The document discusses common nutrition problems in India. It identifies groups most at risk like pregnant women, lactating women, infants, preschool children, and adolescent girls. The common problems are listed as poor weight gain and low birth weight in women, and growth faltering, protein energy malnutrition (PEM), and micronutrient deficiencies in children. It provides data on malnutrition indicators like prevalence of low birth weight, infant and child mortality rates, anemia in pregnant women and adolescent girls, and goiter rates. Determinants of malnutrition are identified as maternal malnutrition, faulty childfeeding practices, dietary inadequacy, frequent infections, large families, and high female illiteracy. Current interventions to address the problems are also outlined
PPT includes various Nutritional programmes such as -
> Applied Nutrition Programme
> ICDS
> Balwadi nutrition Programme
> Special Nutrition Programme
> VIt. A prophylaxis programme
> National Anemia prophylaxis programme
> Natioanl Iodine deficiency disorder control programme
> Mid day meal
> Others
PPT includes various Nutritional programmes such as -
> Applied Nutrition Programme
> ICDS
> Balwadi nutrition Programme
> Special Nutrition Programme
> VIt. A prophylaxis programme
> National Anemia prophylaxis programme
> Natioanl Iodine deficiency disorder control programme
> Mid day meal
> Others
Lecture 3 Dietary requirements and guidelineswajihahwafa
1. Define the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
2. Present four (4) levels that represent five (5) food group in Malaysian Food Guide Pyramid
3. Read and understand a nutrition facts label.
4. Present the 14 key Messages of Malaysian Dietary Guidelines and 15 Key Messages Malaysian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents
Lecture 3 Dietary requirements and guidelineswajihahwafa
1. Define the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
2. Present four (4) levels that represent five (5) food group in Malaysian Food Guide Pyramid
3. Read and understand a nutrition facts label.
4. Present the 14 key Messages of Malaysian Dietary Guidelines and 15 Key Messages Malaysian Dietary Guidelines for Children and Adolescents
Abstract
Biofortification, which is the development and dissemination of micronutrient-dense staple crops such as orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP), is an effective approach to provide rural households with a low-cost source of vitamin A-rich food. Given that sweetpotato is cultivated twice a year in Western Kenya, high OFSP uptake should increase the frequency of intake of vitamin A among young children and women. The current study aimed to understand the influence of OFSP adoption and its intensity (i.e. share of OFSP in sweetpotato area) in improving women and children’s dietary diversity and intake of vitamin A-rich food. Data were analysed from the endline study of a 5-year, integrated agriculture–health project in Western Kenya. The project linked access to OFSP vines to public health services for pregnant women. In total, 1,924 mother–child pairs (children <2 years of age) were randomly selected in four intervention areas and four control areas. Two-stage instrumental variable and ordered logit regression models were employed to test the effect of adoption. Diagnostic tests for endogeneity and misspecification were conducted to confirm model validity. Two indices were identified: first, a dietary diversity index (9 food groups consumed in the previous 24 hr); second, an index of the frequency of consumption of vitamin A-rich foods during the 7 days prior to the interview. Not surprising, staple foods are the dominant food group, with less frequent consumption of nutrient-rich fruits and vegetables. The surveyed households reported consuming starchy staples (91%), dark green leafy vegetables (80%), fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin A (26%), other fruits and vegetables (58%), organ meat (2%), meat and fish (32%), egg (11%), legumes (31%), and milk products (80%). Women and children in households growing OFSP had 15% and 18% higher dietary diversity index scores, respectively, than those not growing OFSP. Similarly, the index capturing frequency of intakes of vitamin A-rich food was 10% and 20%, higher for women and children in OFSP growing households, respectively, than those who do not grow. Age of household head, mother’s education, wealth index, and the sweetpotato plots have a positive effect on the dietary diversity and frequency of vitamin A intake. Households with limited access to a health facility, larger household size, and mother engaged in casual labour have less diversified diets and consume vitamin A-rich food less frequently. Both OFSP adoption and the share of OFSP area have positive influence on dietary diversity and vitamin A intake for both women and children under 2 years in Western Kenya
Temesgen F. Bocher
Nutrition is a very confusing topic for most people these days. If you pick up a woman’s magazine or watch any morning television programme you are likely to find that an article or presentation about nutrition is trying to convince you that a particular fad diet, or a particular group of nutrients, will be the one secret that positively changes your life forever. Yet, the more you read magazine articles or watch television shows, the more you are likely to be in the dark as to which advice to follow, because many of them are contradictory.
