Rolling Contact Bearing, Selection of Rolling Contact Bearings, Machine Element Design, Bantalan Gelinding, Pemilihan Bantalan Gelinding, Perancangan Elemen Mesin
Rolling contact bearings and design procedureJashavant singh
this slide will give you idea about the rolling contact bearing , its types application areas and also you will learn how to design rolling contact bearing ,
comparison between the rolling contact and sliding contact bearing , advantage and disadvantages.
In this PPT you will learn about Bearings, Its Types, Classifications, Uses, How to select them according to use with proper and neat Diagrams and pictures.
Rolling contact bearings and design procedureJashavant singh
this slide will give you idea about the rolling contact bearing , its types application areas and also you will learn how to design rolling contact bearing ,
comparison between the rolling contact and sliding contact bearing , advantage and disadvantages.
In this PPT you will learn about Bearings, Its Types, Classifications, Uses, How to select them according to use with proper and neat Diagrams and pictures.
This presentation contains basic idea regarding spur gear and provides the best equations for designing of spur gear. One can Easily understand all the parameters required to design a Spur Gear
A helical gear has teeth in form of helix around the gear. Two such gears may be used to connect two parallel shafts in place of spur gears. The helixes may be right handed on one gear and left handed on the other. The pitch surfaces are cylindrical as in spur gearing, but the teeth instead of being parallel to the axis, wind around the cylinders helically like screw threads.
This presentation contains basic idea regarding spur gear and provides the best equations for designing of spur gear. One can Easily understand all the parameters required to design a Spur Gear
A helical gear has teeth in form of helix around the gear. Two such gears may be used to connect two parallel shafts in place of spur gears. The helixes may be right handed on one gear and left handed on the other. The pitch surfaces are cylindrical as in spur gearing, but the teeth instead of being parallel to the axis, wind around the cylinders helically like screw threads.
Machine design, machine element, Belt drives and chain drives, selection of Belt - sheave and chain - sprocket, perancangan elemen mesin, transmisi sabuk dan rantai, pemilihan sabuk-puli dan rantai-sproket
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
2. Rolling Contact Bearings
Balls or rollers introduced between moving and fixed elements
It is also known as anti-friction bearings
3. Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
1. Low starting and running friction except at very high speeds.
2. Ability to withstand momentary shock loads.
3. Accuracy of shaft alignment.
4. Low cost of maintenance, as no lubrication is required while in
service.
5. Small overall dimensions.
6. Reliability of service.
7. Easy to mount and erect.
8. Cleanliness.
5. Materials and Manufacture
Since the rolling elements and the races are subjected to high
local stresses of varying magnitude with each revolution of the
bearing, therefore the material of the rolling element (i.e. steel)
should be of high quality.
The balls are generally made of high carbon chromium steel.
The material of both the balls and races are heat treated to give
extra hardness and toughness.
The balls are manufactured by hot forging on hammers from steel
rods.
They are then heat treated, ground and polished.
The races are also formed by forging and then heat-treated,
ground and polished.
6. Lubrication
1. To reduce friction and wear between the sliding parts of the
bearing,
2. To prevent rusting or corrosion of the bearing surfaces,
3. To protect the bearing surfaces from water, dirt etc., and
4. To dissipate the heat.
In general, oil or light grease is used for lubricating ball and roller
bearings. Only pure mineral oil or a calcium-base grease should be
used. If there is a possibility of moisture contact, then potassium
or sodium-base greases may be used. Another additional
advantage of the grease is that it forms a seal to keep out dirt or
any other foreign substance. It may be noted that too much oil or
grease cause the temperature of the bearing to rise due to
churning. The temperature should be kept below 900C and in
no case a bearing should operate above 1500 C.
7. Types of Rolling Contact Bearings
1. Ball bearings
2. Roller bearings.
9. Standard of Ball Bearings
The most common ball bearings are
available in four series as follows :
1. Extra light (100),
2. Light (200),
3. Medium (300),
4. Heavy (400)
The last two digits from 04 onwards, when
multiplied by 5, give the bore diameter in
millimetres.
13. Thrust Ball Bearings
The thrust ball bearings are
used for carrying thrust loads
exclusively and at speeds
below 2000 r.p.m.
At high speeds, centrifugal
force causes the balls to be
forced out of the races.
Therefore at high speeds, it is
recommended that angular
contact ball bearings should be
used in place of thrust ball
bearings.
15. Basic Static Load Rating
The load carried by a non-rotating bearing is called a static load.
The basic static load rating is defined as the static radial load (in
case of radial ball or roller bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust
ball or roller bearings) which corresponds to a total permanent
deformation of the ball (or roller) and race, at the most heavily
stressed contact, equal to 0.0001 times the ball (or roller) diameter.
16. Basic Static Load Rating (C0)
1. For radial ball bearings,
C0 = f0.i.Z.D2 cos α
i = Number of rows of balls in any one bearing,
Z = Number of ball per row,
D = Diameter of balls, in mm,
α = Nominal angle of contact
f0 = A factor depending upon the type of bearing.
For bearings made of hardened steel:
f0 = 3.33, for self-aligning ball bearings
f0 = 12.3, for radial contact and angular contact groove
ball bearings.
17. Basic Static Load Rating (C0)
2. For radial roller bearings,
C0 = f0. i.Z.le.D cos α
i = Number of rows of rollers in the bearing,
Z = Number of rollers per row,
le = Effective length of contact between one roller and that ring (or
washer) where the contact is the shortest (in mm).
D = Diameter of roller in mm. It is the mean diameter in case of
tapered rollers,
α = Nominal angle of contact. It is the angle between the line of
action of the roller resultant load and a plane perpendicular to
the axis of the bearing,
f0 = 21.6, for bearings made of hardened steel.
