Dielectrics are materials that contain permanently aligned electric dipoles. When an electric field is applied, the dipoles in dielectric materials can undergo several types of polarization, including electronic, ionic, orientational, and space charge polarization. This polarization leads to an increase in the electric flux density and dielectric constant within the material. The dielectric constant is the ratio of the material's permeability to the permeability of free space and determines the material's behavior in electric fields.
Basic of semiconductors and optical propertiesKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the band structure, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, electrical conductivity, mobility, hall effect, p-n junction diode, tunnel diode and optical properties of the semiconductor.
The following presentation consists of introduction to dielectrics, and includes following topics - Basic terms, Polarization of Dielectric, Polarization method, Internal Field, Clausius-Mossotti Equation, Types of dielectric, Properties of good Dielectric, and Application of Dielectric.
HALL effect - SemiConductors - and it's Applications - Engineering PhysicsTheerumalai Ga
A 20 mins discussion on the "HALL EFFECT and it's applications" of Semiconductors and a brief explanation about Hall Sensors with a derivation and video attached. Engineering Physics - important area of discussion for Anna University examination- seminar
Basic of semiconductors and optical propertiesKamran Ansari
This presentation explains the band structure, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, electrical conductivity, mobility, hall effect, p-n junction diode, tunnel diode and optical properties of the semiconductor.
The following presentation consists of introduction to dielectrics, and includes following topics - Basic terms, Polarization of Dielectric, Polarization method, Internal Field, Clausius-Mossotti Equation, Types of dielectric, Properties of good Dielectric, and Application of Dielectric.
HALL effect - SemiConductors - and it's Applications - Engineering PhysicsTheerumalai Ga
A 20 mins discussion on the "HALL EFFECT and it's applications" of Semiconductors and a brief explanation about Hall Sensors with a derivation and video attached. Engineering Physics - important area of discussion for Anna University examination- seminar
Energy bands and electrical properties of metals newPraveen Vaidya
The chapter gives brief knowledge about formation of bands in solids. What are free electrons how they contribute for conductivity in conductors, but can be extended to semiconductors also.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Dielectrics are the materials having electric dipole moment permantly.
Dipole: A dipole is an entity in which equal positive and negative
charges are separated by a small distance..
DIPOLE moment (µele ):The product of magnitude of either of the
charges and separation distance b/w them is called Dipole moment.
µe = q . x coul – m
All dielectrics are electrical insulators and they are mainly used to store
electrical energy.
Ex: Mica, glass, plastic, water & polar molecules…
X
q -q
Introduction
4. Dielectric Constant
Dielectric Constant is the ratio between the
permittivity of the medium to the permittivity of
free space.
The characteristics of a dielectric material are
determined by the dielectric constant and it has no
units.
0
r
5. Electric Polarization
The process of producing electric dipoles by an electric field is
called polarization in dielectrics.
Polarizability:
The induced dipole moment per unit electric field is called
Polarizability.
The induced dipole moment is proportional to the intensity of the
electric field.
Is a Polarizability constant
constantlitypolarizabi
E
E
6. Polarization vector:
The dipole moment per unit volume of the dielectric
material is called polarization vector.
V
xq
P
n
i
ii
1
7. Electric flux Density (D):
Electric flux density is defined as charge per unit area and it has same
units of dielectric polarization.
Electric flux density D at a point in a free space or air in terms of Electric
field strength is
At the same point in a medium is given by
As the polarization measures the additional flux density arising from the
presence of material as compared to free space
(1)--ED 00
(3)--PEDi.e, 0
(2)--ED
9. Electric susceptibility:
The polarization vector P is proportional to the
total electric flux density and direction of electric
field.
Therefore the polarization vector can be written
1
)1(
0
0
0
0
re
r
e
e
E
E
E
P
EP
10. Various polarization processes:
When the specimen is placed inside a d.c.
electric field, polarization is due to four types
of processes….
1.Electronic polarization
2.Ionic polarization
3.Orientation polarization
4.Space charge polarization
11. Electronic Polarization
When an EF is applied to an atom, +vely charged nucleus
displaces in the direction of field and ẽ could in opposite direction.
This kind of displacement will produce an electric dipole with in the
atom.
i.e, dipole moment is proportional to the magnitude of field strength
and is given by
E
E
e
e
e
or
where ‘αe’ is called electronic Polarizability constant
12. It increases with increase of volume of the atom.
This kind of polarization is mostly exhibited in Monatomic
gases.
10____ 2-40
mFe
He Ne Ar Kr Xe
0.18 0.35 1.46 2.18 3.54
It occurs only at optical frequencies (1015Hz)
It is independent of temperature.
13. Expression for Electronic Polarization
Consider a atom in an EF of intensity ‘E’ since the nucleus
(+Ze) and electron cloud (-ze) of the atom have opposite
charges and acted upon by Lorentz force (FL).
Subsequently nucleus moves in the direction of field and
electron cloud in opposite direction.
When electron cloud and nucleus get shifted from their normal
positions, an attractive force b/w them is created and the
seperation continuous until columbic force FC is balanced with
Lorentz force FL, Finally a new equilibriums state is
established.
14. fig(2) represents displacement of nucleus and electron
cloud and we assume that the –ve charge in the cloud
uniformly distributed over a sphere of radius R and the
spherical shape does not change for convenience.
+Ze
No field fig(1)
x
In the presence of field fig (2)
E
15. Let σ be the charge density of the sphere
sphere.in thechargetotaltherepresentsZe-
3
4 3
R
Ze
(1)-----
..
.
.
