Class 11th Physical Education Classes by Mahendra Rajak

1. Training in Sports
and
Doping in Sports
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
CLASS 11
MAHENDRA RAJAK
(TGT P&HE)
KV MAHABUBNAGAR
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2. KEY POINTS :-
 Meaning & Concept of Sports Training.
 Principles of Sports Training.
 Warming-up & limbering down.
 Skill, Technique & Style.
 Concept & classification of doping.
 Prohibited Substances & their side effects.
 Dealing with alcohol and substance abuse.
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3. Sports Training
Training is a process of preparing an individual for any event, activity
or job. Usually in sports, we use the term sports training, which
denotes the sense of preparing sports persons for the highest level
of performance.
According to Mathew (1981), “Sports training is the basic form of
preparation of a sportsman.”
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4. Principles of Sports Training
Principles
of
continuity
Principle
of
progression
Principle
of
Individual
Differences
Principle
of
overload
Principle
of
specificity
Principle of
rest and
recovery.
Principle of
warming up
and cool
down
Principle
of
variety
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5.  Principle of continuity: In this, the training session should be in continues process so that the players
make their movements more efficient and there should not be any break.
 Principle of overload: It states that there should be great than normal load on the body for some time
and adaptation is done for that level of overload so that it improves the fitness.
 Principle of Individual differences: Every sport person is different due individual differences and their
response to exercise will definitely different sothe trainer modifies the training programme on the basis
individual differences which leads to balanced training sessions.
 Principle of specificity: In this the training load is given based on specific requirements of particular
sports such as endurance training is required for long distance runners and yogi required more flexibility
enhancing programme.
Principles of Sports Training 5

6.  Principle of warm up and cool down: Every sports person instruct to do warm up and cooling
down exercises before and after the competitions so that the blood flows smoothly in working
muscles.
 Principle of Recovery: Rest is always required for the body to recover from exertion of training
and adaptation takes place frequently.
 Principle of Variance: Constant repetition of similar training may development the feelings of
staleness so the training must be planned with different challenges so that they can play
games in between their training.
Principles of Sports Training Cont… 6

7. Warming Up
 It prepares the muscles for vigorous actions and it a short term activity which is undertaken
before the competition.
 Warming up is an essential before a competition.
 Through such a workout we try to bring the group of muscles expected to take part in the
activity to follow.
Limbering Down
 It relaxes the muscles after doing vigorous actions and it is a short exercises which is undertaken
after the competition.
 Limbering down means lowering down the intensity of the work by performing the stretching
exercise followed by deep breathing,
 After a competition relaxation exercise is called cooling down.
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8. Type of Warming up
Physiological
warming up
Psychological
warming up
Active
warming
up
Passive
warming
up
Specific
Warming
Up
General
Warming
Up
Massage
Diathermy
Steam bath
Sauna bath
Hot water bath
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9. Psychological warming up
 It makes the athlete mentally to bear stress.
 It is given one to two days before the competition and ends up a few hours before the
competition by giving high level motivation for encouragement.
Physiological warming up
 It makes the body physically ready to bear any competitive type of stress.
 Warming up does produce physiological changes in the looking of a muscle and that
warming up serves as basis or foundation for the efficient warming of muscle.
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10. Active warming up
 It can be performed by doing in two ways of exercises which are given below:
General Warming Up: Jogging, running, stretching exercises, calisthenics, striding, sprints etc.
these are the general exercises for enhancing the abilities and flexibility of muscles & joints.
Specific Warming Up: In this, specific exercises are planned for enhancing the skills of particular
sport. It is performed after general method. Like a basketball player can practice lay up shot before the
start of play.
 Some specific exercises are performed in such particular sport:
 Basketball: Dribbling, shooting, lay-up shot, dodging, free throw.
 Cricket: Bowling, catching, batting & fielding.
 Badminton: Servicing, strokes, bending forward, backward & sideways, smashing.
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11. Passive warming up
It does not involve any exercise, some additional measures are used which are given below:
 Warm -up with water : Warm-up with Luke warm water gives relaxation to the muscles, which is usually
followed in developed countries
 Warm -up Through Massage : The massage of muscles helps the muscles to tone up and is, therefore
considered as a means of warming up.
 Through Sun Bath : The body can be warmed up through sun bath up to some extent, but in most of
the sports this method of warming-up is not usually applied.
 Through steam both : The body can be warmed up through steam bath. Energy can be saved through
steam bath but this method of warming-up is also not used frequently.
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12. Importance Of Warming Up
 Increases Body Temperature: Warming up increases the temperature by one/two degree which is
beneficial to sports person for avoid any type injuries.
 Avoid Injuries: These exercises tone up the muscles before the competition so that the chances of injury
are reduced. Muscle tearing and cramps are common which is occurred due ti lack of warming up
exercises.
 Reduces Anxiety & Tension: It is important to be physically fit but mentally as well as because a good
decision may lead to win at the time of competition.
 Flexibility: Through the warming up, we can exert the force more to maximum level because it increases
the flexibility.
 Increases the metabolic rate: It increases the metabolic rate which ultimately enhances the energy
level. If the metabolic rate is higher, there will be higher production of energy.
