Unit 5-bearings
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This document discusses bearings and their lubrication. It classifies bearings into radial bearings and thrust bearings. It also describes different types of journal bearings including full, partial, and fitted journal bearings. The document emphasizes the importance of lubrication for bearings, noting that lubrication reduces friction and prevents wear, corrosion, and contamination, allowing bearings to achieve their maximum service life. Properly lubricated bearings could theoretically last forever under ideal conditions.
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This document provides information on bearings, including their history, classification, materials used, lubrication types, and design procedures. It discusses how bearings are designed to reduce friction, carry loads, and guide moving parts. The key types are described as radial or thrust bearings, and sliding or rolling contact bearings. Common materials include babbitt metals, bronzes, cast iron, silver, and non-metallic options. Design of journal bearings involves calculating parameters like load capacity, pressure, clearance, heat generation and dissipation. An example at the end illustrates the full design process.
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
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3. Engagement speed = 0.75 * 720 = 540 rpm
4. Given: No. of shoes = 4
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Width of pulley = 25 cm = 0.25 m
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
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3. Engagement speed = 0.75 * 720 = 540 rpm
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Outside dia. of pulley = 35 cm = 0.35 m
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Width of pulley = 25 cm = 0.25 m
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2) Polymers are classified as either thermoplastics or thermosets based on whether they can be remelted and reshaped after solidifying. Thermoplastics can be remelted while thermosets permanently harden.
3) Polymerization is the process of linking monomers together to form polymers. The two main types are addition polymerization, where double bonds are broken to form single bonds, and condensation polymerization, where monomers react to form polymers and small molecule byproducts like water.
NON FERROUS METALS
This document discusses non-ferrous metals and provides details about copper, copper alloys, and aluminum. It defines non-ferrous metals as metals that do not have iron as their major constituent. Copper is highlighted as the oldest and most widely used non-ferrous metal in industry. Important copper alloys discussed include brass, bronze, gun metals, and cupronickels. Aluminum is described as the most widely used non-ferrous material due to its light weight, corrosion resistance, and other desirable properties. Common aluminum alloys and their characteristics are also summarized.
TIME TEMPERATURE TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM
1) The document discusses TTT (time-temperature-transformation) diagrams, which show the kinetics of isothermal transformations by plotting temperature versus the logarithm of time.
2) TTT diagrams indicate when specific transformations start and end for heat treatments, and what percentage of austenite transformation is achieved at different temperatures.
3) In the upper half of the TTT diagram, slower cooling allows full austenite to pearlite transformation, while faster cooling can retain some percentage of untransformed austenite. In the lower half, very fast cooling leads to full austenite to martensite transformation.
COOLING CURVE TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM
There are two types of CCT diagrams that plot the start, fraction, and finish of transformation temperatures against transformation time or cooling rate. CCT diagrams measure the extent of transformation as a function of time for continuously decreasing temperature, as materials are usually cooled continuously. The transformations are delayed compared to isothermal curves, shifting them to longer times and lower temperatures. CCT diagrams differ from TTT diagrams in that continuous cooling prevents the formation of bainite, resulting in pearlite formation instead. Properties like hardness and strength depend on the formed constituent, with martensite being the hardest and strongest. Factors that affect the CCT curve include grain size, carbon content, and alloying elements.
Case hardening
Case hardening is a heat treatment technique that adds carbon, nitrogen, or both to the surface of low-carbon steel to create a hardened case layer between 0.03mm and 0.25mm deep. There are several methods of case hardening including carburizing, which introduces carbon; nitriding, which adds nitrogen; cyaniding, which adds both carbon and nitrogen; induction hardening, which uses an alternating current to heat the surface; and flame hardening, which uses an oxy-acetylene flame to heat the surface before quenching. The goal of all the techniques is to harden the surface while leaving the core relatively soft.
2 case hardening
Hardenability refers to a steel's ability to form hardness when quenched from the austenite condition. The Jominy end quench test measures hardenability by water quenching a cylindrical steel sample from one end, then measuring hardness levels at intervals from the quenched end. Higher hardness indicates more martensite formation, while lower hardness indicates bainite or ferrite/pearlite structures. Case hardening techniques like carburizing add carbon to the surface of low-carbon steels to create a hard outer case over a tough inner core. Common case hardening methods include pack carburizing, liquid carburizing, gas carburizing, cyaniding, nitriding,
1 heat treatment
The document discusses various heat treatment processes used to alter the properties of metals and alloys. It describes the basic stages of heat treatment which involve heating metals to specific temperatures, holding for a period of time, and then cooling. Several heat treatment processes are defined, including annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Time-temperature-transformation diagrams and continuous cooling transformation diagrams are also introduced to illustrate how different cooling rates affect the microstructures that form in steels.
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
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◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
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如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
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◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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