirements may be used for
– a bid for a contract
• must be open to interpretation
– the basis for the contract itself
• must be defined in detail
• Both the above statements may be called
requirements
Example Example
……
4.A.5 The database shall support the generation and control of
configuration objects; that is, objects which are themselves groupings
of other objects in the database. The configuration control facilities
shall allow access to the objects in a version group by the use of an
incomplete name.
……
2
Types of requirements
• Written for customers
– User requirements
• Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the
services the system provides and its operational
constraints.
• Written as a contract between client and
contractor
– System requirements
• A structured document setting out detailed
descriptions of the system services.
• Written for developers
– Software specification
• A detailed software description which can serve as a
basis for a design or implementation.
User requirements readers
• Client managers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• Contractor managers
• System architects
System requirements readers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• System architects
• Software developers
Software specification readers
• Client engineers (maybe)
• System architects
• Software developers
3
We will come back to user
and system requirements
Functional requirements
• Statements of services the system
should provide, how the system
should react to particular inputs
and how the system should behave
in particular situations.
Functional requirements
• Describe functionality or system services
• Depend on the type of software,
expected users and the type of system
where the software is used
• Functional user requirements may be
high-level statements of what the
system should do but functional system
requirements should describe the system
services in detail
Examples of functional
requirements
1. The user shall be able to search either
all of the initial set of databases or
select a subset from it.
2. The system shall provide appropriate
viewers for the user to read documents
in the document store.
3. Every order shall be allocated a unique
identifier (ORDER_ID) which the user
shall be able to copy to the account’s
permanent storage area.
4
Requirements imprecision
• Problems arise when requirements are
not precisely stated
• Ambiguous requirements may be
interpreted in different ways by
developers and users
• Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’
– User intention - special purpose viewer fo ...
The document discusses software architectural design. It introduces architectural design and the decisions that must be made, including system organization, decomposition styles, and control styles. It also covers reference architectures, which are used to communicate and compare architectures. Key aspects of architectural design discussed include structuring a system, modular decomposition, control flow, architectural conflicts, and architectural models.
The document discusses software requirements engineering. It describes what requirements are, different types of requirements including functional and non-functional requirements. It explains the requirements engineering process which includes activities like elicitation, analysis, validation and management. It also discusses modeling techniques used for requirements like prototyping and functional modeling using data flow diagrams. The requirements specification document is the key output which defines what the system needs to do at a high level without describing how it will be implemented.
The document outlines a resilient system design approach for PayPal that aims to isolate functionality and enable independent availability patterns. It proposes using asynchronous reconciliation to resolve failures without affecting the customer experience. The key elements are:
1) Isolating functionality into independent functional components (FCs) that can be developed, deployed and executed separately for increased flexibility.
2) Using a service container (SC) to orchestrate FCs and handle failures by consolidating responses and initiating reconciliation.
3) Implementing circuit breakers and fallback behaviors to protect clients, services, and business from failures in FCs or dependencies.
4) Employing an eventual consistency model with automated reconciliation to resolve inconsistencies due to network partitions
This document provides an agenda and overview for a two-day training on software architecture. Day 1 will cover defining software architecture, decomposition strategies like layers and tiers, and service-level requirements. Day 2 will discuss technologies used in different tiers, integration, security, and other topics. Ground rules are provided for the training. The document then defines software architecture and the differences between architecture, design, and coding. Common decomposition strategies and architectural drivers are also outlined.
WINSEM2022-23_SWE2004_ETH_VL2022230501954_2023-02-01_Reference-Material-I.pptxVivekananda Gn
This document discusses software architecture and different architectural styles. It describes common styles such as pipes and filters, object-oriented organization, event-based/implicit invocation, layered systems, repositories, and blackboard. For each style, it covers the basic structure, computational model, examples, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses how styles can be combined in heterogeneous architectures and provides examples of case studies.
Requirements engineering involves analyzing user needs and constraints to define the services and limitations of a software system. It has several key steps:
1. Requirements analysis identifies stakeholders and understands requirements through client interviews to define both functional requirements about system services and non-functional constraints.
2. Requirements are documented in a requirements specification that defines what the system should do without describing how.
3. The document is validated through reviews and prototyping to ensure requirements accurately capture user needs before development begins.
This document discusses various architectural styles for information systems. It begins by defining data and information, then describes factors that affect the usefulness of information like quality, timeliness, completeness and relevance. It then presents a taxonomy of architectural styles including data flow, data-centered, virtual machine, independent component, and call-and-return styles. For each style it provides the goals, characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. It also discusses heterogeneous styles and different types of management information systems.
