The document discusses DHCP and how to configure a DHCP server on Windows Server 2008. DHCP allows automatic assignment of IP addresses and configuration settings to clients on a network. To set up a DHCP server, the DHCP server role is added to a server using the Add Roles Wizard. This presents configuration pages for binding network adapters, setting DNS/WINS options, adding DHCP scopes to define IP address ranges, and authorizing the DHCP server. Key options configured include DNS servers, domain names, and WINS servers to provide additional settings to DHCP clients.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a standardized network protocol used on Internet
Protocol (IP) networks for dynamically distributing network configuration parameters, such as IP
addresses for interfaces and services. With DHCP, computers request IP addresses and networking
parameters automatically from a DHCP server, reducing the need for a network administrator or a user
to configure these settings manually.
The document provides an overview of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) including its history, operation, message types, client states, security considerations, and future developments. It also outlines testing procedures for DHCP clients and servers to validate their basic functionality and behaviors.
DHCP allows client devices to automatically receive IP addresses and network configuration from a server. It uses UDP and broadcasts packets to lease IP addresses. The DHCP server can assign addresses from scopes that define ranges. Addresses are leased for a duration, and clients renew leases before they expire to maintain connectivity. A relay agent can extend DHCP to devices across routers.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network service that enables clients to obtain network settings (IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS Server, Hostname and Domain) automatically from a central server.
A DHCP scope defines a range of IP addresses that a DHCP server can assign to clients on a particular subnet. Scopes must be defined and activated before clients can obtain IP addresses from the DHCP server. Scopes can be configured for each subnet and common properties of scopes include the IP address range, subnet mask, lease duration, and scope name.
This document describes how to configure a DHCP server on Linux. It discusses the benefits of DHCP including centralized management of client configurations and dynamic IP address leasing. It provides instructions for installing a DHCP server software package, editing the DHCP configuration file to specify network properties like IP ranges and static addresses, and starting the DHCP server daemon to provide addresses to clients.
DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on a network. It uses a four-step process (DHCP discover, offer, request, and acknowledge) to lease IP addresses with default durations of 8 days. DHCP servers maintain address pools and can grant static reservations. Relay agents are required for DHCP to function across routers by forwarding broadcast packets as unicast.
The document discusses DHCP and how to configure a DHCP server on Windows Server 2008. DHCP allows automatic assignment of IP addresses and configuration settings to clients on a network. To set up a DHCP server, the DHCP server role is added to a server using the Add Roles Wizard. This presents configuration pages for binding network adapters, setting DNS/WINS options, adding DHCP scopes to define IP address ranges, and authorizing the DHCP server. Key options configured include DNS servers, domain names, and WINS servers to provide additional settings to DHCP clients.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a standardized network protocol used on Internet
Protocol (IP) networks for dynamically distributing network configuration parameters, such as IP
addresses for interfaces and services. With DHCP, computers request IP addresses and networking
parameters automatically from a DHCP server, reducing the need for a network administrator or a user
to configure these settings manually.
The document provides an overview of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) including its history, operation, message types, client states, security considerations, and future developments. It also outlines testing procedures for DHCP clients and servers to validate their basic functionality and behaviors.
DHCP allows client devices to automatically receive IP addresses and network configuration from a server. It uses UDP and broadcasts packets to lease IP addresses. The DHCP server can assign addresses from scopes that define ranges. Addresses are leased for a duration, and clients renew leases before they expire to maintain connectivity. A relay agent can extend DHCP to devices across routers.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network service that enables clients to obtain network settings (IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS Server, Hostname and Domain) automatically from a central server.
A DHCP scope defines a range of IP addresses that a DHCP server can assign to clients on a particular subnet. Scopes must be defined and activated before clients can obtain IP addresses from the DHCP server. Scopes can be configured for each subnet and common properties of scopes include the IP address range, subnet mask, lease duration, and scope name.
This document describes how to configure a DHCP server on Linux. It discusses the benefits of DHCP including centralized management of client configurations and dynamic IP address leasing. It provides instructions for installing a DHCP server software package, editing the DHCP configuration file to specify network properties like IP ranges and static addresses, and starting the DHCP server daemon to provide addresses to clients.
DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on a network. It uses a four-step process (DHCP discover, offer, request, and acknowledge) to lease IP addresses with default durations of 8 days. DHCP servers maintain address pools and can grant static reservations. Relay agents are required for DHCP to function across routers by forwarding broadcast packets as unicast.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on a network. It uses a four-step process (DHCP Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge) to lease IP addresses with default durations of 8 days, with clients attempting to renew leases at 50% of the lease time. DHCP servers are configured by creating scopes to distribute address pools and reservations for specific clients. Relay agents are used to allow a single DHCP server to service multiple subnets by forwarding DHCP packets across routers.
1. DNS resolves computer names to IP addresses through a hierarchical system of DNS servers and zones.
2. DNS servers contain DNS databases and resolve queries by providing the requested information directly or referring to other servers.
3. A DNS zone is a contiguous portion of the DNS namespace for which a DNS server is authoritative, containing domain records in zone files.
The document discusses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). It describes DHCP as a network protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to clients. DHCP was first defined in 1993 and standardized in 1997 to provide IP addresses and configuration information to clients on IPV4 networks. It helps eliminate manual configuration tasks. The document outlines the history, technical overview, methods (dynamic allocation, automatic allocation, static allocation), reliability features, differences from BOOTP, security considerations, and concludes that DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses when systems are started on a network.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automatically provides devices on a network with IP addresses and other configuration information from a DHCP server. A DHCP client broadcasts a request, the DHCP server receives it and offers an available IP address with a lease time. The client then sends a request for that IP address and the server confirms by sending an acknowledgment. DHCP reduces issues caused by static IP address conflicts and makes managing IP addresses easier for network administrators.
DHCP is a protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices on a network. It uses a client-server model where DHCP clients make requests to DHCP servers which maintain pools of addresses. A DHCP client will broadcast requests at initialization and use a 4-step process to get an address assigned. It will later enter renewal states to extend its lease before initialization again if needed. This allows for efficient dynamic allocation and management of IP addresses on a network.
DHCP SERVER
The document discusses installing and configuring a DHCP server on Windows Server 2008. It provides steps for adding the DHCP server role, configuring network connections and DNS settings, creating DHCP scopes, and testing that client computers can obtain IP addresses from the new DHCP server. The DHCP server automates IP address assignment and provides other network configuration settings to devices on the network.