 Increases the Strength: Strength is important component of physical fitness and the requirement of
physical fitness is vital in the performance of sports person.
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13. Guiding Principles of warming-up
 Simple to complex
 Exercise for all parts of the body.
 Stretching and loosening exercise should be included.
 Intensive enough to increase body temperature.
 Warming-up should be according to the activity or sports
 Concerned Movement of games should be included.
 Warming-up should be done at exact time.
 Warming-up should be according to Age and sex.
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14. Physiological reasons in support of warming
up
 There is a local rise in temperature and accumulation of metabolic products.
 It helps in the efficiency of contraction and relaxation of muscles.
 Warming up brings the muscles in a state of readiness to responds to stimuli efficiently.
 The development of the neuron muscular co-ordination between the group of muscles
required to be involved in an activity also demands some initial warming up
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15. Skill
 A skill is the ability of whole movement which comes from training.
 Skill is an element of performance that enables the performer to do a large amount of work with little
effort.
 Cognitive Skills: It is the ability of an individuals to perform the various mental activities which are associated
with learning & problem solving.
 Attention Skills: It is the ability to remain focused and on task for longer duration.
 Memory: This is the ability of athlete to memories and recall information.
 Logical Reasoning: The ability of an athlete to think logically and learn those skills.
 Auditory processing: The ability to listen carefully often leads to better learning of skills.
 Visual processing: If an athlete is having ability to perceiving and analyzing while learning.
 Perceptual Skills: It means relating to the way people interpret & understand what they see or notice.
 Motor Skills: It is the ability of the body to perform the muscular activities in better coordination.
Classification of skills
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16. Technique
 It means the way of doing a particular task scientifically.
 This way of doing a thing should be based on scientific principles and be effective in
achieving an aim.
 It is a basic movement of any sports or event.
 We can say that a technique is the way of performing skill.
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17. Style
 It is the manner of doing something that is characteristics of a particular person or pattern.
 It may or may not be based on sound principles.
 Style of doing a movement, if perfect, looks graceful and appealing.
 It is an individual’s expression of technique in motor action, therefore each sports person due to his
specific physical and biological capacities realize the technique in different way.
 symptoms of over load and how to overcome it.
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18. Doping
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19. Meaning of Doping:
When an athlete uses banned substances or methods to improve performance in sports it is called as doping.
Example: Drugs and steroid used.
Concept of Doping:
 ‘Doping’ is the word, which is used in the field of sports, when athletes use prohibited substances on
to unfairly improve their sporting performance.
 In general way, doping is the use of performance enhancing substance or methods by sports person to gain
advantage ever their competitors.
 In fact, some sport person takes illegal substance to enhance their performance. The activity is known as
doping.
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20. Meaning of Doping
According to IOC ,“ Doping is the use of any method or substance that might
harm the athlete, in a quest to gain an unfair advantage over his/her fellow
competitors.”
According to WADA ,“Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of
the anti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8 of the
Code.”
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21. Anti-Doping Rules:
Presence of Prohibited Substance or Methods
Use or Attempt to use a prohibited substance or method
Refusing to submit a sample collection after being notified
Failure to file athletes whereabouts after being notified
Tampering with any part of the doping control process
Possession of a prohibited substance or method
Trafficking a prohibited substance or method
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22. Classification Of Doping
Gene
Doping
Blood
Doping
Chemical and
Physical
Manipulation
Homologous
blood doping
Autologous
blood
doping
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23. Blood Doping
Blood doping is a method to increase the count of red blood cells, which is done by the use of wrong banned
substances.
There are two methods under this.
Autologous blood doping :
 Two units of bloods are taken some weeks prior to competition.
 Then the blood is frozen until one or two days before competition when it is injected into the athlete. This is
called autologous blood doping.
Homologous blood doping :
 The injection of fresh blood, taken from a second person, straight into the athlete is called homologous
blood doping.
 This improves the oxygen carrying capacity to the muscles by increasing the count of red blood cells (RBC)
so the muscle endurance is increased which improves the aerobic capacity and sports performance.
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24. Gene Doping :
 Gene doping is the manipulation of cells or genes to enhance the body's sports performance.
 It can be used to improve the work function of normal healthy cells.
 Gene therapy plays an important role in growth and development of muscles and bones.
 It also speeds up the person to repair of the injured muscle tendons and ligaments.
Chemical and Physical Manipulation:
Any tampering with the samples during doping control during or after any competition is prohibited.
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25. Prohibited Substances
Anabolic
Agents
(Steroids)
Stimulants
Cannabinoids
Beta 2-
Agonists
Narcotics
Diuretics
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26. Anabolic Agents (Steroids)
 They are man-made substances related to male hormones which increases the strength and size of the
muscles to enhance the performance of players.
 After taking this strength and size of the muscles to enhance the performance of players.
 After taking this steroids the player without feeling any fatigue can take training for hours.
 It is taken orally or by injection in muscles.