18. Basic Static Load Rating (C0)
3. For thrust ball bearings,
C0 = f0.Z.D2 sin α
Z = Number of balls carrying thrust in one direction,
f0 = 49, for bearings made of hardened steel.
4. For thrust roller bearings,
C0 = f0.Z.le.D.sin α
Z = Number of rollers carrying thrust in one direction,
f0 = 98.1, for bearings made of hardened steel.
19. Static Equivalent Load
Defined as the static radial load (in case of radial ball or roller
bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings)
which, if applied, would cause the same total permanent
deformation at the most heavily stressed ball (or roller) and race
contact as that which occurs under the actual conditions of
loading.
20. Static Equivalent Load
The static equivalent radial load (W0R)
1) W0R = X0.WR + Y0.WA
2) W0R = WR (For all cylindrical roller bearings)
where
WR = Radial load,
WA = Axial or thrust load,
X0 = Radial load factor, and
Y0 = Axial or thrust load factor.
23. Basic Dynamic Load Rating
Defined as the constant stationary radial load (in case of radial
ball or roller bearings) or constant axial load (in case of thrust ball
or roller bearings) which a group of apparently identical bearings
with stationary outer ring can endure for a rating life of one
million revolutions (which is equivalent to 500 hours of operation
at 33.3 r.p.m.) with only 10 per cent failure.
24. Dynamic Equivalent Load
Defined as the constant stationary radial load (in case of radial
ball or roller bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller
bearings) which, if applied to a bearing with rotating inner ring
and stationary outer ring, would give the same life as that which
the bearing will attain under the actual conditions of load and
rotation.
25. Dynamic Equivalent Load
W = (X . V. WR + Y . WA ) Ks
Where
W = The dynamic equivalent radial load
V = A rotation factor,
= 1, for all types of bearings when the inner race is rotating,
= 1, for self-aligning bearings when inner race is stationary,
= 1.2, for all types of bearings except self-aligning, when
inner race is stationary.
(Ks) = Service factor
28. Dynamic Load Rating
L = Rating life,
C = Basic dynamic load rating,
W = Equivalent dynamic load,
k = 3, for ball bearings,
k = 10/3, for roller bearings.
LH = Life in working hours
N is the speed in r.p.m.
L = 60 N . LH [revolutions]
29. Selection of Radial Ball Bearings
After finding the design basic dynamic radial load capacity,
the selection of bearing is made from the catalogue of a
manufacturer.
The following table shows the basic static and dynamic
capacities for various types of ball bearings.
35. Selection of Bearings
Example 1
Select a single row deep groove ball bearing for a radial load of
4000 N and an axial load of 5000 N, operating at a speed of 1600
r.p.m. for an average life of 5 years at 10 hours per day, and 300
working days per year. Assume uniform and steady load.
Solution
Given:
WR = 4000 N
WA = 5000 N
N = 1600 r.p.m.
36. Selection of Bearings
Life of Bearing
LH = 5 year X 300 days / year X 10 hours / day = 15 000 hours
L = 60 N . LH = 60 x 1600 x 15 000 = 1440 x 106 rev
Basic dynamic equivalent radial load
W = (X . V. WR + Y . WA ) Ks
37. Selection of Bearings
Basic dynamic equivalent radial load
W = (X . V. WR + Y . WA ) Ks
In order to determine the radial load factor (X) and axial load
factor (Y), we require WA/ WR and WA / C0.
Since the value of basic static load capacity (C0) is not known,
therefore let us take WA / C0 = 0.5.
Now from Table 27.4, we find that the values of X and Y
corresponding to WA / C0 = 0.5 and WA/ WR = 5000 / 4000 =
1.25 (which is greater than e = 0.44) are
X = 0.56 and Y = 1
The rotational factor (V) = 1 Ks = 1
38. Selection of Bearings
Basic dynamic equivalent radial load
W = (X . V. WR + Y . WA ) Ks
W = (0.56 × 1 × 4000 + 1 × 5000) x 1 = 7240 N
Basic dynamic load rating,
From Table 27.6, let us select the bearing No. 315
which has the following basic capacities:
C0 = 72 kN and C = 90 kN
39. Selection of Bearings
Now WA / C0 = 5000 / 72 000 = 0.07
From Table 27.4, the values of X and Y are X = 0.56 and Y = 1.6
Substituting these values, we have dynamic equivalent load,
W = (0.56 × 1 × 4000 + 1.6 × 5000) x 1 = 10 240 N
∴ Basic dynamic load rating,
From Table 27.6, the bearing number 319 having C = 120 kN,
may be selected.
Ans.
40. Selection of Bearings
Example 2
A single row angular contact ball bearing number 310 is used for
an axial flow compressor. The bearing is to carry a radial load of
2500 N and an axial or thrust load of 1500 N.
Assuming light shock load, determine the rating life of the bearing.
Solution.
Given : WR = 2500 N ; WA = 1500 N
Basic dynamic equivalent radial load
W = (X . V. WR + Y . WA ) Ks
41. Selection of Bearings
Refer to Tabel 27.4, we find:
X = 1 Y = 0
The rotational factor (V ) for most of the bearings = 1
Refer to Tabel 27.5, we find:
Ks = 1.5
Therefore,
W = (1 x 1 x 2500 + 0 x 1500) x 1.5
W = 3750 N
Refer to Tabel 27.6,
for a single row angular contact ball bearing number 310, the
basic dynamic capacity, C = 53 kN = 53 000 N
42. Selection of Bearings
Rating life of the bearing in revolutions,
6
3
10
3750
53000
xL
.102823 6
revxL
Ans.