This document discusses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). It provides an overview of DHCP including how it works, the basics of DHCP, and how DHCP is used to assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to clients. It also presents a case study of setting up a DHCP server to support a network with both static and dynamic IP address assignments. The key components and functions of a DHCP server are explained as well as the steps a client takes to obtain an IP address using DHCP.
Configuring Dhcp Server, Scopes & Superscopesjocelyn_tanner
This document provides instructions for installing the DHCP Server service and configuring DHCP scopes and superscopes on a Windows server. It describes installing the DHCP service, configuring DHCP scopes to define IP address ranges and exclusions, creating superscopes to group multiple scopes, and configuring DHCP options like the TFTP server address. It also covers enabling DHCP on clients and some additional DHCP configuration settings.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a standard protocol that allows devices on a network to obtain IP addresses and other network configuration parameters automatically from a DHCP server. The DHCP client-server model involves clients broadcasting requests and servers responding with offers of IP addresses and network information. Servers track IP address leases in databases to allow for dynamic allocation and recycling of addresses over time as clients join and leave the network. DHCP supports both static and dynamic allocation of IP addresses to provide flexibility in network configuration.
DHCP dynamically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to clients. It simplifies network installation and maintenance. A DHCP server uses a pool of IP addresses to assign to clients through UDP packets. A router can be configured as a DHCP server through commands that define an address pool, default gateway, and excluded addresses.
1) DHCP dynamically assigns IP addresses to clients on a network and is composed of four packet types during the lease process.
2) DHCP clients attempt to renew their leases at specific intervals before the lease expires.
3) DHCP servers must be authorized in Active Directory to lease addresses to clients if Active Directory is present.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that automatically provides IP hosts with IP addresses and other configuration information from a DHCP server. It uses UDP and works by having clients broadcast discover messages to locate servers, which respond with offer messages containing IP addresses and configuration options. Servers then acknowledge address assignments, while also allowing reservations of specific addresses and exclusions of certain ranges. Windows Server backs up the DHCP database and configuration every 60 minutes for restoration using the netsh command.
The document discusses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and how it is used to automatically assign IP addresses to devices on a network. It outlines the DHCP lease process, how to install and configure the DHCP service, create DHCP scopes to define IP address ranges, and configure options. It also covers topics like reservations, relays, scopes, and authorizing DHCP servers.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways and other network configuration parameters to devices on a TCP/IP network. A DHCP server centrally manages the IP address pool and configuration settings. When a new device joins the network, it broadcasts a DHCP request and the DHCP server responds with an offered IP address and other settings. The device then acknowledges the offer to complete the DHCP process. DHCP simplifies network administration by automating device addressing and configuration.
This presentation Briefly Describe the DHCP Protocol operations in General . It Will Be more beneficial to Computer Science Engineering Students who Studies Advanced Computer Networks in their .DHCP is one of their topic in the prescribed Syllabus
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used to assign IP address To various Clients Requesting it. It uses BOOTP protocol but it also provides dynamic configurations..Various Uses Are mentioned In the slide..This u will find helpful and find interesting..
The document discusses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) which allows clients to obtain IP addresses and network configuration automatically from a DHCP server. It describes the DHCP operations, configuration steps including creating a DHCP pool, default gateway, and excluded addresses. It also covers DHCP scopes such as super-scope and multi-scope that span multiple subnets and multicast scopes using class D addresses.
The DHCP server issues and leases dynamic IP addresses to clients on a network. It assigns IP addresses from a defined address pool for a predetermined lease duration, such as days for laptops and weeks for desktops. The DHCP server can reserve addresses for certain clients based on their MAC addresses or host names and restrict leases to clients with known MAC addresses for security. It is installed through the server management wizard and configured by specifying the address range, exclusions, lease duration, DNS settings, and reservations.
The document provides instructions for configuring a DHCP server and client. It describes adding the DHCP server role to Dcsrv1, including configuring network bindings and scope options. It also covers configuring the Boston computer as a DHCP client for IPv4. Additional topics covered include creating exclusions ranges, reservations, adjusting lease durations, and configuring scope options.
This presentation is great introduction to the dynamic host configuraton protocol "DHCP".
It also provides more protocol based details together with the comparison to BOOTP protocol.
The document discusses various GUI components and layout managers in Java's Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT). It describes common components like labels, buttons, checkboxes, lists, text fields, and text areas. It also covers container classes, panels, and different layout managers including flow, border, grid, card and inset layouts. The layout managers are responsible for positioning and sizing components within containers when the application is resized.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on a network. It uses a four-step process (DHCP Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge) to lease IP addresses with default durations of 8 days, with clients attempting to renew leases at 50% of the lease time. DHCP servers are configured by creating scopes to distribute address pools and reservations for specific clients. Relay agents are used to allow a single DHCP server to service multiple subnets by forwarding DHCP packets across routers.
1. DNS resolves computer names to IP addresses through a hierarchical system of DNS servers and zones.
2. DNS servers contain DNS databases and resolve queries by providing the requested information directly or referring to other servers.
3. A DNS zone is a contiguous portion of the DNS namespace for which a DNS server is authoritative, containing domain records in zone files.
The document discusses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). It describes DHCP as a network protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to clients. DHCP was first defined in 1993 and standardized in 1997 to provide IP addresses and configuration information to clients on IPV4 networks. It helps eliminate manual configuration tasks. The document outlines the history, technical overview, methods (dynamic allocation, automatic allocation, static allocation), reliability features, differences from BOOTP, security considerations, and concludes that DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses when systems are started on a network.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automatically provides devices on a network with IP addresses and other configuration information from a DHCP server. A DHCP client broadcasts a request, the DHCP server receives it and offers an available IP address with a lease time. The client then sends a request for that IP address and the server confirms by sending an acknowledgment. DHCP reduces issues caused by static IP address conflicts and makes managing IP addresses easier for network administrators.
DHCP is a protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices on a network. It uses a client-server model where DHCP clients make requests to DHCP servers which maintain pools of addresses. A DHCP client will broadcast requests at initialization and use a 4-step process to get an address assigned. It will later enter renewal states to extend its lease before initialization again if needed. This allows for efficient dynamic allocation and management of IP addresses on a network.
