Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) allow direct communication between the brain and external devices. BCI systems work by measuring brain activity through sensors like EEG electrodes, processing the signals to predict user intent, and converting those signals into commands to control devices. There are invasive BCIs that are implanted in the brain, partially invasive BCIs implanted in the skull, and non-invasive BCIs using external electrodes to help severely disabled individuals move prosthetics or restore some movement.

1. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI)
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2. What is BCI
• A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct
neural interface or a brain– machine interface, is a direct
communication pathway between a brain and an external
device.
• Direct communication pathway between the brain and an
external device
• Reads electrical signals from brain
• Reads electrical signals from brain
• Signals translated into a digital form
• BCIs are able to translate brain activity
• Predict a user's intents
• Convert them into commands which control external devices
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3. How BCI work
•BCIs measure brain activity, process it, and produce control signals that
reflect the user’s intent
•Any natural form of communication or control requires peripheral nerves
and muscles
•Signals are sent via the peripheral nervous system (specifically, the motor
pathways) to the corresponding muscles
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4. • Uses optical nerves
for image input
• Camera input
directed to brain
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5. TYPES
• Invasive Brain Computer Interfaces
-implanted directly into the brain and has the
highest quality signals.
-provide functionality to paralyzed people.
• Partially Invasive Brain Computer Interfaces
• Partially Invasive Brain Computer Interfaces
-implanted inside the skull but outside the
brain.
• Non Invasive Brain Computer Interfaces
-gives a patient the ability to move muscle
implants and restore partial movement.
BY- NOOR AHMAD (UIM)

6. BCI INPUT AND OUTPUT
• The easiest and least invasive method is a set of
electrodes- a device known as an
electroencephalograph (EEG) -- attached to the
scalp.
• The electrodes can read brain signals.
• The electrodes measure minute differences in the
• The electrodes measure minute differences in the
voltage between neurons. The signal is then
amplified and filtered.
• In current BCI systems, it is then interpreted by a
computer program
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7. COMPONENTS OF BCI SYSTEM
• Three major components-
• Sensor - to record neural activity or its proxy
• Decoder - that converts neural activity into
command signal
command signal
• Effector -such as a computer cursor or
robotic arm
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8. Types of Brain Signals recorded in BCI
Three types –
• Electrophysiological
• Magnetic
• Metabolic
• Metabolic
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9. Applications of BCI
• Individuals who are severely disabled by
disorders such as
• ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
• Cerebral palsy
• Brainstem stroke
• Brainstem stroke
• Spinal-cord injuries
• Muscular dystrophies
• Chronic peripheral neuropathies
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10. Limitations
• Getting a good signal is hard
• Interpretation of signals is hard
• BCIs are currently fairly inaccurate in terms of
classifying neural activity
• Surgery needed for electrode placement
• Surgery needed for electrode placement
• Invasive BCI prone to develops scar tissue
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11. Future
• Virtual Gaming
• Mind Reading
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