The document summarizes key concepts in software architecture design, including execution architecture views, code architecture views, component and connector views, architectural styles, and archetypes. It defines execution views as showing how functional components map to runtime entities and how communication is handled. Code views map runtime entities to deployment components. Component and connector views define elements, relations, and properties using styles like pipe-and-filter. Archetypes are universal patterns that recur in business domains and software systems.
Software architecture categories and viewsJohn Chou
This is note of the topic which is about Software Design Architecture and Patterns for Embedded Systems, the chapter 4 of 《software engineering for embedded systems methods practical techniques and applications》.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers topics such as functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements can be organized in a requirements document. Key points made include defining the difference between functional and non-functional requirements, how user requirements should be at a high level while system requirements provide more detail, and common challenges in writing requirements like ambiguity and inconsistency.
The document discusses architectural design and introduces three common architectural styles for organizing systems: repository, client-server, and layered (abstract machine). The repository model structures a system around a shared central data store. The client-server model distributes data and processing across standalone servers and client systems. The layered model organizes a system into abstract layers that provide services to adjacent layers. Architectural design involves decisions about system distribution, structure, and interfaces to help achieve goals like performance, security, and maintainability.
1. The document discusses software processes and models including plan-driven and agile processes. It describes common process activities like specification, design, implementation, validation, and evolution.
2. Specific process models are examined, including the waterfall model, incremental development, and reuse-oriented processes. The waterfall model involves separate sequential phases while incremental development interleaves activities.
3. Process descriptions cover products, roles, and pre/post conditions. Activities include requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and system evolution to handle changing needs.
This document discusses software requirements and how to document them. It covers the concepts of functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements versus system requirements, and how requirements can be organized in a requirements document. Different ways of specifying requirements are described, including natural language, structured language, tables, and graphical models. The document also discusses issues like ambiguity, completeness, and consistency in requirements.
This document provides an overview of requirements engineering concepts from lectures 7 and 8, including:
1. It defines software requirements according to IEEE standards and discusses the requirements engineering process.
2. It outlines the different types of requirements like functional, non-functional, user, and system requirements and provides examples.
3. It explains the importance of requirements for stakeholders like customers, project managers, engineers and testers and why comprehensive requirements are needed.
The document discusses different system models for distributed systems. It describes two main types of models: architectural models and fundamental models. Architectural models consider the placement of components across a network and relationships between components. Variations of the client-server model are presented, including mobile code, mobile agents, network computers, and thin clients. Design requirements for distributed architectures including performance issues, quality of service, caching/replication, and dependability are also covered.
The document provides an overview of architectural design in software engineering. It defines software architecture as the structure of components, relationships between them, and properties. The key steps in architectural design are creating data design, representing structure, analyzing styles, and elaborating chosen style. It emphasizes software components and their focus. Examples of architectural styles discussed include data flow, call-and-return, data-centered, and virtual machine.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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2. Customer Requirements
• User ( Customer requirement) : Customer
requirements are high level abstract statements
of the system requirement for the customer and
end user of the system. This requirement
describes what services the system is expected to
provide to customers and the situations under
which it must operate.
• So The user requirement or customer
requirement is requirement that specifies what
the user expects the software to be able to do.
3. List of Customer requirements
• Operational distribution or deployment: Where will the
system be used?
• Performance and related parameters: What are the
critical system parameters required.
• Utilization environments: How are the various system
components to be used?
• Effectiveness requirements: How effective or efficient
must the system be in performing the task.
• Operational life cycle: How long will the system be in
use by the user?
• Environment: What environments will the system be
expected to operate in an effective manner?
5. Organization of SRS
• Organization of SRS document depends on the
system analyst and the policies of company and it
also depends on the product being developed.
• Different project may require their requirement
to be organized differently means there is no one
method that is suitable for all projects.
• However there are three basic issue that must be
included in all SRS document that is Functional
requirement ,non functional requirement and
guidelines of system implementation.
6. Continue…
• Here is the sample of SRS document which can
be used as a guideline to organize the
document.
1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope
1.3 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
1.4 References
1.5 Overview
7. 2 Overall Description
2.1 Product perspective
2.1.1 System interfaces
2.1.2 User interfaces
2.1.3 Hardware interfaces
2.1.4 Software interfaces
2.1.5 Communication interfaces
2.1.6 Memory constraints
2.1.7 Operations
2.2 Product functions
2.3 User characteristics
2.4 Constraints
2.5 Assumptions and dependencies
3 Specific requirements
3.1 External interfaces
3.2 Functions requirements
3.3 Performance requirements
3.4 Logical database requirements
3.5 Design constraints
3.6 Software system attributes
3.7 Organizing the specific requirements
3.8 Additional Comments
4 Supporting information
8. Shortcomings of a DFD model
• In the DFD model, the function performed by a bubble is
judged from its label. However, a short label may not
capture the entire functionality of a bubble. For example,
a bubble named find-book-position has only intuitive
meaning and does not specify several things, e.g. what
happens when some input information are missing or are
incorrect. Further, the find-book position bubble may not
convey anything regarding what happens when the
required book is missing.
