The document discusses key concepts related to cities and urban settlements. It defines what constitutes a city versus rural settlements, noting factors like population size, building density, and economic activities. Main functions of cities are also outlined, including residential, commercial, industrial, and administrative uses. Different urban plan types are described like grid, linear and radial patterns. The internal structure of cities is also examined, distinguishing city centers, peri-urban areas, and outskirts.
Ch11, Fellman, urban geography, w topics and slides added, classroom use onlyFulton County Schools
AP Human Geography, Northview High School, Fulton County Schools, Classroom Use, Urban Geography, Human Geography, Eleventh Edition, Fellman, Bjelland, Getis, Chapter 11, Urban, Urban-Systems, Urbanization, High School, Advanced-Placement, College-Board
Urban spatial structure and Types of Urban Spatial Structures. The urban spatial structure can be characterized by its level of centralization and clustering
Ch11, Fellman, urban geography, w topics and slides added, classroom use onlyFulton County Schools
AP Human Geography, Northview High School, Fulton County Schools, Classroom Use, Urban Geography, Human Geography, Eleventh Edition, Fellman, Bjelland, Getis, Chapter 11, Urban, Urban-Systems, Urbanization, High School, Advanced-Placement, College-Board
Urban spatial structure and Types of Urban Spatial Structures. The urban spatial structure can be characterized by its level of centralization and clustering
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The Concept of Sustainable Economic
Development
Article in Environmental Conservation · June 1987
DOI: 10.1017/S0376892900011449
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Colorado State University
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1. Definition of urbanization (size, density, proportion of popul.docxSONU61709
1. Definition of urbanization: (size, density, proportion of population compared to rural and surrounding rural areas)
1. Proportion of the total population concentrated in urban settlements, or else to a rise in this proportion. A common mistake is to think of urbanization as simply the growth of cities. total population comprises of both urban and rural and therefore, proportion urban is function of both. If both city and rural grows at equal rate, there is no urbanization.
2. Global Cities: (Density, culture, and mobility: Tokyo,Seoul,Mexico City, London,etc.)
3. Factors Affecting Urbanization: (push and pull)
4. Consequences of Urbanization: (both positive and negative)
5. Lynch's Mental Map-Images of city: (Path,District,Edge, Landmark,and Node)
6. Graphic Presentation: (Urbanization, Suburbanization, Edge City, Natural Growth)
6. Remember: when drawing graphs, you must remember the following---city center, edge of city, population density, distance from city center, two time periods, point where two graphs cross.
7. Historical Look at City Growth Theory: Commercial, Industrial, Corporate, and Global Cities (Accumulation)
7. Commercial (1850s and beyond):
1. Merchants accumulated their wealth through commodity exchanges
2. Political connections were important. Cities like London were dominant in activities
3. Cities were heterogeneous, mixing class of people in the city.
4. Workplace and residence were connected. Socioeocnomic segregation did not increase in this period.
5. City life was easy communality. However, uneven income distribution between buyers and sellers, thus creating popular protests.
7. Industrial (late 19th century):
1. Factories relied heavily on homogenous production and labor, and also on available workers.
1. Good example would be early textile mills along the rivers of New England (Lowell, Lawrence, Waltham, and Lynn).
1. These cities relied on worker pools, rail and water access for transportation, easy access to consumer markets, and innovation techniques. Spatial characteristics--- huge factories in downtown area, newly created segregated residential development (workers near factories, industrialists away from downtown), middle and upper class moved to outside of city center, growth of shopping districts in downtown area for convenience shopping.
1. City life became intense and little choice for workers.
7. Corporate (early 20th century and present):
2. Corporations began searching for stability and security from the experiences of industrial city experience.
2. Decentralization of manufacturing (snowbelt and sunbelt, south, southwest, non-union states, low wages, cheap land), creation of downtown central business districts, suburban growth, and no visible downtown for many corporate cities.
2. No centers anywhere, diffuse economic activities everywhere.
2. Clear division among socioeconomic class, commuting became diffused (not one way, but several different ways).
2. Citis like Phoenix, San Diego, Houston, Dal ...
Scanned by CamScannerThe shantytowns in Lagos are heavil.docxkenjordan97598
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The shantytowns in Lagos are heavily concentrated and highly polluted. Photo by Tamira.