In this presentation during 4th National Conference Embriology ISAR, we discussed about the oocyte inefficiency faced by women, evaluated if there is any solution to overcome this problem, and finally suggested an alternative. All of this presenting evidence that the ovarian stimulation is not related to a decrease in embryo quality. Maximizing the number of oocytes retrieved during ovarian stimulation, is the best way to improve the cumulative live birth rates per ovarian stimulation, decreasing the number of ovarian stimulation and oocyte pick-ups necessary to achieve the mainly goal of an IVF treatment: a health live birth
It was while performing SUZI that a single spermatozoon accidentally penetrated into the oolemma and provided the hint that a direct sperm injection would be more efficient.
1st successful birth by ICSI took place on Jan 14, 1992.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Common nutrition problems in India
1. COMMON NUTRITION PROBLEMS
IN INDIA
Dr. K.VIJAYARAGHAVAN
DIRECTOR – RESEARCH,
SHARE INDIA (MEDICITI INSTITUTION)
&
Sr. Dy. Director, NIN (Retd)
<drk.vijayaraghavan@gmail.com>
3. NUTRITION PROBLEMS IN
INDIA
WHO IS AT RISK??
PREGNANT WOMEN
LACTATING WOMEN
INFANTS
.
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
ADOLESCENT GIRLS
ELDERLY
SOCIALLY DEPRIVED
(SC & ST Communities)
Vijayaraghavan
4. NUTRITION PROBLEMS IN
INDIA
WHAT ARE THE COMMON PROBLEMS?
WOMEN
CHILDREN
• POOR WT. GAIN
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
• GROWTH
DURING
PREGNANCY
FALTERING
• CED
• PEM
• MICRONUTRIENT
• MICRONUTRIENT
DEFICIENCIES
DEFICIENCIES
FLUOROSIS, LATHYRISM
DIET RELATED CHRONIC DISEASES
OBESITY, CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES, DIABETES
Vijayaraghavan
8. IFA SUPPLENTATION AND LBW
35
30
PER CENT
25
30.8
20
30.2
15
15.5
10
5
0
CONTROL
IRON
GROUPS
Source: Leela Iyengar & Apte, S,V.,1970
FOLIC ACID
9. SUPPLENTATION OF IRON / FOLIC ACID
AND BIRTH WEIGHT
3000
BIRTH WEIGHT (g)
2900
2800
2700
2890
2600
2500
2567
2650
2400
CONTROL
IRON
GROUPS
Source: Leela Raman & Rajalakshmi,1974
FOLIC ACID
10. NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS IN CHILDREN
• PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION (PEM)
. CLINICAL FORMS
. SUBCLINICAL UNDERNUTRITION
• MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
Vijayaraghavan
11. CLINCAL FORMS of PEM
KWASHIORKOR
•
•
•
•
OEDEMA+
IRRITABILITY+
GROWTH FAILURE+
DISCOLOURED HAIR+
Vijayaraghavan
12. CLINCAL FORMS of PEM
MARASMUS
EXTREME WASTING
“SKIN AND BONES”
MONKEY/OLD MAN
FACIES
Vijayaraghavan
13. SUB-CLINICAL FORMS OF PEM
UNDERNUTRITION
WASTING
STUNTING
WEIGHT FOR AGE
WEIGHT FOR
HEIGHT
HEIGHT FOR AGE
Vijayaraghavan
14. UNDERNUTRITION IN INDIA
ADULTS (Females)
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
6.2
40.6
44.3
NORMAL
GRADE I
5
8.9
GRADE II
46.5
48.5
GRADE III
CED
Based on NCHS weight for age
NORMAL
OBESE
Based on BMI
Vijayaraghavan
15. TIME TRENDS IN ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS (<Median-2SD)
NNMB
80
70
78.6
76.5
60
PER CENT
62.3
57.7
50
1975-79
1996-97
40
30
20
18.1
10
18.5
0
Height
Weight
Weight for Height
VIJAY’00
16. DISTRIBUTION WEIGHT FOR AGE – IAP
Gujarat
40
35
PER CENT
30
32.5
37.9
25
20
21
15
10
5
7.2
0
Normal
Gr. I
Gr. II
Gr. III
GRADES OF UNDERNUTRITION
1.4
Gr. IV
17. WEIGHT FOR AGE–
SD CLASSIFICATION - GUJARAT
40
35
30
25
% 20
Boys
Girls
Pooled
15
10
5
an
>M
ed
i
an
-1
-M
ed
i
SD
-1
--2
SD
-2
--3
<3
SD
0
20. WHO Criteria for Public Health Significance
- VAD
Minimum Prevalence (%) in children <6 yrs
•
•
•
•
•
BITOT SPOTS
NIGHT BLINDNESS
CORNEAL LESIONS
CORNEAL SCARS
Serum Retinol <10 µg/l
0.5
1.0
0.01
0.05
5.0
Vijayaraghavan
21. VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY (%) IN
INDIA
AGE GROUP
CHILDREN
PREGNANT
WOMEN
X1B
XN*
ICMR, 2001
PRESCHOO
L
SOURCE
0.7
1.03
NNMB
0.7
-
NIN- SURVEYS
2.1
-
ICMR, 2001
-
2.8
* 24-71 MONTHS
Vijayaraghavan
22. VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Districts(%) with X1B >0.5%
Average prevalence (%)
2.1
No VAD
55
VAD
45
Based on surveys in 126 Dts.