• Control aspects are not defined by a DFD. For instance,
the order in which inputs are consumed and outputs are
produced by a bubble is not specified.
9. Continue…
• There is no any particular method or guideline for
decomposition of function into sub-functions. it is highly
subjective and depend on the choice and judgment of
the analyst. Due to this reason, even for the same
problem, Many alternative DFD representations are
possible.
10. Architectural Design
• s/w architecture design is a description of how a system is
organized.
• You can identify the overall structure of the system, sub-systems,
modules and their relationships.
• It is derived from the DFD of the system.
• The out put of architecture design is architectural model.
• Architecture should be of individual programs or it should be
included of different sub-systems.
Architecture Design decisions
• Decisions are made by system architects.
• Decisions are purely based on the type of the system.
• Also depend on the functional and non-functional requirements.
• Functional reqn contain the functions or the features supproted
by the system.
10
11. • Non-functional reqn are:
Architectural views
• Architectural design should be documented so that it can be
used in future.
• s/w architectures may be documented form different views listed
below:
• Conceptual view
– It is an abstract view of the system.
– It shows detailed decompositions of the system.
• Logical view
– It shows key concepts of the system as objects and classes.
11
-Performance -Security -Availability
-Safety -Maintainability - Reliability
12. • Process view
– This shows how the system is composed of interacting
process at run time.
• Development view
– It shows the breakdown structure of s/w into modules.
• Physical view
– It shows the system hardware and how s/w components are
distributed across them.
Architectural Patterns
• Architectural patterns are a means of reusing knowledge about
generic (સામાન્ય) system architectures.
• It is the description of a system organization.
• Commonly used architectural patterns includes.
12
1. Layered
architecture
2. Repository
architecture
3. Client-Server
architecture
4. Pipe and filter
architecture
13. 1. Layered architecture
• Layered architecture pattern describe separation and
independence.
• It allows to change the view independently.
• In it the system is organized into separate layers and each layer
can use the services offered by the layer under it.
• Example is shown in the fig.
13
14. • Advantages
– adding a new view or changing an existing view can be done
without changing in the base model.
– This architecture is portable.
– Changes in one layer do not affect another.
– Authentication be provided in each layer.
• Disadvantages
– Clean separation between each layer is difficult.
– Due to multiple layers, performance should be degrade.
• Application
– Required when need of multilevel security.
– Where development is spread across several teams.
14
15. 2. Repository(a place to store information or storage)
architecture
• In it, all data in a system is managed in a central repository.
• Repository is accessible to all the components which do not
interact directly, but only through repository.
• Example of this architecture is : Management Information
System (MIS).
• It provides an efficient way to share large amount of data. No
need to transmit data explicitly.
• Application
– Used where large amount of information are generated or
required storage capacity is high.
• Advantages
– Components can be independent, they do not need to know
the existence of other components.
– Changes made by one component can be circulated to all.
15
16. – Data managed consistently.
• Disadvantages
– Single point failure can affect the whole system.
– It is difficult to communicate through repository in a system.
– Distributing the repository among several computers are
quite difficult.
3. Client-Server architecture.
• In this architecture, each service delivered from a separate
server.
• Clients are users of these services and they access servers to use
services.
• Client must have the knowledge of the available servers.
• While servers do not need to know how many clients are
accessing its services.
• Clients use RPC (Remote Procedure Call) to access services of
servers.
16
17. • Clients makes a request to server and waits until it receives a
reply.
• Fig is shown here.
• Application
– Applicable when data in a shared database has to be
accessed from different locations.
– Used when the load on a system is variable.
• Advantages
– It is a distributed architecture across a network.
– Functionality of the servers can be accessible by all the
clients without implementing them. 17
18. • Disadvantages
– At server level, a single point failure may cause the whole
system fail.
– Performance may be unpredictable as it depends on the
network type.
4. Pipe and Filter architecture
• In which functional transformations process their inputs and
produce outputs.
• Data flows from one component to other (as in a pipe) for
processing.
• Processing components are called filters, which are provided as
inputs and processed until converted to outputs.
• Transformation may be executed sequentially or parallel.
• Application
– Used in both batch and transaction based data processing
system.
18