Side Effects
 Can cause Sudden heart attack
 High blood pressure
 Mood swings, aggression/depression
 Can cause impotency and bald ness in males
 Can cause facial hair growth and deep voice in females
Example
 Drastanolone
 Methenolone
 Oxandrolone
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27. Stimulants
Example
 Cocaïne
 Ephédrine
 Adrafinil
 Amphétamines
 Stimulants are drugs that stimulate the central nervous system by increasing heart rates, blood pressure
and body temperature.
 After taking this stimulants there will be more alertness and physical activity.
Side Effects
 Cause insomnia, anxiety and aggressiveness
 Poor Judgement
 Increases hypertension and body temperature
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28. Cannabinoids
Side Effects
 Reduce concentration and co-ordination
 Reduce lung capacity
 May cause heart decease and lung cancer
 Loss of memory
Example
 Hashish
 Marijuana
 Cannabinoids are derived from cannabis plant.
 They develop a feeling of relaxation.
 Athletes use them to have speedy recovery after exercise.
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29. Narcotics
 It is used to reduce the pain from major injury.
 They could also be used to help an athlete train harder and for a longer period of time.
Side Effects
 Loss of balance and coordination
 May cause drowsiness, vomiting, constipation
 May cause fainting and coma
Example
 Morphine
 Héroïne
 Pethidine
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30. Beta 2-Agonists
 It is commonly used to treat asthma as they relax the muscles that surround the airway and opening up
the air passages.
 Athletes use to increase their muscle size & reduce body fat.
Side Effects
 Cold hands, drowsiness
 Headache, vomiting etc.
 May cause insomnia and depression.
Example
 Acebutolol
 Betaxolol
 Carteolol
 Stanzolol
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31. Diuretics
 It is a substance which increases the production of urine in the kidneys, promoting the removal of salt
& fluid from the body because it makes hard for the hearts to work properly.
Side Effects
 Can cause dehydration
 May lead to kidney damage
 Mineral imbalance and low blood pressure and drowsiness
Example
 Dexatran
 Amiloride
 Conreone
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32. Harmful Effects of Alcohol
 Muscle Development: Every spot needs strength training to build strong muscles. Drinking alcohol can
reduce the ability of the body produce ATP
, which is the source of energy for the muscles.
 Aerobic Endurance: Aerobic activity needs more oxygen to energize the large muscle groups but
alcohol can interfere with these physical reactions. It slows the respiratory function, affects body
temperature regulation and increases risk for dehydration.
 Cognitive & Motor Functions: To learn strategies techniques one has to respond quickly physically and
mentally. Alcohol can effect how your brain slows down cognitive and motor actions.
 Long Term effects of Alcohol: It can lead to serious problems as it causes muscle weakness, reduces
cardiovascular fitness and the ability to absorb nutrients like zinc, folic acid and vitamin B12
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33. Harmful Effects Of Alcohol & Substance Use
 Alcohol & Cocaine: This combination fastens the action of cocaine to stimulate and increases blood
pressure, heart rate and alertness. The main risk factors of combination is heart attack and overdose can
even lead to death.
 Alcohol & Heroin: This combination acts as depressants and more quickly. The risk of using this is life-
threatening. Mainly breathing and heart rate slows down.
 Alcohol & Ecstasy: It used as stimulant but it can cause severe adverse reactions. This can lead to
Diarrhea, excessive sweating, heat stroke, nausea and vomiting.
 Alcohol & Marijuana: it also used as as depressants but the overdose can cause immense dizziness,
nausea, vomiting and high anxiety.
 Alcohol & Painkillers: This combination can cause many problems like liver disease and later it can be
fatal.
 Alcohol & Sleeping Pills: This can lead to life threatening and it can increase its sedative effects. It can
produce dizziness, confusion and faintness.
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34. There are various responsibilities of athletes
regarding anti – doping policies formed by WADA
 To be aware & comply with all anti-doping policies.
 To be available for sample collection at all times as some athletes take like dosages of EPO
between two standard timings of sample collection.
 To be responsible for ingest and use of any substance or method in context of anti-doping.
 To inform medical personnel of the team about any medical treatment taken and confirming that
it does not violate anti-doping policies.
 To report immediately to doping control station for testing unless delayed for valid reason.
 To maintain control of the sample until its sealed.
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35. Dope Testing
 Testing of prohibited substances is mandatory in the field of sport.
 An Athlete can be called for dope testing at any time In or Out - of– Competition.
 Following are the tests:
Urine
Testing
Blood
Testing
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36. Urine Testing :
 Sample is provided in the supervision of coach or doctor .
 Sample is taken in presence of an official of same gender
 Sample is split into two and sealed by the athlete.
 Code is provided by the officials.
 After sampling , medical declaration is done by the athlete.
 Samples are sent to registered lab where sample ‘A’ is tested.
 If sample is tested positive, athlete is notified.
 Athlete or his representative is authorized to be present at the time of unsealing of
sample ’B’ and testing .
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37. Blood Testing :
It is used to detect EPO or Artificial Oxygen Carriers .
Two samples are taken in the presence of an Official.
Samples are sealed in the presence of Athlete.
Same procedure as mentioned for Urine test is followed.
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38. Thank You
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