The document provides a study guide for Unit 1 that reviews chapters 1-5. It includes questions about the Roman Empire's legacy in architecture and engineering, the development of feudalism in Europe, the role of the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages, life in medieval towns, and the decline of feudalism. The questions cover topics like Charlemagne's accomplishments, the purpose of guilds and specialization in trade, documents like the Magna Carta, and factors in the fall of feudalism like the Black Plague.
Popes, kings, nobles, monks the intersection of sacred and se.docxpauline234567
Popes, kings, nobles, monks: the intersection of sacred and secular power
Byzantine empire (lasted to 1453)
Infrastructure--cities, monuments, roads
Movement of population to “natural” settlement patterns, often pre-Roman (caves!)
Improved standard of living?
The collapse of Roman taxation in western Europe!
Legacies of the Roman empire?
Italy c. 600
(Lombards and Byzantine Greeks)
Spread of Islam 622-750 C.E.
Bishops: from powerful local noble families oversaw the clergy (priests) in their diocese (district)
Stepped into the shoes of Roman administrators
Tendency for church official to exercise secular powers
The bishop of Rome becomes the pope
Petrine theory: Power of the keys
Rome in 600
Santa Maria Antiqua (c. 450-847)
Santa Pudenziana mosaics c. 400
Monk and author
Prefect of the city of Rome
Effective administrator
“servant of the servants of God”
“papa”
854 letters survive
Turning point:
Papacy of Gregory I (590-604)
Benedict of Nursia (d. c. 545)
Benedictine Rule (clear rules
for an orderly community)
Monasticism: hermits to monks
Benedict’s Sacro Speco
Huge Benedictine monasteries:
Montecassino founded 529
Huge donations of land by nobles
Monks supported by peasant labor on monastic lands
Most were unfree (serfs)
The doors of Montecassino under Abbot Desiderius (1058-87): their holdings
Monasteries were closely linked to powerful families
Abbot Desiderius was the son of the prince of nearby Benevento (the biggest donor)
Secular and spiritual rulers tended to build alliances: why?
Emperor and bishop
17
Monasteries were closely linked to powerful noble families
Ex: Abbot Desiderius of Montecassino was the son of the prince of nearby Benevento (the biggest donor)
The rise of Frankish kings (the Carolingians) c. 800
What was going on?
King Charles the Great (Charlemagne) was crowned
Holy Roman Emperor by the pope in Rome in 800
Alliance of popes and monarchs
Leo III Charlemagne
The Carolingians (Frankish kings) arrive:
Charlemagne rescued the unpopular pope Leo, who then crowned him emperor in 800: a Crucial Precedent
Donation of Constantine
forged c. 800
Division of the Carolingian empire in 843 created a much-disputed Italian kingdom
Papal lands:
Patrimony of St. Peter in 1000.
Wealth from landholding as well as raiding and war
BUT: land-based rule
How to defend against invaders if you cannot pay a standing army?
See King Berengario’s diploma;
What did he give away? What did he get?
Kings and nobles
King Berengar (888-924):
Giving away privileges, including the right to build a castle
Royal weakness: land-based rule
Arab Muslim and Hungarian invasions
San Vicenzo al Volturno
Tempting targets for raiders:
Chronicle of Volturno
What did the raiders want?
How did the monks defend?
What happened?
Destruction of San Vicenzo
In 1000
Muslim emirate.
Please answer each question below with at least 4 complete sen.docxLacieKlineeb
Please answer each question below with at least 4 complete sentences
1. Explain why it is important to analyze sources for their relevancy
and trustworthiness.
2. Explain why it is important to compare the quality of web sources.
3. Explain some examples of ways to use surveys to collect
information.
4. Explain ways to avoid plagiarism.
5. Explain why it is important to incorporate in-text citations in writing
using MLA.
6. Explain and provide examples of strong and weak verbs.
7. Explain the difference between the active and the passive voice.
8. Explain characteristics of concise sentences.
9. Provide examples of ways to match writing structure with ideas.
10. Explain ways to fix fragments, run-on sentences, and comma splices.
11. Explain how unintentional shifts in tense, voice, person, or number
can distract readers.