DHCP SERVER
The document discusses installing and configuring a DHCP server on Windows Server 2008. It provides steps for adding the DHCP server role, configuring network connections and DNS settings, creating DHCP scopes, and testing that client computers can obtain IP addresses from the new DHCP server. The DHCP server automates IP address assignment and provides other network configuration settings to devices on the network.
This document discusses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). It provides an overview of DHCP including how it works, the basics of DHCP, and how DHCP is used to assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to clients. It also presents a case study of setting up a DHCP server to support a network with both static and dynamic IP address assignments. The key components and functions of a DHCP server are explained as well as the steps a client takes to obtain an IP address using DHCP.
Configuring Dhcp Server, Scopes & Superscopesjocelyn_tanner
This document provides instructions for installing the DHCP Server service and configuring DHCP scopes and superscopes on a Windows server. It describes installing the DHCP service, configuring DHCP scopes to define IP address ranges and exclusions, creating superscopes to group multiple scopes, and configuring DHCP options like the TFTP server address. It also covers enabling DHCP on clients and some additional DHCP configuration settings.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a standard protocol that allows devices on a network to obtain IP addresses and other network configuration parameters automatically from a DHCP server. The DHCP client-server model involves clients broadcasting requests and servers responding with offers of IP addresses and network information. Servers track IP address leases in databases to allow for dynamic allocation and recycling of addresses over time as clients join and leave the network. DHCP supports both static and dynamic allocation of IP addresses to provide flexibility in network configuration.
DHCP dynamically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to clients. It simplifies network installation and maintenance. A DHCP server uses a pool of IP addresses to assign to clients through UDP packets. A router can be configured as a DHCP server through commands that define an address pool, default gateway, and excluded addresses.
1) DHCP dynamically assigns IP addresses to clients on a network and is composed of four packet types during the lease process.
2) DHCP clients attempt to renew their leases at specific intervals before the lease expires.
3) DHCP servers must be authorized in Active Directory to lease addresses to clients if Active Directory is present.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that automatically provides IP hosts with IP addresses and other configuration information from a DHCP server. It uses UDP and works by having clients broadcast discover messages to locate servers, which respond with offer messages containing IP addresses and configuration options. Servers then acknowledge address assignments, while also allowing reservations of specific addresses and exclusions of certain ranges. Windows Server backs up the DHCP database and configuration every 60 minutes for restoration using the netsh command.
The document discusses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and how it is used to automatically assign IP addresses to devices on a network. It outlines the DHCP lease process, how to install and configure the DHCP service, create DHCP scopes to define IP address ranges, and configure options. It also covers topics like reservations, relays, scopes, and authorizing DHCP servers.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways and other network configuration parameters to devices on a TCP/IP network. A DHCP server centrally manages the IP address pool and configuration settings. When a new device joins the network, it broadcasts a DHCP request and the DHCP server responds with an offered IP address and other settings. The device then acknowledges the offer to complete the DHCP process. DHCP simplifies network administration by automating device addressing and configuration.
This presentation Briefly Describe the DHCP Protocol operations in General . It Will Be more beneficial to Computer Science Engineering Students who Studies Advanced Computer Networks in their .DHCP is one of their topic in the prescribed Syllabus
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used to assign IP address To various Clients Requesting it. It uses BOOTP protocol but it also provides dynamic configurations..Various Uses Are mentioned In the slide..This u will find helpful and find interesting..
The document discusses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) which allows clients to obtain IP addresses and network configuration automatically from a DHCP server. It describes the DHCP operations, configuration steps including creating a DHCP pool, default gateway, and excluded addresses. It also covers DHCP scopes such as super-scope and multi-scope that span multiple subnets and multicast scopes using class D addresses.
The DHCP server issues and leases dynamic IP addresses to clients on a network. It assigns IP addresses from a defined address pool for a predetermined lease duration, such as days for laptops and weeks for desktops. The DHCP server can reserve addresses for certain clients based on their MAC addresses or host names and restrict leases to clients with known MAC addresses for security. It is installed through the server management wizard and configured by specifying the address range, exclusions, lease duration, DNS settings, and reservations.
The document provides instructions for configuring a DHCP server and client. It describes adding the DHCP server role to Dcsrv1, including configuring network bindings and scope options. It also covers configuring the Boston computer as a DHCP client for IPv4. Additional topics covered include creating exclusions ranges, reservations, adjusting lease durations, and configuring scope options.
This presentation is great introduction to the dynamic host configuraton protocol "DHCP".
It also provides more protocol based details together with the comparison to BOOTP protocol.
The document discusses various GUI components and layout managers in Java's Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT). It describes common components like labels, buttons, checkboxes, lists, text fields, and text areas. It also covers container classes, panels, and different layout managers including flow, border, grid, card and inset layouts. The layout managers are responsible for positioning and sizing components within containers when the application is resized.
Fusion - BMC Service Assurance & Automationjegasu
The document discusses BMC solutions for business service management including BMC Service Assurance and BMC Service Automation. BMC Service Assurance provides event-driven service monitoring and dynamic baseline correlation to identify issues. BMC Service Automation enables configuration and compliance management as well as application release management. Adopting BMC solutions can help organizations reduce costs, improve service quality, manage risk, and increase business impact.
This module introduces Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS). It covers the key components and concepts of AD DS, including domain controllers, domains, forests, organizational units, and replication. It also provides instructions on how to install AD DS and configure a server as a domain controller to establish a new Active Directory forest. A lab guides students through performing post-installation configuration tasks and installing a domain controller to create a single domain AD DS forest.
The document discusses the key components and structures of Active Directory, including partitions, domains, sites, domain controllers, functional levels, and roles. It describes the schema, configuration, and domain partitions that make up the Active Directory database. It also explains trust relationships, trees, and forests in an Active Directory implementation.
CompTIA exam study guide presentations by instructor Brian Ferrill, PACE-IT (Progressive, Accelerated Certifications for Employment in Information Technology)
"Funded by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Grant #TC-23745-12-60-A-53"
Learn more about the PACE-IT Online program: www.edcc.edu/pace-it
This document provides an overview of troubleshooting Ethernet LANs. It discusses perspectives on network verification and troubleshooting processes. It also covers analyzing LAN topology using Cisco Discovery Protocol, analyzing switch interface status including speed and duplex issues, predicting frame forwarding using MAC address tables, and analyzing VLANs and VLAN trunks.
