Unit 6 - The Continents 1º ESO
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This document provides information about the relief, climate, rivers and lakes of the five continents: Africa, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and North and South America. For each continent, key geographical features are identified, such as mountain ranges, plateaus, inland seas, islands, rivers, lakes, and climate zones. Students are assigned homework questions and activities to complete based on the content about each continent.
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Unit 7 - Europe and Spain
Mount Etna is an active volcano located on the east coast of Sicily, Italy. It sits above the convergence of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates. Etna is the tallest active volcano in Europe, currently standing at 3,329 meters tall. There are many other active volcanoes located throughout Europe, particularly in Iceland, Italy, and the Canary Islands off the coast of Spain. Volcanoes form as a result of tectonic plate movement, which pushes magma up from below the Earth's surface. Europe has a variety of physical features including mountains, lakes, rivers, and plains. The climate varies across Europe from polar in the northern regions to Mediterranean along the southern coasts.
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This document provides an overview of different types of landscapes in Spain, including mountains, plains, and coastal landscapes. It discusses the 17 autonomous communities in Spain and the different types of mountain ranges, valleys, and plains. It also describes coastal landscapes, noting the two types of coastlines as low-lying sandy beaches and high rocky cliffs. Various coastal landforms are defined, such as capes, gulfs, peninsulas, islands, archipelagos, estuaries, and marshes.
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The document divides the planet into five main climate zones - two cool climate zones within the polar circles which have cold temperatures all year round due to the sun's oblique angle, two temperate zones between the tropics and polar circles which have mild temperatures that vary seasonally, and one hot climate zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn which has always high temperatures with little seasonal difference due to the sun's perpendicular rays. Within each zone there are further divisions of specific climate types.
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The Arctic is located in the northernmost part of the Earth and consists of the Arctic Ocean surrounded by parts of several countries. It is a unique ecosystem that includes organisms living in ice, marine life, birds, land animals, and human societies that have adapted to the cold conditions. Recent years have seen a decline in sea ice extent.
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The equatorial climate is characterized by small annual temperature variations of less than 5°C and high temperatures year-round. It has dense, lush vegetation including forests of laurisilva, mahogany, and bamboo, as well as crops like eucalyptus, ocume, and hevea. The equatorial climate supports a diverse fauna including many species of birds and monkeys. Indigenous populations in equatorial climate regions practice activities like fruit harvesting, hunting, agriculture, and forestry. Major economic activities include forestation, collection, agriculture, livestock, and exploitation of energy and mineral resources.
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Antarctica is the southernmost continent, surrounded by the Southern Ocean. It contains over 90% of the world's ice and if this ice melted, sea levels would rise by over 60 meters. Antarctica has a very cold climate with temperatures reaching as low as -89.6 degrees Celsius. While there is little permanent human habitation, various animals like penguins, seals and whales live in Antarctica. Scientists from different countries conduct research in Antarctica to study climate change, geology and other topics.
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Ecosystems are distinguished by a combination of biotic and abiotic factors. The slideshow first shows images of each terrestrial ecosystem separated by climate zone, and then finishes with mystery ecosystems for students to identify and describe. Ask your students to identify the abiotic factors such as amount of precipitation, elevation, temperature, etc., and how that affects the life zone of of the ecosystem (biodiversity, height of plant growth, etc.).
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One of the reasons Antartica is a significant environment, is due to Antarctica’s enormous environmental impact. 98% of Antartica is covered in ice, which is 25.6 milion cubic km of ice covered 14 million square km. It is also a significant environment because it has the most amount of ice in one place than any other continent, with 70% of the 26.5 million cubic km of ice being fresh water. If this mass amount of ice were to melt, ocean levels could rise by nearly 60 metres. This could engulf small countries, completely submerging them below water. In addition to Antartica’s significant environmentally extreme weather, is the extreme temperatures. It is the col
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Climate zones
The Earth is divided into five climate zones based on temperature: two cool climate zones within the polar circles where the sun's rays hit obliquely and temperatures are always cold; two temperate zones between the tropics and polar circles where the sun's rays hit at a greater angle and temperatures are mild and vary seasonally; and a hot climate zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn where the sun's rays hit perpendicularly, temperatures are always high, and there is little seasonal variation.