In this unit we finished our studies of urbanism which is a good point to recap and analyzed the transformation of our cities. We can identify three major events of transformation. First, is the industrialization in the late 1800’s. The introduction of new building materials such as iron help build higher structures changing the typology of the cities. The second event occurred after WWII and it's known as suburbanization of the city. The third and actual event is the decentralization of the urban fabric forming megacities.
In this unit we also learn that the actual conditions of our postindustrial society is threatened with globalization and hyper-network environments. Scholars claim that the “post industrial economy” is what defines the urban growth. In order to achieve this task, economies rely upon the distribution of systems that feed a global network of data and exchange. In the 1980’s the urban thinker Manual Castells did an analysis of the complex interaction between technology society and space. In his studies, he explains the importance of space and defines it as an expression of our society. Space becomes super complex to understand in this information era which questions the need for a physical space of congregation.
Many scholars have been studying post modern societies and have created concepts such as “Global city” by Saskia Sassen and “Technopoles” by Allan J. Scott. In order to understand this megacities of our era, Robert Fishman, introduced concepts such as; technoburb to describe the reorganization of urban space. This same idea is defined by Garneau the “Edge city” in which Orange County is one of his study grounds.
Now at days, there are many events happening that are affecting the urban organization. These transformations have taken two faces that are expressed in the megacities. The first one is the decentralization and globalization of cities such as; New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo and London. These cities are threatened with placelessness of post modern architecture and the idea of a non-place culture whose identity is not link to any specific society. The other face of the megacities are when the global economy puts you in a bad spot and you become the producer for the consumerist megacities. In George Parker’s article, “Decoding The Chaos Of Lagos,” we have a clear example how this mega city is suffering all the negative aspects of our era where people work only to earn about 2 or 3 dollars per day with poor quality living environment.
Questions:
1. How do you think that globalization and network societies have shaped the urban sprawl of Los Angeles?
2. Taking the place of an urban developer, how would you suggest to fix the differences between the two types of megacities like Lagos Nigeria to Orange County?
Global Capitals and Network Societies
We are just about at the end of our se.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Unit 5.cities
1.
2. 1.1. THE CONCEPT OF A CITY
Definitions of what a city is vary around the world.
There is no single factor that explains whether a
place is a city or not (number inhabitants, functions…)
However, it is possible to tell if we are living in a
rural or urban settlements by looking at a number
of aspects.
3. Village (pueblo): small town
Hamlet (aldea): small village
Lower number of
inhabitants and a low
concentration of people.
Its structure: low buildings.
Economic activities: primary
sector (to obtained natural
resources): agriculture and
livestock farming.
The way of life of its
inhabitants is characterized
by close and family-
orientated social behavior,
with a strong sense of
belonging to a community.
4. Large number of
inhabitants.
Structure: tall buildings
that are very close
together.
Main economic activities
of cities are related to
secondary (transform raw
materials) and services
sector (commerce,
education, banking…).
The way of life is
characterized by less
intense relationships.
Town: small city
City: large town
5. Therefore, the most important elements that define a
place as a city are:
Number of inhabitants. There is no universal
number (Japan settlements with more tan 50.000 are
cities; in Netherlands the figure is 20.000) but in Spain
all urban areas with more than 10.000 people are
classified as cities.
Main economic activities. Cities are identified by
secondary (industry) and tertiary sector (commerce, health,
education…).
Concentration of buildings (tall buildings) and many
activities and functions (residential, commercial, political…).
Less intense relationship. Cities and urban areas are identified
with a way of life that is fast, intense, cosmopolitan, tolerant…
6. RURAL SETTLEMENT URBAN SETTLEMENT
Low number of inhabitants
…
EXTRA ACTIVITY: Copy and complete the following table in
your notebook according to the main characteristics of the two
types of settlements.
7. o Many activities, known as functions, take place in urban areas. Cities
are, in general, multifunctional spaces and many of these activities
are interrelated.
o The main functions of the city are:
Residential.
Commercial.
Industrial.
Tourist.
Political and administrative.
Cultural and religious.
8. Residential. Is common to all cities.
◦ It is the predominant function in some urban
settlement, such as satellite cities or dormitory towns:
These are urban settlement on the periphery of major
cities, inhabited by people who travel to work in the city
every day.