CCNA R&S-06-Fundamentals of TCP-IP Transport and ApplicationsAmir Jafari
This document discusses TCP/IP transport layer protocols and applications. It begins by explaining the key differences between TCP and UDP, noting that TCP provides reliable data transfer with error recovery and flow control while UDP provides a simpler best-effort service. Popular TCP/IP applications are then described, including HTTP, DNS, SNMP, and others. The roles of TCP and UDP ports in multiplexing data to different applications are also covered.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including the basic components of a network, common network topologies, network devices, network addressing using IP addresses and subnet masks, network models like OSI and TCP/IP, and basic network communication. Key topics covered include LANs, WANs, Ethernet, wireless networks, routers, switches, TCP, UDP, ports, MAC addresses, and the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models.
This document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking fundamentals. It discusses how TCP/IP works on a layered model with four layers - application, transport, internet and network. The transport layer uses either TCP or UDP, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being faster but unreliable. The internet layer is IP which transports datagrams unreliably. Networking concepts like encapsulation, addressing using IP addresses and ports, and protocols like TCP, UDP and IP are explained. Issues like IP addressing classes and subnetting are also covered at a high level.
CCCNA R&S-03-Fundamentals of Ethernet LANsAmir Jafari
This document discusses fundamentals of Ethernet LANs, including:
- An overview of LANs and the differences between Ethernet and wireless LANs.
- How physical Ethernet networks are built using UTP cabling and the standards for transmitting data over copper wire pairs.
- How Ethernet frames are formatted and the fields used for addressing, error detection, and identifying network layer protocols.
- How data is sent in modern Ethernet LANs using full-duplex mode between switches versus half-duplex with hubs.
CCNA R&S-01-Introduction to Cisco Certified Network AssociateAmir Jafari
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification. It discusses what a network is, who Cisco is as a company, Cisco's products and services, Cisco certifications including the CCNA, IT skills and salaries, exam question types, CCNA exam topics, and resources for CCNA preparation. The document is presented as part of a 40 hour CCNA training course covering topics like Ethernet, switching, routing, WAN technologies and more.
The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS) which maps domain names to IP addresses. DNS uses a client-server model where clients (resolvers) query name servers to lookup addresses. It describes the hierarchical namespace structure and how names are organized into domains with labels separated by dots. Resource records containing domain, type, class and data are stored in distributed databases to map names and addresses. Caching improves performance by storing recent lookups.
CCCNA R&S-02-The TCP-IP and OSI Networking ModelsAmir Jafari
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP and OSI networking models. It describes the layers of each model and the key protocols associated with each layer, such as IP, TCP, UDP, Ethernet, and HTTP. It also compares the two models and explains how they were developed with different purposes but provide similar functionality to define rules for network communication.
DHCP is a protocol that automatically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to clients. It allows administrators to change network settings centrally on the DHCP server rather than having to configure each client individually. The DHCP server uses the dhcpd.conf configuration file and dhcpd.leases database to manage IP addresses and other settings for clients on the network. The DHCP relay agent can forward requests from clients without a local DHCP server to servers on other subnets.
Overview of RARP, BOOTP, DHCP and PXE protocols for dynamic IP address assignment.
Dynamic IP address assignment to a host (or interface) is a common problem in TCP/IP based networks.
Manual and static assignment of IP addresses does not scale well and becomes a labor intensive task with a growing number of hosts.
An early approach for dynamic IP address assignment was RARP (Reverse ARP) which ran directly on the Ethernet protocol layer.
The many problems of RARP such as the inability to be routed between subnets were solved with BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol).
BOOTP, however, ended to have its own set of limitations like lack of a lease time for IP addresses.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) was therefore defined as an extension to BOOTP.
DHCP is backward compatible with BOOTP thus allowing some degree of interoperability between the 2 protocols.
The state-of-the-art protocol for dynamic IP address assignment is, however, is DHCP.
DHCPv6 is an adaption of DHCP for IPv6 based networks.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 8Nil Menon
The document discusses the configuration and operation of single-area OSPF routing. It covers OSPF concepts like link-state routing, neighbor adjacencies, designated routers, flooding LSAs, and SPF calculations. It also compares OSPFv2 to OSPFv3, describing how OSPFv3 uses link-local addresses and interfaces are enabled directly instead of using network statements. The document provides instructions for configuring OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 on Cisco routers as well as commands for verifying their operation and settings.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 11Nil Menon
This document discusses network address translation (NAT) for IPv4. It describes the characteristics and types of NAT, including static NAT, dynamic NAT, and port address translation (PAT). It provides examples of configuring each type of NAT using Cisco IOS commands. Static NAT creates static one-to-one mappings between local and global addresses. Dynamic NAT uses a pool of public addresses assigned on a first-come first-served basis. PAT maps multiple private addresses to a single public address using port numbers. The document also covers verifying NAT configurations and port forwarding.
DHCP allows devices on a network to obtain IP addresses and other configuration information automatically from a DHCP server. The document discusses DHCP's history from BOOTP, its purpose in dynamically assigning IP addresses, and the message formats and state machine involved in the allocation process. Key aspects include DHCP clients broadcasting discovery messages to locate servers, servers responding with address offers, and an acknowledgment exchanged upon address selection.
The document discusses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). DHCP is a network protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. When a device connects to a network, it sends a DHCP request to obtain an IP address and other network configuration information from a DHCP server. This allows devices to connect to the network and communicate without needing manual configuration of IP addresses.
The document discusses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP allows network devices to request and obtain IP addresses and other configuration information automatically from a DHCP server. When a device boots up or connects to the network, it will broadcast a DHCP discover message. A DHCP relay forwards the request to the DHCP server, which will provide an IP address and other configuration parameters to the client through a DHCP offer message. Addresses are leased for a period of time before needing renewal to allow for dynamic allocation and reuse of addresses. This automatic provisioning simplifies network configuration management.
The document provides information about configuring DHCP in Cisco IOS including:
- DHCP provides configuration parameters like IP addresses and lease times to network hosts from a DHCP server.
- By default, Cisco routers include DHCP server and relay agent software. DHCP supports automatic, dynamic, and manual IP address allocation.
- Configuring DHCP involves enabling DHCP services, configuring excluded addresses, DHCP pools for available addresses, and optional settings like DNS servers and lease times. Manual bindings can also be configured to assign specific addresses.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network so they can communicate using IP. DHCP automates and centrally manages IP address configuration, eliminating the need for manual configuration. DHCP runs at the application layer of TCP/IP to assign IP addresses and configuration information like subnet masks and DNS addresses to clients from an address pool managed by DHCP servers.