12. Explain the most important thing or things learned in this class.
In my last lecture, we discussed the connection between the Agricultural Revolution, the rise in
population, the development of manors, and the growth of cities between the 10th and 12th
centuries. Alongside this, we saw the dramatic rise of the popes, whose power grew to amazing
heights due to their use of tools like excommunication and crusades. But the power of the
medieval popes would not remain uncontested. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the kings of Europe
found ways to increase their own power, sometimes at the expense of the popes and other times
at the expense of their own people. It was also during this time that a new renaissance took place.
This was the aptly named Twelfth Century Renaissance, and it would lead to the creation of
institutions and ideas that we still use and enjoy today.
[SLIDE] Let’s start with our questions: Our first question is: how did kings gain power in the
12th and 13th centuries? Second, we’re going to consider how the Twelfth Century Renaissance
affected society.
[SLIDE] If you remember back to my last lecture, I explained that due to the invasions of
Vikings and other new barbarian groups in the 9th and 10th centuries, kings lost power. They
weren’t able to protect their people from attack, and so people turned instead to lords who had
the armies and castles needed to defend them. Fearing that these increasingly powerful lords
would try to unseat them from their thrones, the kings developed the concept of divine right. By
portraying themselves as chosen by God to rule, kings discouraged lords from trying to rise up
and overthrow the current kings. The concept of divine right was generally pretty successful, but
that was the only tool that kings had, and they remained pretty weak. This changed in the 12th
and 13th centuries. At this time, the kings of Europe took steps to expand their power and enforce
their authority, and of all of these kingdoms, the kings of England and France became the most
powerful. What’s interesting, though, is that the kings of England and France attaine.
Similar to Unit 1 study guide review~2014 2015 (20)
11. 1. Crowned Holy Roman Emperor
2. Ruled the Franks from 768 to 814 ce
3. United the Christian lands of Europe
8. Give three facts about
Charlemagne.
12. To provide protection
and to be loyal to their
lord.
9. What is the main job of a
vassal?
13. fief
10. What is the term of land
granted by a lord to a vassal in
exchange for loyalty and service?
14. There was no central
government
11. Why did the Roman Empire
fall?
15. hierarchy
12. A system of organizing people
into ranks, with those of higher
rank having more power and
privileges.
18. 1. Owned valuable property & land
2. Everything evolved around the church.
3. Church officials were leaders in the government.
14. Give three facts about the
Catholic Church during the
Middles Ages.
19. A person that goes on a sacred journey for
penance, to cure the sick or to worship.
15. Describe a pilgrim
20. Possible Answers: The Catholic Church has the power to
excommunicate, to stop selling of official positions and to
prohibit bishops electing kings to powerful positions
within the church.
16. Explain why the Catholic
Church was powerful.
21. To read from the Bible. To teach others
about religion and to help with
governmental duties.
17. Why would a church official
need to be educated?
23. By River: protection & trade
By Trade Routes: to help their towns
prosper through traveling merchants.
18. Why were many medieval towns
built by rivers and trade routes?
24. An organization of people in the same
craft or trade that limits the amount of
people who practice that trade in a town.
This is done for supply and demand as
well as pride in one’s work.
19. Explain the purpose of a guild.
25. merchants
20. What group of people continued to
thrive not only in politics, but also
economics?
26. It allows a craftspeople or a certain area
to concentrate in one area so they are
known for that specific craft.
21. What does “specialization” mean
in the world of trade?
27. Common Law
22. What is the term of the body of
rulings made by judges that become
part of a nation’s legal system?
33. Trade Ships
27. What was the one means of
transportation that helped spread the
Black Plague quickly?
34. The plague caused many workers to
demand for more money and power since
too many people had died.
28. Why did commoners have a voice
in many areas after the black plague?
35. Longbows
29. What did the English have that
the French lacked in the Hundred
Years’ War?