1. Dielectric materials are insulators in which electrons are tightly bound and there is no free charge. They can be classified as active or passive.
2. Active dielectrics readily store electrical energy, like piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials. Passive dielectrics restrict electrical flow and act as insulators, like glass and rubber.
3. When dielectric materials are placed in an electric field, dipoles are induced through mechanisms like electronic, ionic, orientational and space charge polarization, contributing to the material's dielectric properties. The different polarization mechanisms have varying frequency dependencies.
The Fermi level, often referred to as the Fermi energy or Fermi energy level, is a concept in condensed matter physics and quantum mechanics that plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior of electrons in a solid-state material, such as a metal, semiconductor, or insulator. It is named after the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.
Dielectric Properties of Insulating Materialsrajendra purkar
Dielectric Properties of Insulating Materials, in Material Science
different material used in Power system as Insulators and their required properties and applications.
Energy bands and electrical properties of metals newPraveen Vaidya
The chapter gives brief knowledge about formation of bands in solids. What are free electrons how they contribute for conductivity in conductors, but can be extended to semiconductors also.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
The Fermi level, often referred to as the Fermi energy or Fermi energy level, is a concept in condensed matter physics and quantum mechanics that plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior of electrons in a solid-state material, such as a metal, semiconductor, or insulator. It is named after the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi.
Dielectric Properties of Insulating Materialsrajendra purkar
Dielectric Properties of Insulating Materials, in Material Science
different material used in Power system as Insulators and their required properties and applications.
Energy bands and electrical properties of metals newPraveen Vaidya
The chapter gives brief knowledge about formation of bands in solids. What are free electrons how they contribute for conductivity in conductors, but can be extended to semiconductors also.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
1. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Delhi-NCR Campus, Ghaziabad
Subject Name-Electromagnetic Theory, Quantum Mechanics, Waves
and Optics
Subject Code: 21PYB101J
Module I- DIELECTRICS
Video No-03
By
Dr. Megha Gupta Chaudhary
Assistant Professor, Physics
2. Dielectric Materials
Dielectric materials are also called as insulators.
In dielectric materials, all the electrons are tightly bound to their parent
molecules and there are no free charges. In addition, the forbidden energy
band gap (e.g.) for dielectric materials is more than 3eV.
Not possible for the electrons in the valence band to excite to the conduction
band, by crossing the energy gap, even with normal voltage or thermal energy.
3. The dielectric materials can be classified into active and passive dielectric
materials.
i. Active dielectrics
When a dielectric material is kept in an external electric field, if it
actively accepts the electricity, then it is known as active dielectric
material. Thus, active dielectrics are the dielectrics, which can easily
adapt themselves to store the electrical energy in it.
Eg: Piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials.
ii. Passive dielectrics
Passive dielectrics are the dielectrics, which restrict the flow of
electrical energy in them. So, these dielectrics act as insulators.
Examples: All insulating materials such as glass, mica, rubber etc.,
4. i. Non-Polar Dielectrics
There is no permanent dipole existence in the absence of electric
field
Eg: H2, N2, O2, CO2
ii. Polar dielectrics
There is existence of permanent dipole in the absence of electric filed
Examples:H2O, HCI, CO
5. Basic Definitions in Dielectrics
Electric Field
The region around the charge within which its effect is felt or experienced is known
as electric field.
The electric field is assumed to consist of imaginary electric lines of force. These
lines of force originate from the positive charges and terminate to the negative
charges .
Electric field strength or electric field intensity (E)
Electric field strength at any point is defined as the force experienced by an unit
positive charge placed at the point. It is denoted by ‘E’.
‘q’ - magnitude of the charge in coulombs
‘F’ - force experienced by that charge in Newton,
electric field strength (E) = F/q
⮚Its unit is Newton / Coulomb (or) volt / meter.
6. Basic Definitions in Dielectrics
Electric flux (Φ)
It is defined as the total number of electric lines of force passing through a given
area in the electric field.
Unit: newton meters squared per coulomb (Nm2C-1)
Φ=E.A=EACosθ
Electric flux density or electric displacement vector (D = Φ /A)
It is defined as the number of electric lines of force passing normally through an unit
area of cross section in the field.
Its unit is Coulomb / m2
7. Dielectric Constant
The dielectric constant or relative permittivity of a material determines its dielectric
characteristics. It is the ratio of the permittivity of the medium and the permittivity of
free space
εr = ε/ε0
It is also defined as the capacitance of the capacitor with dielectric to capacitance of
the same capacitor without dielectric.
•It is a measure of the electric polarization in the dielectric material and it has no units.