DHCP evolved from RARP and BOOTP protocols to dynamically assign IP addresses to clients on a network. The DHCP server maintains a pool of IP addresses and configuration information. When a client requests an IP, the DHCP server allocates one from the pool along with other configuration and leases it to the client for a set time. This allows for IP addresses to be reused more efficiently as clients connect and disconnect from the network.
DHCP is a protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to clients on a network. It allows for centralized management of IP addresses and helps conserve IP addresses. A DHCP server manages pools of IP addresses and related configurations to hand out to DHCP client software installed on other devices on the network to automatically obtain IP addresses and other networking settings as needed. A DHCP relay agent can help extend DHCP services to remote subnets that don't have direct access to the DHCP server.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
provides a framework for passing configuration information
to hosts on a UDP network. Computers that are connected to
IP networks must be configured before they can communicate
with other hosts. The most essential information needed is
an IP address. DHCP eliminates the manual task by a network
administrator. DHCP is based on the Bootstrap Protocol
(BOOTP), adding the capability of automatic allocation of
reusable network addresses and additional configuration
options. DHCP captures the behavior of BOOTP relay agents,
and DHCP participants can interoperate with BOOTP
participants. Proposed system, i.e., Customized DHCP aims
to give the security for DHCP, which was not present in the
older one and it uses UDP instead of TCP thus reducing the
number of fields as compared to the old DHCP, in turn which
decreases the execution time and still providing the basic
functionality of the usual DHCP.
This document provides information on understanding and troubleshooting DHCP in Catalyst switch or enterprise networks. It discusses key DHCP concepts, example scenarios using Cisco routers and switches, an overview of DHCP including the client-server model and messages. It also covers troubleshooting techniques such as decoding sniffer traces and case studies on troubleshooting when clients cannot obtain DHCP addresses.
The document discusses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), which is a network protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices on a network. It describes how DHCP automates and centrally manages IP address assignment so that devices do not need their IP addresses manually configured. The key aspects covered are that DHCP allows for plug-and-play installation of devices on networks, reduces administration overhead, and helps prevent address conflicts.
This ppt contains what is dhcp, it's need, advantages, disadvantages, IP address assignment process and types, DHCP architecture and lastly some differences.
The document discusses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), including:
- DHCP automates IP address assignment from a central server, simplifying network configuration.
- It works via the DORA process of discovery, offer, request, and acknowledgement between clients and servers.
- Advantages include easier management of large networks and automatic propagation of configuration changes.
- Disadvantages include the server being a single point of failure and potential for misconfiguration to spread.
- Key DHCP concepts discussed are scopes for managing address pools, exclusions, reservations, and relay agents.
Investigation of dhcp packets using wiresharkjpratt59
This document summarizes research investigating DHCP packets using the network analysis tool Wireshark. The researchers captured DHCP packets between a client and server to analyze the contents and parameters exchanged. There are four DHCP packets exchanged: DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST, and DHCPACK. The researchers used Wireshark to investigate each packet type in detail, observing the information carried like transaction IDs, IP addresses, and MAC addresses. The goal was to understand the complex process of how a DHCP client and server communicate to automatically assign an IP address.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management protocol that dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. DHCP automates and centrally manages IP address configuration, eliminating the need for manual configuration. It works by having DHCP clients broadcast a request for an IP address, to which the DHCP server responds by providing the client with an IP address and other configuration information from its address pool for a specified lease time. Key components of DHCP include DHCP servers, clients, IP address pools, subnets, and leases. Benefits of DHCP include centralized administration of IP configurations, seamless and dynamic host configuration, and increased flexibility and scalability.
The document discusses Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP is a function that automatically assigns temporary IP addresses to devices connecting to a network. It eliminates the need for manual, static address assignment. DHCP resides on a router or server and assigns IP addresses from a predefined range. The process involves DHCP discovery, offering an IP address, a client request, and server acknowledgement of the assigned address with a lease duration.
The DHCP process allows devices to request and obtain IP addresses from a DHCP server. The server assigns IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways and DNS servers to clients. Assigned addresses expire after a lease period and clients must renegotiate with the server. DHCP operations involve clients broadcasting requests, servers responding with offers, clients selecting an offer and acknowledging the assignment.
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a networking protocol that automatically provides devices with IP addresses and other network configuration when connecting to a network. It uses DHCP and UDP to make address requests and handle responses. When a BOOTP client boots up, it broadcasts its MAC address as a request. The BOOTP server responds with an IP address, hostname, subnet mask, and other configuration details.
DHCP is an updated version of BOOTP that dynamically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration to devices on a network. A DHCP server manages a pool of IP addresses and provides them to clients through a four step request/offer process. DHCP offers benefits over static addressing like reduced errors and centralized management of addresses.
DNS is a
The document discusses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), which automatically assigns IP addresses and other network configuration settings to devices on a network. It works using a client-server model, with DHCP clients broadcasting discovery messages and DHCP servers responding with offered addresses. The DHCP process involves clients sending discovery messages, servers responding with offered addresses, clients requesting an address, and servers acknowledging the address assignment. IP addresses are assigned through leases that periodically renew to keep devices configured on the network.
This document discusses the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP allows devices on a network to obtain IP addresses and other network configuration information automatically from a DHCP server. It is a client-server protocol that involves 4 steps: discovery of the DHCP server, offers of IP addresses from one or more servers, a request from the client for a specific offered address, and an acknowledgment from the server with the assigned address. DHCP simplifies network administration by automating the assignment of IP addresses and configuration settings to devices on the network.
The document provides instructions on configuring DHCPv4 services. It discusses DHCPv4 concepts like how DHCPv4 operates between clients and servers using messages like DHCPDISCOVER, DHCPOFFER, DHCPREQUEST and DHCPACK. It then provides steps to configure a DHCPv4 server by excluding addresses, defining pools, and assigning default gateways and DNS servers. Additional sections explain how to configure a DHCPv4 relay on a router to forward requests to a server, and how to configure a Cisco router as a DHCPv4 client.
fundamentals of software engineering.this unit covers all the aspects of software engineering coding standards and naming them and code inspectionna an d various testing methods and
FUNDAMENTALS OF software developement and a detail outcome of the software based on the project management and the various metrics and measurements development in software engineering
fundamentals of software engineering a deep study of diagrams DFD ER use case Activity and many others functional and non functional requirements listed required by customer
Working with user accounts,modification,deletion and creating a group its policies and share and printer sharing over a network and windows server backup 2008
The document discusses various directory services and remote access technologies. It begins by defining directory services and their key characteristics like hierarchical naming, extended search capabilities, and distributed information models. It then describes several specific directory services - Novell Directory Service (NDS), Windows Domains, X.500, and LDAP. It also discusses Active Directory architecture and concepts like objects, containers, and naming conventions. The document concludes by covering several remote access technologies like PSTN, ISDN, DSL, and VPNs.
