This document summarizes the senses of smell, hearing, and balance. It describes the parts of the nose and ear involved in smell and hearing, including the olfactory epithelium, nasal cavity, outer ear, middle ear with ossicles, inner ear structures like the cochlea and semicircular canals, and vestibular system including utricle and saccule. It explains how smell and hearing are perceived through stimulation of olfactory and auditory receptor cells, and how balance is maintained through the vestibular system detecting movement.
This presentation explains the working of the ear... It is best for medical students.. It includes all the key points necessary for an exam too... So this presentation can also be used as a notes for your exams...
This presentation explains the working of the ear... It is best for medical students.. It includes all the key points necessary for an exam too... So this presentation can also be used as a notes for your exams...
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
Hearing and vestibular system - simple basicsAdamBilski2
Basic physiology of hearing and vestibular system. Good for a short understanding of how it works. EDIT - SLIDE 10 is a repeated slide, shouldn't be there
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. UNIT 3:
SENSE ORGANS –
NOSE AND EARS
• Chemical senses
•Sense of hearing and balance
Campbell et.al, 2010 –
CHAPTER 50
2. 1. SENSE OF SMELL
Receptor cells of smell are OLFACTORY
CELLS
Olfactory cells are located within olfactory
epithelium high in the roof of the nasal
cavity.
4. PERCEPTION OF SMELL
The gas molecules in the air dissolves in the
mucus of the nasal cavity.
It stimulates the microvilli of olfactory cells
where it bonds to the odorant receptors
This cause an impulse to be send from
olfactory cell through the sensory nerve
fibers, to the olfactory bulb and then to the
temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
Smell is integrated and perceived.
6. 2. THE SENSE OF HEARING AND
BALANCE
The ear has two sensory functions: Hearing
and Balance.
The sensory receptors for both of these is
located in the inner ear, and each consist of
hair cells and cillia which are sensitive to
mechanical stimulation. They are called
machanoreceptors.
9. THE OUTER EAR
Pinna – Concentrate sound waves in the
direction of the external auditory canal.
External Auditory canal
– Transport sound waves from the pinna to the
tympanic membrane.
- Contain fine hairs and cerumin glands that
secrete cerumin (earwax) to help guard the ear
against foreign material and insects. (smell)
10. THE OUTER EAR
Tympanic membrane
– A thin membrane that covers the opening
between the inner- and middle ear.
- Converts soundwaves into vibrations.
(starts to vibrate)
11. MIDDLE EAR
3 Bony ossicles e.g.: (start to vibrate):
- Malleus – transmit vibration to incus
- Incus – transmit vibrations to stapes
- Stapes – transmit vibrations to oval
window (fenestra ovalis)
Oval window – start to vibrate and cause
waves in liquid (perilymph) in cochlea.
Eustachian tube – Equalize the pressure
between the atmosphere and the inside of the
ear. (Connected with the pharynx).
13. INNER EAR
Cochlea:
- Snail shaped canal.
- Divided in 3 canals separated by
membranes
1. Vestibular canal (scale vestibuli) – top
canal, filled with perilymph. Receives
vibration from oval window, form waves in
perilymph, causes Reissner membrane to
form waves.
14. 2. Cochlear canal (Scala media) – middle
canal, filled with endolymph.
Form waves in endolymph, that causes
Basilar membrane to wave up and down.
Contains the receptor cells for hearing:
Organ of Corti - which pushes the
stereocilia against the tectorial
membrane, causes an impulse which is
send through the cochlear nerves to
the temporal lobe of the brain for
integration.
15. 3. Tympanic canal (Scala tympani)– bottom
canal, filled with perilymph. Form waves
which are carried to the round window
(fenestra rotunda).
Round Window: absorb excess sound
waves to prevent echoing in the ear.
17. 3. INNER EAR: SEMI CIRCULAR
CANALS
Contain machanorecepters (cristae) – detect
rotational or angular movement of the head.
Cristae- located in the ampulla (enlarged
base of semi circular canals)in the endolymph
found in the semi circular canals.
- Consist of hair cells, supporting cells,
stereocillia imbedded in a gelatin capsule
called cupula, and nerve fibers.
18. INNER EAR: SEMI CIRCULAR
CANALS
Movement of the head
causes the endolymph to move around in the
ampulla,
the cupula moves,
bending the stereocilia,
causing an impulse send through the
vestibular nerve
to the cerebellum of the brain for integration.
20. 4. INNER EAR: UTRICULUS AND
SACCULUS
Enlarged area below the semi circular canals.
Contain mechanoreceptors (macula) – that
detects straight line movement of the head in
any direction – gravitational equilibrium.
Macula:
Consist of hair cells with stereocilia embedded
in a gelatin membrane called otolithic
membrane with otoliths (crystals) ontop,
supporting cells and vestibular nerves.
21. 4. INNER EAR: UTRICULUS AND
SACCULUS
If a person stops suddenly,
the endolymph in the utriculus and sacculus
move around,
the otolithic membrane moves,
bending the stereocilia,
which sends an impulse through the
vestibular nerves
to the cerebellum of the brain to maintain
balance.