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The document discusses weather, climate, and animal adaptations to climate. It defines weather as the day-to-day atmospheric conditions of a place defined by temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind speed. It notes that maximum temperatures typically occur in the afternoon and minimum in the early morning. It asks about climate, severe climate regions, and adaptations of animals to cold climates like thick fur and migration. It discusses the large populations of plants and animals in tropical rainforests due to favorable conditions and lists adaptations like living in trees, long tails, beaks, colors, and diets suited to tropical regions.
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The document describes several major terrestrial ecosystems: tundra, savannah, temperate grasslands, tropical rainforests, coniferous forests, deciduous forests, Mediterranean forests, and deserts. It provides details on the climate, location, dominant flora and fauna for each ecosystem. Key features include sparse vegetation in tundra, a mix of grasses and few trees in savannahs and grasslands, and varied tree types and climates across forest ecosystems.
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This document summarizes the main climate zones of the world. It divides the world into five climate zones: hot, warm, and cold. The hot zone includes equatorial, tropical, and desert climates. The warm zone includes oceanic, Mediterranean, and continental climates. The cold zone includes polar and mountain climates. Each climate is described in terms of average temperatures and precipitation patterns.
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of wet and dry environments. It outlines mountain, river, desert, lake, ocean, inland, coast, wetlands and rainforest environments. For each environment type, it gives a definition and short example, such as describing a mountain as a high area of Earth and listing Mount Everest as an example mountain.
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Parte 2
The Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by various pre-Roman peoples like the Iberians, Celts, and Tartessians. It was later colonized by Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians who established colonies along the Mediterranean coast. The Romans conquered the region over 200 years, dividing it into provinces. Though resistance continued in the north, Roman culture gradually spread. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribes like the Suebi and Visigoths invaded and established kingdoms in the 5th century AD. The Visigoths eventually dominated most of the Peninsula before the Muslim conquest in 711 AD.
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The document discusses the evolution of Rome from its origins as a small city-state to a vast empire, covering topics like the expansion of Rome through military conquests across Europe and the Mediterranean. It also examines Roman religion and how the rise of Christianity eventually replaced traditional Roman beliefs.
2ºESO Christian kingdoms
The document summarizes the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian kingdoms from the 8th to 15th centuries. It describes how Muslim forces invaded Iberia in the 8th century and established al-Andalus, while Christian refugees founded kingdoms like Asturias-Leon. Over subsequent centuries, the Christian kingdoms expanded southward through battles and taking advantage of conflicts between Muslim taifas. Major developments included reaching the Duero river by the 10th century, the Tajo river by the 12th century, and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. The Reconquest was completed in 1492 when the Catholic Monarchs conquered the last Muslim kingdom of Granada
Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2º D+F
The early history of Al-Andalus saw the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and the establishment of an independent Emirate of Córdoba by Abd al-Rahman I in 756. Over the following centuries, the Caliphate of Córdoba rose to prominence as a center of culture and learning before declining and fracturing into taifa kingdoms in the 11th century. As the taifas fought each other, Christian kingdoms took the opportunity to advance southward in the Reconquista.
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Food pro
The document discusses the seven continents of the world: North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. It provides 1-2 brief facts or details about each continent, such as common animals, languages spoken, countries, or geographical features. It also includes diagrams labeling each continent and a poem summarizing the seven continents.
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Oceans of the world summary
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Continents
The document provides information on the seven continents:
1) There are seven continents - Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.
2) The continents were originally joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before breaking apart.
3) The continents are still moving today due to plate tectonics, with examples given of Europe and North America moving apart each year.