This document discusses the topic of matter and its various states and properties. It defines matter as anything that takes up space and has mass. There are three main states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. Matter can change between these states through physical processes like melting, freezing, boiling, and condensing. Properties, both intensive and extensive, are used to identify and describe different types of matter and substances. The document also discusses mixtures, elements, compounds, solutions, and alloys.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
5. Introduction to DHCP
BOOTP is not a dynamic configuration protocol.
DHCP was created by the Dynamic Host
Configuration Working Group of the Internet
Engineering Task Force(IETF)
Runs over UDP
Utilizing ports:
67 – connections to server
68 – connections to client
DHCP is basically used for dynamic configuration
Uses client–server model
6. When a client requests its IP address, the BOOTP
server consults a table that matches the physical
address of the client with its IP address.
The binding is predetermined.
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
has been devised to provide static and dynamic
address allocation that can be manual or automatic
7. Static Address Allocation In this capacity DHCP acts
as BOOTP does.
It is backward compatible with BOOTP, which means a
host running the BOOTP client can request a static
address from a DHCP server.
A DHCP server has a database that statically binds
physical addresses to IP addresses.
Dynamic Address Allocation DHCP has a second
database with a pool of available IP addresses. This
second database makes DHCP dynamic.
When a DHCP client requests a temporary IP address,
the DHCP server goes to the pool of available
(unused) IP addresses and assigns an IP address for a
negotiable period of time.
8. When a DHCP client sends a request to a DHCP
server, the server first checks its static database. If an
entry with the requested physical address exists in the
static database, the permanent IP address of the client
is returned.
On the other hand, if the entry does not exist in the
static database,the server selects an IP address from
the available pool, assigns the address to the client,
and adds the entry to the dynamic database.
The dynamic aspect of DHCP is needed when a host
moves from network to network or is connected and
disconnected from a network (as is a subscriber to a
service provider).
9. The addresses assigned from the pool are temporary
addresses. The DHCP server issues a lease for a specific
time. When the lease expires, the client must either
stop using the IP address or renew the lease.
The server has the option to agree or disagree with the
renewal. If server disagrees, the client stops using the
address.
10. Objectives of DHCP
The DHCP server should be able to provide a
workstation for configuration .
The DHCP server should prevent the duplication of
addresses on the network.
The DHCP server should be able to configure clients
by use of relay agent.
DHCP clients should be able to retain their TCP/IP
parameters despite a reboot of either client or server
system.
11. IP address Assignment
Manual allocation:The administrator configures the
DHCP server to assign a specific IP address to a given
system, which will never change unless it is manually
modified. This is equivalent in functionality to RARP and
BOOTP.
Automatic allocation: The DHCP server assigns
permanent IP addresses from a pool, which does not
change unless they are manually modified by the
administrator.
Dynamic allocation:The DHCP server assigns IP
addresses from a pool using a limited–time lease, so the
addresses can be reassigned if the client system does
periodically renew it.
12. DHCP architecture
Dynamic configuration protocol consists of two basic
elements:
• A service that assigns TCP/IP configuration settings
to client system
• A protocol used for communications between DHCP
clients and server.
The DHCP architecture defines the message format for
the protocol and the sequence of message exchanges
that take place between the DHCP client and server.
13. The DHCP architecture defines the message format for
the protocol and the sequence of message exchanges
that take place between the DHCP client and server.
14.
15. OP (Op code), 1 byte: specifies whether the message is
request or reply, using the following code.
1. BOOTREQUEST
2. BOOTREPLY
htype (Hardware type), 1 byt1: Specifies the type of
hardware used in the chaddr field. For ex 1 for Ethernet (10 MB)
hlen (Hardware address length), 1 byte: Specifies the
length of the hardware address found in the chaddr field,
according to the value of the htype field (for ex if htype=1,
indicating an Ethernet hardware address, the value of hlen will
be 6 byte)
hops (1 byte): Specifies the number of network segments
between the client and server. The client sets the value to 0 and
each DHCP relay system increments it by 1 during the journey to
the server.
Xid (Transaction Id), 4 bytes: Contains a transaction
identifier that systems use to associate the request and
response messages of a single DHCP transaction.
16. Secs (Seconds), 2 bytes: Specifies the number of seconds elapsed
since the IP address was assigned or the lease last renewed. This enables
the systems to distinguish between messages of the same type generated
during a single DHCP transaction.
Flags (2 byte): Contains the broadcast flag as the first bit, which,
when set to a value of 1, specifies that DHCP servers and relay agents
should use broadcasts to transmit to the client and not unicast. The
remaining bits in the field are unused and must have a value zero.
Ciaddr (client IP address), 4 bytes: Specifies the client’s IP
address in DHCP REQUEST messages transmitted while in the
bound, renewal or rebinding state. At all other times the value must be
zero.
Siaddr (Server IP address), 4 bytes: Specifies the IP address of
the next server in a bootstrap sequence. Servers include this
information in DHCPOFFER message DHCPACK messages only when
DHCP is configured to supply an executable boot file to clients.
17. Giaddr (gateway IP address), 4 bytes: Specifies the
IP address ofthe DHCP relay agent to which a server
should send its replies when the client and server are
located on different subnets. When the server and
client are on the same segment, the value must be
zero.
Chaddr (Client hardware address) 16 bytes:
specifies the hardware address of the client system
in DHCPDISCOVER and DHCPREQUEST messages,
which the server uses to address its unicast responses
to the client.
18. Sname (server host name) 64 bytes: Specifies the
hostname of the DHCP server. The field is more
commonly used to hold overflow data from the
options field.
File (boot file name) 128 bytes: Specifies the name
of an executable boot file for diskless client
workstation in DHCPDISCOVER messages or
DHCPOFFER messages. The field is more commonly
used to hold overflow data from the options field.