3
4
.q
isx''radiusofspherein thechargeve-theThus
3
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
e
x
R
ze
x
R
ze
x
(2)-----
4
.
4
1.
.
4
1
FNow 3
0
22
3
3
2
0
2
0
c
R
xez
ze
R
xze
xx
qq pe
16. Force experienced by displaced nucleus in EF of Strength E
is FL = Eq = ZeE -----(3)
ee
cL
zex
R
zex
E
R
zex
R
xez
FF
momentdipole
E
4
4
(4)-----ZeE
4
3
0
3
0
3
0
22
3
04 Re
Hence electronic Polaris ability is directly proportional to cube of the
radius of the atom.
17. Ionic polarization
The ionic polarization occurs, when atoms form
molecules and it is mainly due to a relative displacement
of the atomic components of the molecule in the
presence of an electric field.
When a EF is applied to the molecule, the positive ions
displaced by X1 to the negative side electric field and
negative ions displaced by X2 to the positive side of
field.
The resultant dipole moment µ = q ( X1 + X2)..
19. Restoring force constant depend upon the mass of the ion and
natural frequency and is given by
Mm
w
eE
xx
wm
eE
x
xwmeEF
11
2
0
21
2
0
2
0
.
or
.
20. Where ‘M’ mass of anion and ‘m’ is mass of cat ion
Mm
ionic
ionic
Mmionic
w
e
E
w
Ee
xx
11
2
0
2
11
2
0
2
21
or
)e(
This polarization occurs at frequency 1013 Hz (IR).
It is a slower process compared to electronic polarization.
It is independent of temperature.
21. Orientational Polarization
It is also called dipolar or molecular polarization. The
molecules such as H2 , N2,O2,Cl2 ,CH4,CCl4 etc., does not carry
any dipole because centre of positive charge and centre of
negative charge coincides. On the other hand molecules like
CH3Cl, H2O,HCl, ethyl acetate ( polar molecules) carries
dipoles even in the absence of electric field.
How ever the net dipole moment is negligibly small since all
the molecular dipoles are oriented randomly when there is no
EF. In the presence of the electric field these all dipoles orient
them selves in the direction of field as a result the net dipole
moment becomes enormous.
22. It occurs at a frequency 106 Hz to 1010Hz.
It is slow process compare to ionic
polarization.
It greatly depends on temperature.
24. Internal fields or local fields
Local field or internal field in a dielectric is the
space and time average of the electric field
intensity acting on a particular molecule in the
dielectric material.
25. Evaluation of internal field
Consider a dielectric be placed between the
plates of a parallel plate capacitor and let there
be an imaginary spherical cavity around the
atom A inside the dielectric.
The internal field at the atom site ‘A’ can be
made up of four components E1 ,E2, E3 & E4.
27. Field E1:
E1 is the field intensity at A due to the charge density
on the plates
)1(..........
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
P
EE
PE
E
PED
D
E
28. Field E2:
E2 is the field intensity at A due to the charge
density induced on the two sides of the dielectric.
)2.(..........
0
2
P
E
Field E3:
E3 is the field intensity at A due to the atoms
contained in the cavity, we are assuming a cubic
structure, so E3 = 0.
29. + +
E
d r
p q
R
dA
r
A
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
++
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_ _
_
_
_
30. Field E4:
1.This is due to polarized charges on the surface of
the spherical cavity.
Where dA is Surface area between θ & θ+dθ…
drdA
rdrdA
qRpqdA
sin.2
.sin.2
..2
2
31. 2.The total charge present on the surface area dA is…
dq = ( normal component of polarization ) X ( surface
area )
dprdq
dApdq
.sin.cos2
cos
2
32. 3.The field due to this charge at A, denoted by dE4 is given by
2
0
4
4
1
r
dq
dE
The field in θ = 0 direction 2
0
4
cos
4
1
r
dq
dE
d
P
dE
dpr
r
dE
.sin.cos
2
cos).sin.cos2(
4
1
2
0
4
2
2
0
4
33. 4.Thus the total field E4
due to the charges on the
surface of the entire
cavity is
0
4
0
1
1
3
0
1
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
44
3
)
3
11
(
2
)
3
(
2
.
2
sincos..
.sin.cos
2
.sin.cos
2
P
E
PxP
dxx
P
ddxxlet
d
P
d
P
dEE
34. The internal field or Lorentz field can be written as
o
i
ooo
i
i
p
EE
ppp
EE
EEEEE
3
3
0)(
4321
35. Classius – Mosotti relation:
Consider a dielectric material having cubic structure
, and assume ionic Polarizability & Orientational
polarizability are zero..
0
0
3
.,
.,......
..
0
P
EEwhere
EwhereENP
NPonpolarizati
i
ieie
i
38. Ferro electric materials or Ferro electricity
Ferro electric crystals exhibit spontaneous
polarization I.e. electric polarization with out
electric field.
Ferro electric crystals possess high dielectric
constant.
each unit cell of a Ferro electric crystal carries
a reversible electric dipole moment.
Examples: Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) , Sodium
nitrate (NaNO3) ,Rochelle salt etc..
39. Piezo- electricity
The process of creating electric polarization by mechanical
stress is called as piezo electric effect.
This process is used in conversion of mechanical energy into
electrical energy and also electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
According to inverse piezo electric effect, when an electric
stress is applied, the material becomes strained. This strain is
directly proportional to the applied field.
Examples: quartz crystal , Rochelle salt etc.,
Piezo electric materials or peizo electric semiconductors such
as Gas, Zno and CdS are finding applications in ultrasonic
amplifiers.