Dormitory towns rely on transport networks that
communicate them with a major city.
Commercial.
◦ Commercial cities are also centers of exchange for all
types of products and services.
◦ Transports networks (land, air and sea) and the flow
of money from banks and multinational companies
converge in these cities.
◦ Example: the city of Shanghai (China), whose port is
the most important one in the world.
9. Industrial.
◦ This function is helped by the availability of
labour and the communication network.
Nowadays, the industrial areas are being moved
to industrial estates on the outskirts of the city.
Tourist. This function is related:
◦ To a rich historical or artistic heritage (Rome or Athens).
◦ To natural attractions (Cancun).
◦ To leisure (Las Vegas or Monaco).
10. Political and administrative. This function exists
in cities where political power is concentrated.
◦ Some cities are home to the headquarters (sede central)
of the main political bodies (Madrid, Brussels…).
◦ They are usually the state capitals, carrying out
administrative functions that affect the entire country.
Cultural and religious (tourist).
◦ This function takes place in most cities, as they have
museums (Venice…), universities (Salamanca,
Oxford…) or are religious pilgrimage cities, such as
Rome, Mecca and Jerusalem.
11. 1.3. THE MORPHOLOGY OF CITIES
The morphology of a city refers to the factors that influence
its external form. The distribution of urban elements, such as
streets, buildings and green spaces, generates an urban plan,
which is the graphical representation of the structure of a
city. We can distingue different types of urban plans:
Grid, Linear, Radial, Irregular
GRID (also known as chequerboard or
orthogonal plan): in this type of urban
planning, the streets intersect at right
angles and the space is divided into
blocks. For example: New York, Madrid
(barrio de Salamanca) Turin, Lima,
Montevideo and Barcelona.
12. Linear: the city is organised according
to a main road, and the buildings and
public spaces are distributed around it.
For example, Castrillo de los
Polvazares (León) or Burgo de Ranero.
Radial: in a radial plan, we can
distinguish the central core form which
several roads branch out. These roads
are intersected by others streets that
form concentric rings. For example,
Palmanova (Italy) or Camberra.
Irregular: this type of plan is caused by
a lack of planning. It is characteristic
by a very complex and disorderly
network of streets. For example,
Venecia or Toledo.
13. 1.4. URBAN STRUCTURE
It refers to the internal organization of space in a
city. We can differentiate:
The city centre: where the main business, financial and
commercial areas are found. In older cities, it usually
coincides with the old town, which is also where most of
the historic monuments are located. The residential
function is also important. In modern times, residential
areas have increased due to the construction of new
neighborhoods with large green areas.
Peri-urban areas: areas around the centre. It is mainly
characterised by its residential function. In many cities,
this area has many streets, parks and squares.
Outskirts: is the outer area of the city. It emerged more
recently as a result of the city´s expansion. The
majority of the population lives on the outskirts.
Industrial areas and commercial areas have also
appeared over recent years.
14. To work this section, YOU WILL HAVE TO DO A PROJECT OR CLASS WORK,
TITLED “URBANISATION”, WHICH WILL HAVE TO CONTAIN THE NEXT
PARTS:
1. A Cover: the title, the author and, if you want, an image.
2. An Index
3. An Explanation of the EVOLUTION OF THE CITY OVER TIME.
4. An Explanation of the CITY AND ITS TERRITORY.
5. A Conclusion.
IMPORTANT: THIS PART OF THE UNIT WILL NOT BE PART OF THE EXAM.
BUT THE MARK OF THE REPORT WILL BE PART OF THE EXAM MARK.
You have to be creative, for instance, including pictures.
Book information (p. 50, 51, 52) is very clear, so I recommend you to
use it.
DELIVERY DATE: 11/05/2017
15. The growth of cities creates a large number of disadvantages and urban
problems that affect their population. On the other hand, cities also offer a
world of opportunities that attract a large number of inhabitants.
We can talk about advantages and disadvantages of urban life.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
A lot of educational and cultural
activities
Problems with traffic and parking
Centres of trade In poor countries, many inhabitants do
not have a guaranteed supply of
drinking water and energy
Healthcare is more accessible Large amounts of solid waste and
wastewater
More extensive labour market Pollution
Wide range of leisure options Live in depressed areas or build slums
Different backgrounds and
cultures come together
Problems with integration different
social classes