•Materials with higher dielectric constant are easily polarized and behaves as good
electrical insulators.
0
C
C
K
8. Electric Polarization (The process of creating or inducing diploes in DEM)
⮚ Consider an atom. We know that it is electrically neutral. Furthermore, the centre of
the negative charge of the electrons coincides with the positive nuclear charge, which
means that the atom has no net dipole moment.
⮚ However, when this atom is placed in an external electric field, the centre of the
positive charge is displaced along the field direction while the centre of the negative
charge is displaced in the opposite direction.
⮚ When a dielectric material is placed inside an electric field, such dipoles are created in
all the atoms inside.
Polarizability (α)
When the electric field strength ‘E’ is increased, the strength of the induced dipole is
also increased. Thus, the induced dipole moment is proportional to the intensity of the
electric field.
p ∝ E
p = αE
9. Polarization vector
The dipole moment per unit volume of the dielectric material is called polarization
vector.
P = Np
Unit: Coulomb / m2
‘p ’ - average dipole moment per molecule and
‘N’ - number of molecules per unit volume
Relation between P, ε0 , ε r and E
The polarization ‘P’ is related to the electric flux density D as,
D = ε0E + P
Since D = ε0εr E, the above relation becomes,
ε0 εr E = ε0E + P
(or) P = ε0εr E− ε0E
i.e. P = ε0 (ε r − 1 )E
10. Electric susceptibility or Dielectric Susceptibility ( ):
The dielectric susceptibility is defined as the ratio of polarization to the net field εoE
modified by the induced charges at the surface.
When a dielectric is placed in an external electric field E, the polarization P is always
proportional to the electric field. That is
1
)
1
(
0
0
0
0
r
e
r
e
e
E
E
E
P
E
P
11. Various Polarization mechanisms in Dielectrics
Dielectric polarization is the displacement of charged particles under the action of the
external electric field. Several microscopic mechanisms are responsible for electric
polarization.
Four types of microscopic polarization mechanisms.
Electronic polarization
Ionic polarization
Orientation polarization and
Space-charge polarization.
12. Electronic Polarization: This also called atom or atomic polarization.
It is defined as an electric strain produced in an atom by the application of electric field.
It results from the displacement of nucleus (+Ze) and electrons (-Ze) in opposite direction in the
presence of the applied field with the creation of dipole moment.
The dipole moment induced is proportional to the strength of field applied
p ∝ E
p = αE
where αe is electronic polarizability of the material which is given by
N is number of atoms per cm3
Polarization is
It is independent of temperature.
Monoatomic molecules exhibits this
type of polarization.
N
r
o
)
1
(
E
N
P e
e
13. Ionic polarization
In this case a (solid) material must have some ionic character.
It then automatically has internal dipoles, but these built-in dipoles exactly cancel
each other and are unable to rotate. The external field then induces net dipoles
by slightly displacing the ions from their rest position.
This is observed in the materials that posses symmetric molecules like NaCl.
It does not occur in typical covalent crystals such as diamond.
Ionic polarization is independent of temperature.
The ionic polarization is
m
M
E
e
Pi
1
1
2
0
2
14. Orientation polarization
It is due to the presence of polar molecules in the dielectric material which have permanent dipole
moment.
In thermal equilibrium, the dipoles will be randomly oriented and thus carry no net polarization. The
external field aligns these dipoles to some extent and thus induces a polarization of the material.
Example:- H2O in its liquid form.
It occurs in asymmetric molecules.
Its depends on the temperature.
, μ is permanent dipole moment
KT
Po
3
2
15. Space-charge polarization
It occurs due to the accumulation of electric charges at the interface of a multi
phased material.
This is possible when one of the phases present posses much higher resistivity
than the other.
It is found to occur in ferrites and semiconductors.
The total polarization is P=Pe+Pi+Po+Ps
16. Since the space-charge polarizability is very small when compared
to the other types of polarizabilities, the total polarizability of a gas
can be written as
17. FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF POLARIZABILITY
On the application of alternating electric field the polarization process occur as a
function of time.
Electronic polarizability is extremely rapid and is complete at any instant of time even
when the frequency of the voltage is very high in the optical ranges. Thus it occurs at
all frequencies.
Ionic polarizability is slower and the ions do not respond at all when the voltage
correspond to visible frequencies. So it does not occur at visible frequencies.
Orientational polarization is slower than the ionic polarizability and occurs only at
frequencies which are smaller than the infrared frequencies.
Space charge polarization is slower process and occurs only at lower frequencies (50-
60 Hz).
The total polarizability is very high at low frequencies and very low at higher (optical)
frequencies.