A report on the patterns of neighbourhood structure in history

1. Statuary Publication
This document is the sole publication of the
Author. Any misuse and the mis-interpretation of
this document by anyone, author does not take the
responsibility for the same.

2. A report on “Patterns of Neighbourhood structure in history”
[Submitted by: Amit Pokharel,
M.Sc.Urban design and conservation,
II nd semester – Neighbourhood Planning]

3. Patterns of Neighbourhood Structure in History
• A neighbourhood is a early diagrammatic planning model for residential
development in metropolitan areas.
• geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or
rural area.
• Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-
face interactions occurs- the personal settings and situations where
residents seek to realise common values, socialise youth, and maintain
effective social control
• Neighbourhood is generally defined spatially as a specific geographic area
and functionally as a set of social networks.

4. Early cities
 Neighbourhood structure present with kuti for teaching student, primary health
post(baidya) and facilities of road,drain and watersupply.
 There was a evidence of Neighbourhood structure within the Indus vally civilization
containing the pattern of city planning in the form of pedestrian street with
drainage, watersupply facilities with multiple storied building.

5. Figure 1-2-3-4: cities of 4 civilization; sumerian city ,egypt and
yangshao village structre

6. Neighbourhood Structure
Paleolithic settlement
• Settlement in the forms of caves
and pits within the tribal
communities.
• Absence of Neighbourhood
structure.
Neolithic settlement
• Rural settlements, clustered or
scattered communities, pit dwellings,
houses on piles and lakes, long houses
with 50-100 clan units forming
cluster groups.
• Population: 2-3 thousands people
• Absence of Neighbourhood structure,
though it contains city with
settlement.

7. Bronze age settlement
• the agriculture age (3000-5th C BC)
which is also known as Bronze-Iron
stage, mostly Bronze use Age.
• Neighbourhood unit was changed in
the form of cities, settled villages,
fortifications, fencing and terracing.
• Presence of Neighbourhood structure.
Example: Indus valey and sumerian
city.
Iron age settlement
• Social living structure in the form of
Imperial cities, cosmopolitan cities
and colonies. The active territory was
formed by the community in the form
of village, town, itinary trade routes
(uttarapath, dakshinipath, silk road)
and imperial territory
• The rise of strong centralized
governments, and the beginnings of
recognizable nation-states that are the
direct antecedents of today's states.
• Presence of Neighbourhood structure

8. Iron age (5th C BC)
• The social living structure in the form of settlement was changed in the form of
Imperial cities, cosmopolitan cities and colonies. Some of the examples which
form the neighbourhood pattern are Miletus and Rome.
• Neighbourhood structure was found in Iron age at different cities in the Europe
•
Figure: 1st and 2nd Ancient Miletus and 3rd is Rome
Rome

9. Medieval period 5th C to 17th C
• large cities with population upto 1
million, regional town centres,
planned towns and settlements and
low rise compact settlements.
• Neighbourhood structure in the form
of function and adaptability like road,
drains, watersupply pipeline and the
concept of planning their settlements.
• Some medieval towns (Paris
[150,000], London [40,000], or
Florence [100,000]) were Roman in
origin; others newly built.

10. • In medieval period there was a rapid growth of industry and development
of infrastructures. Some of the examples were Xian, Kyoto, Palmananov.
The building structure and form was started from 9th C in China, whereas
the Islamic tradition was started from 8th C in Baghdad and the town
environment was started from 11th C in Japan.
•
(Figure Miletus: old and new)

11.  The medieval period is the mid-time of the traditional division of Western
history into Classical Period to Renaissance
(Figure: Xian, Renniassaince pictures of Medieval)

12. Industrial period
• The time period was started from
17th C -20th C where there was a
social form of migrant community,
nuclear family to have interest
association to fulfill the facilities of
the social living people.
• Neighbourhood structure are found in
the city of Europe, China and United
states and other parts in the world.
• The development pattern was from
begining into change in process. The
population was also increased and due
to rapid urbanization, people are
living their life in cities.
• A new form of living a life in
metroplis, sattelite towns, industrial
towns, conurbation, high rise and
dense social forms, suburban, sprawl
with vechicular ways and the active
territory was changed into
neighbourhood with work place and
market zone network.
• Presence of Neighbourhood structure.