Options (variable size minimum 312 bytes):
Contains the magic cookie that specifies how the rest
of the field should be interpreted and the DHCP
message type option that defines the function of the
message.
19. DHCP Options
The option field always begins with the so–called
magic cookie, which informs the server about what is
contained in the rest of the field.
The option Format
The individual options in the options field contain
various types and amount of data, but most of them
use the same basic structure, which consists of three
subfields.
Code(1 byte) Length (1 byte) Data(variable)
20. DHCP Message type option
1.DHCPDISCOVER: Used by client systems to
locate DHCP servers and request an IP address.
2. DHCPOFFER: Used by server to offer IP
addresses to clients.
3. DHCPREQUEST: Used by clients to request
specific IP address assignment or to renew leases.
4. DHCPDECLINE: Used by clients to reject an IP
address offered by a server.
21. 5. DHCPACK: Used by servers to acknowledge a
client’s acceptance of an offered IP address.
6. DHCPNACK: Used by servers to reject a client’s
acceptance of an offered IP address
7. DHCPRELEASE: Used by clients to terminate a
lease.
8. DHCPINFORM: Used by clients those have
already been assigned an IP address to request
additional configuration parameters.
22. DHCP Communications
When you configure a workstation to be a DHCP
client, the system initiates an exchange of messages
with a DHCP server.
DHCP Address Pool
DHCP address pool is a virtual container that contains
all the IP addresses that have been configured in the
DHCP range to make available to the client computers.
As soon as any IP address from the address pool is
assigned to a client computer, the address is
temporarily removed from the pool.
23. DHCP Lease
When the DHCP server assigns an IP address to a
DHCP client computer, the address is assigned for
specific time duration. The time duration for which an
IP address is assigned to a DHCP client computer by
the DHCP server is technically called the DHCP lease.
When the DHCP lease expires, the IP address is
revoked from the DHCP client computer and is sent
back to the DHCP address pool.
24.
25. DORA
The step–by–step process through which a DHCP server
assigns an IP address to a DHCP client computer is in short
called DORA.
D – D in the term DORA stands for the DHCP Discover
packet. The DHCP Discover packet is broadcasted by the
DHCP client computer in order to find the available DHCP
server(s) in the network.
O – O in the term DORA stands for the DHCP Offer
packet. The DHCP Offer is a unicast packet that is sent by
the DHCP server who receives the DHCP Discover packet
from the DHCP client computer. The DHCP Offer packet
contains the available IP address that the DHCP server
offers to the client computer.
26. R – R in the term DORA stands for the DHCP
Request packet. The DHCP Request is again a
unicast packet sent by the DHCP client computer to
the DHCP server who had sent the DHCP Offer packet
to the client computer.
A – A in the term DORA stands for the DHCP
Acknowledge packet.The DHCP Acknowledge is a
unicast packet sent by the DHCP server to the DHCP
client computer acknowledging the assignment of the
offered IP address for a specific lease time.
27. Once the entire DORA process is complete, the DHCP
server marks the IP address as assigned in its database
and the DHCP client computer starts using the
assigned IP address to communicate with other
computers in the network.
28.
29. Lease renewal
The renewal process occurs when a client already has a
lease, and needs to renew that lease with the server. To
ensure that addresses are not left in an assigned state when
they are no longer needed, the DHCP server places an
administrator–defined time limit, known as lease duration,
on the address assignment.
Halfway through the lease period, the DHCP client
requests a lease renewal, and the DHCP server extends the
lease.
If a computer stops using its assigned IP address (for
example, if a computer is moved to another network
segment or is removed), the lease expires and the address
becomes available for reassignment.
30.
31. DHCP Relay Agent
A relay agent is a small program that relays
DHCP/BOOTP messages between clients and servers
on different subnets.
In TCP/IP networking, routers are used to
interconnect hardware and software used on different
physical network segments called subnets and forward
IP packets between each of the subnets.
To support and use DHCP service across multiple
subnets, routers connecting each subnet should
comply with DHCP/BOOTP relay agent capability.
32. If a router cannot function as a DHCP/BOOTP relay
agent, each subnet must have either its own DHCP
server or another computer that can function as a relay
agent on that subnet. In most cases, routers support
DHCP/BOOTP relay.
33.
34. ARP
Address resolution Protocol
Mapping Logical to Physical Address
If a host or a router has an IP datagram to send to
another host or router, it has the logical (IP) address of
the receiver.
The logical (IP) address is obtained from the DNS.
DNS :Domain Name System.
But the IP datagram must be encapsulated in a frame
to be able to pass through the physical network.
This means that the sender needs the physical address
of the receiver.
35. The host or the router sends an ARP query packet.
The packet includes the physical and IP addresses of
the sender and the IP address of the receiver.
Because the sender does not know the physical address
of the receiver and the query is broadcast over the
network.
36. Every host or router on the network receives and
processes the ARP query packet, but only the intended
recipient recognizes its IP address and sends back an
ARP response packet.
The response packet contains the recipient’s IP and
physical addresses.The packet is unicast directly to the
inquirer by using the physical address received in the
query packet.
37.
38. RARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
(RARP) finds the logical address for a machine that
knows only its physical address.
A diskless machine is usually booted from ROM,
which has minimum booting information. The ROM is
installed by the manufacturer.
It cannot include the IP address because the IP
addresses on a network are assigned by the network
administrator.
39. The machine can get its physical address (by reading
its NIC, for example), which is unique locally. It can
then use the physical address to get the logical address
by using the RARP protocol.
A RARP request is created and broadcast on the local
network.
Broadcasting is done at Data Link Layer.
Another machine on the local network that knows all
the IP addresses will respond with a RARP reply.
The requesting machine must be running a RARP
client program the responding machine must be
running a RARP server program.
This is the reason that RARP is almost obsolete. Two
protocols, BOOTP and DHCP, are replacing RARP.
40. BOOTP:Bootstrap Protocol
The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a client/server
protocol designed to provide physical address to
logical address mapping.
BOOTP is an application layer protocol.
BOOTP messages are encapsulated in a UDP packet,
and the UDP packet itself is encapsulated in an IP
packet.
One of the advantages of BOOTP over RARP is that
the client and server are application–layer processes.
41. The BOOTP request is broadcast because the client
does not know the IP address of the server.