Continents maría lola aitana
Asia is the largest and most populated continent, containing the highest mountains and largest plateau. It makes up about 33% of the world's land and 60% of its population. Europe is the only continent without deserts, separated from Asia by mountain ranges like the Urals and Caucasus. Oceania is the smallest continent, consisting of Australia and thousands of islands, with New Zealand hosting the highest mountain. Australia comprises 75% of Oceania and is the world's largest island and most desert-covered country.
Seven wonders [autoguardado] copia
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This document provides an overview of world geography by answering questions about the Earth's origin, continents, oceans, climate zones, population distribution, and more. Key points include:
- The Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old and is the third planet from the Sun. Land covers 29% of the Earth's surface while oceans cover 71%.
- The seven continents are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Asia is the largest continent covering 30% of the land area.
- There are five main oceans - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern - and many seas. The climate zones are Torrid, Temperate, and Frigid.
Oceanography: Ocean floor of the World
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Australian region,one of the zoogeographical realms
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- 2. What do you remember? Answer the questions on page 60 in your notebook.
- 3. 1- Where are these physical features found? Take your blank world map and locate these places (A to F, page 61).
- 7. Homework Activities 1 and 2 on page 61.
- 8. 2- What are Africa’s relief and climate like? THE LANDSCAPE OF AFRICA Its area is over 30 million m2. Activity: -In your notebook, answer the questions on page 62 about the african relief.
- 9. Rivers and lakes, and relief Locate in your map the geographical features from your copy.
- 10. Homework Activities 1 and 2 on page 63.
- 11. 3- What are Asia’s relief and climate like? Locate on the map the geographical features from your copy.
- 12. Relief -Asia has the highest mountains, the highest plateaus and also the deepest depressions. -The Himalayas are the highest mountains range in the world and Mount Everest is the highest mountain. -Plateaus and plains are very high in Asia. -The main depressions in Asia host three important inland seas: the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea and the Dead Sea. -There are many islands, especially in East Asia.
- 13. Rivers and lakes -Asian rivers are generally long. -Their flows increase when snow melts or during monsoons. -Asia has some important lakes as well. -Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. -The Caspian Sea is the largest lake.
- 14. Homework Activities 1 and 2 on page 64. Activities 1 and 2 in page 65.
- 15. 4- What are Oceania’s relief and climate like? -Oceania is the smallest continent. -It is located to the south-east of Asia. ACTIVITY -Exercise 1 on page 66.
- 16. The landscape -Oceania is formed by thousands of islands. -It could be divided into 4 areas: Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. -There are large islands: Australia (the largest island on Earth), New Guinea (divided between Asia and Oceania), and New Zealand (North and South Island). -There are thousands of small islands. The average altitude of Oceania is low: 340 m.
- 17. Climate -Most of Oceania is between the Tropics, so it has warm climates. -Climates are temperate in the north and south of the continent. -Cyclones and typhoons are common in the tropical region, as in Hawaii. -The islands are isolated, consequently they have many endemic plants (specific for that place).
- 18. Homework Activities 1, 2 and 3 on page 67 in your notebook.
- 19. 5- What are America’s relief and climate like? - Western hemisphere. - Second largest continent. - Longest continent: from the Arctic to the Antarctic circle. - It is surrounded by three oceans: Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic. Work in your notebook: exercise 1 on page 68.
- 20. Relief - High average altitude. - Main features: . Mountain ranges -> Rocky mountains, the Andes, the Appalachians. . Plains -> the Great Plains in North America or the plain around the Amazonas in South America. . Plateaus -> Altiplano of Bolivia.
- 21. Rivers and lakes. - America has some very long rivers with large flows. - The main ones are the Mississippi and the Amazonas. -There are many lakes, especially in North America. -The Great Lakes or Lake Titicaca are between the more relevants.
- 22. Climate and vegetation - America stretches from pole to pole, so it has all the different climates and landscapes. - Cold and temperate climates predominate in North America. - Tropical climates predominate in Central America. - Hot and temperate climates predominate in South America. - Mountainous regions have cold climates.
- 23. Homework Exercice 1 on page 69.