13. Figure: Kyoto city from past to present
The settlement form and the built environment has changed into a new form of living a life in metroplis, sattelite towns,
industrial towns, conurbation, high rise and dense social forms, suburban, sprawl with vechicular ways
and the active territory was changed into neighbourhood with work place and market zone network.
Figure: London, Palamanov-Italy and Rome, map of 17th C

14. Industrial period or Modern period
• The history plays an important role to have a change in the socities. The
beginning of the 20th century saw the first description of the local
community as being a natural agglomeration. In 1915, Park described these
groupings as the results of the competition for land use between various
businesses and groups of populations existing without formal organization.
• A neighbourhood is often considered to be a living area as well as a place
of work and a family environment. One will find people interacting for
utility (grocery stores, medical clinics, schools, recreational parks, etc.),
support or mutual aid (exchanges of services), or for pure socialization (the
need to create bonds between individuals).

15. • The modern period with urban planning in context of Neighbourhood has
changed into super components of apartments and high rise buildings.
• The growth of modern industry from the late 18th century onward led to
massive urbanization and the rise of new great cities, first in Europe and then
in other regions, as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants
from rural communities into urban areas.
• Figure: Highrise building and Apartments

17. 15 neighbourhood structure found within 6km distance in Turkey town-husaine,

18. • Neighbourhoods encompass 2,000 to 10,000 families. Within
neighbourhoods, families are grouped into smaller
residential units or quarters of 100 to 600 families and supervised by a
residents' committee; these are subdivided into residents' small groups of
fifteen to forty families.
• It is a space we learn to recognize by moving throughout it while carrying
social and economic activities such as visiting friends and shopping.
Neighbourhood structure was found in this period. Examples are listed
below.

19. A neighbourhood structure found in the figures: lisbon, portugal;
manila, philipines; satelitte towns-netherland( urban sprawl) and a
new city-china

20. Historic Neighbourhood
• Neighborhood size has been defined throughout planning history.
• The neighborhood is the planning unit for a town.
• In the words of the urban scholar Lewis Mumford, “Neighbourhoods, in
permanent family dwellings; and many of the functions of the city tend to be
distributed naturally—that is, without any theoretical preoccupation or political
direction into neighbourhoods.”
• Clarence Perry defines the neighborhood as a component of a town and defines
its size based upon a five-minute walking radius. The radius is measured from
the center, and the center holds the cultural uses such as a school.

21. • Finally, the concept of neighbourhood structure as a whole , containing a
group of component neigbourhood is not a new , nor is discussion of
neighbourhood related problems closely involved in the patterns of urban
land use.
The Neighbourhood Idea
 A sound area for living with
 Adequate school and parks within a 5min/10 min walk.
 Major street around rather than through the neighbourhood
 Separate residential and non residential distrcits or commercial centres
 Population large enough to support an elementary school, usually 5,000 to
10,000 people
 Some neighbours stores and services
 Facilities of water supply, drainage, utilities, minimum a hospital, with
safety security and minimum a green environment

22. New model for neighbourhood, paris , radburn and spain city -
Form of Neighbourhood structure

23. Form of Neighbourhood structure

24. Forms of Neighbourhood structure in Rural towns of Ireland

25. model in switzerland , radburn with pedestrian & garden, Queens and concept of neighbourhood unit

26. Form of Neighbourhood structure in rural towns in Brasilla

27. Conclusion
• There are many defination relating to neighbourhood. Some famous writer have
their own opinion about neighbourhood structure , but in the present context,
there are a methods to identify the neighbourhood structure by some byelaws.
At least there should be a facilities with open area and a park with parking
facilities and trend of urban planning with green environment within built
environment.
• The concept of the neighbourhood is well established as a basic unit for
planning our cities. Further, it is a popular and accepted element of a social and
physical organization in the minds of most Architect, Engineer and city
designer. The neighbourhood has become the symbol, through conscious design
of a means to preserve the real or imagined values of an earlier , semi-rural way
of life in our increasingly complex and fast moving urban centers.
• In localities where neighbourhoods do not have an official status, questions can
arise as to where one neighbourhood begins and another ends. Many cities
use districts and wards as official divisions of the city, rather than traditional
neighbourhood boundaries.