A broadcast IP datagram cannot pass through any
router.
To solve the problem, there is a need for an
intermediary. One of the hosts (or a router that can be
configured to operate at the application layer) can be
used as a relay.
The host in this case is called a relay agent.
42. The relay agent knows the unicast address of a BOOTP
server. When it receives this type of packet, it
encapsulates the message in a unicast datagram and
sends the request to the BOOTP server.
The packet, carrying a unicast destination address, is
routed by any router and reaches the BOOTP server.
43.
44. The BOOTP server knows the message comes from a
relay agent because one of the fields in the request
message defines the IP address of the relay agent.
The relay agent, after receiving the reply, sends it to the
BOOTP client.
45. DNS :Domain Name System
DNS stands for service that translates domain names
into IP addresses.
Domain names are alphabetic, they’re easier to
remember. The Internet however is really based on IP
addresses.
For example, the domain name www.example.com
might translate to198.105.232.4.
The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one
DNS server doesn’t know how to translate a particular
domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the
correct IP address is returned.
46. Objective of DNS
To create a means for administrators to assign host
names to their computers without duplicating the
names of other systems.
To store the host names in a database that would be
accessible by any system, anywhere on the network.
To distribute the host name database among servers all
over the network.
To avoid creating traffic bottlenecks and a single point
of failure.
To avoid creating traffic bottlenecks and a single point
of failure.
47. Domain Naming
Before the DNS was developed, administrators
assigned a simple host names to the computers on the
networks.
To support the network as it grew larger developed a
hierarchical name space that made it possible for
individual network administrators to name their
systems, while identifying and organization that owns
the systems and preventing the duplication of names
on the Internet.
48. The DNS name space is based on domains, which exist
in a hierarchical structure.
A domain is equivalent of a directory, in that it can
contain either subdomains or hosts, forming a
structure called DNS tree.
49.
50. Each name can be up to 63 characters long, with a total
length of 255 characters for a complete DNS name,
including the host and all of its parent domains.
Domains and host names are not case sensitive, and
can take any value except the null value.
A DNS name is something like a postal address, in
which the top–level domain is equivalent of the state,
the second–level domain is the city, and the host name
is the street address.
51. An absolute domain name (also called a fully qualified
domain name –FQDN) does specify the path all the
way to the root.
52.
53. Top-Level Domains
In every DNS name, the first word on the right
represents the domain at the highest level in the DNS
tree, called a top–level domain.
These top–level domains function as registrars for the
domains at the second level.
It doesn’t matter that thousands of other network
administrators have named their web server www,
because they all have their individual domain names.
54. The original DNS name space called for seven top–
level domains, dedicated for specific purposes.
• com – Commercial organizations
• edu – Four year, degree granting educational
institutions
• gov – United States government institutions
• int – Organizations established by International
treaty
• mil – Unites States military applications
• net – Networking organizations
• org – Noncommercial organizations.
55. Country–Code domains
There are 191 country–code domains (also called
international domains), named for specific countries
in their own language, such as in for India.
80 of these 191 countries allow free registration of top–
level domains to anyone, without restrictions.
For the other 111 countries, an organization must
conform to some sort of local presence, tax or
trademark guidelines in order to register a second–
level domain.
56. Second–Level domains
The registrars of the second–level domains are
responsible for registering second–level domain
names, in return for a subscription fee.
As long as an organization continues to pay fees for its
domain name, it has exclusive rights to that name.
The domain registrar maintain records that identify
the owner of each second–level domain and specify
three contacts within the registrant’s organization– an
administrative contact, a billing contact, and a
technical contact.
57. In addition, the registrar must have the IP addresses of
two DNS servers that function as the source for further
information about the domain.
To host a second–level domain organization must have
two DNS servers. A DNS server is a software program
that runs on a computer. DNS server products are
available for all of the major network operating
system.
58. Subdomains
It is possible for the administrators of a second–level
domain to create subdomains that form additional
levels.
Large organization use Subdomains to subdivide their
networks according to geographical or organizational
boundaries.
DNS servers can break up a Domain’s name space into
administrative units called zones.
A domain with only two levels consists of only a single
zone, which is synonymous with the domain.
59.
60. DNS Functions
Resource Records: DNS servers are basically
database servers that store information about the
hosts and subdomain for which they are responsible in
resource records (RRs).
SOA (Start of Authority): Indicates that the server
is the best authoritative source for data concerning
the zone. Each zone must have an SOA record and
only one SOA record can be in a zone.
61. NS (Name Server) : The name server resource
record indicates the servers authoritative for the
zone. They indicate primary and secondary servers for
the zone specified in the SOA resource record, and
they indicate the servers for any delegated zones.
Every zone must contain at least one NS record at the
zone root.
A (Address): Provides a name to IP address
mapping that supplies an IP address for a specific
DNS name. This record type performs the primary
function of the DNS, converting names to addresses.
62. PTR: Provides an address to name mapping. This is
the functional opposite of an A record, used for reverse
lookup only.
CNAME (Canonical Name): Creates an alias that
points to the canonical name of a host identified by an A
record. CNAME records are used to provide alternative
names by which the systems can be identified.
MX (Mail Exchanger): Identifies a system that will
direct e–mail traffic sent to an address in the domain to
the individual recipient, a mail gateway or another mail
server.
63. DNS Name Resolution
When you type a URL containing a DNS name (Like
www.microsoft.com) into browser’s address field and
press the ENTER key, if you look quickly at the status
bar in the lower left corner, you will see a message that
says “Finding site: www.microsoft.com.” In a few
second you will see a message that says “Connecting
to, “followed by an IP address. It is during this interval
that the DNS name resolution process occurs.
64. Resolvers:
The component in the client system that generates the
DNS query is called a resolver.
A resolver can resend a query if no reply is
forthcoming after a given timeout period, and can
process error messages returned by the server, such as
when it fails to resolve a given name.
65. DNS requests
A TCP/IP client usually is configured with addresses of
two DNS servers which it can send queries.
→ A client only need to access one DNS server, but two
are usually specified to provide a backup in case one
server is unavailable.
→ There are two types of DNS queries
66. Two types of Query
1.Recursive Query:It is responsible to fetch a result
until that it continues.
2.Iterative Query:If a answer is not fetched then it goes
to the other DNS server and fires the query again but it
is not responsible to give a sure shot answer.
Any iterative query is converted into therecursive
query eventually.