by NIN and NNMB
Vijayaraghavan
23. NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY SIGNS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
6
5.7
PER CEN T
5
5.7
PEM
X1B
RIBO. DEF.
4
3
2
1
1.7
2.1
1.8
0.7 0.7
0.2
0.7
0
1975-79
1988-90
1996-97
PERIOD OF SURVEY
Vijayaraghavan
24. DISTRIBUTION OF MICRONUTRIENT INTAKES IN
CHILDREN - %RDI
%
100
50
0
<70
70-90
90-100
>100
Vitam in A
86.3
3.2
1.4
9.1
Iron
82.5
8.6
2.1
6.8
Riboflavin
71.4
15.9
4.1
8.6
% RDI
Vijayaraghavan
28. ANAEMIA IN FEMALES
• PREVALENCE OF
ANAEMIA IS VERY
HIGH IN BOTH THE
GROUPS
95
90
85
• NO CHANGE
NOTICED OVER
TIME IN THE
PREVALENCE
Percent
80
75
92
84.6
70
65
60
55
50
Pregnant
Women
Adolescent
girls
Vijayaraghavan
37. NUTRIENT INTAKES (per day) IN CHILDREN
Age in Years
Nutrients
Mean
Protien (g)
22.4
Tot fat (g)
13.5
Energy (Kcal)
867
Calcium (mg)
250
Iron (mg)
5.50
Vit A (ug)
145
Thiamin (mg)
0.44
Ribo. (mg)
0.44
Niacin (mg)
4.97
Vit C (mg)
16.5
Folic acid (mg) 45
1-3
Median
20.4
10.1
815
168
4.30
72
0.40
0.40
4.5
9.9
36.6
NNMB, 2000
4-6
Mean Median
31.4
29.40
17.6
13.90
1215
1154
300
224
8.4
6.90
205
96
0.69
0.60
0.56
0.50
7.37
6.60
24.9
17.5
65
55.1
Vijayaraghavan
38. DETERMINANTS OF MALNUTRITION
MATERNAL MALNUTRITION
START WITH A HANDICAP(LBW)
FAULTY CHILDFEEDING PRACTICES
DIETARY INADEQUACY
FREQUENT INFECTIONS
LOW PURCHASING POWER
LARGE FAMILIES
HIGH FEMALE ILLITERACY
TABOOS AND SUPERSTITIONS
39. Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
High illiteracy
Unemployment/
Underemployment
Large families
Ignorance
Low Procurement
of foods
Low production
of foodgrains
Poor environment
Low purchasing power
High dependence rate
False food beliefs
Inadequate intakes
Poor PDS
High cost
Low availability of foods
Reduced work
Malnutrition
output
Morbidity
Poor utilization of services
Absorption of nutrients
Low Appetite
poor coverage of immunization
Improper health services
poor infrastructure
Lack of resources
40. INTERVENTIONS IN
OPERATION
DIRECT
•CONVERGENCE OF SERVICES (RCH)
•INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES
•IRON AND FOLIC ACID DISTRIBUTION
•MASSIVE DOSE VITAMIN A PROGRAMME
•PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PROGRAMME
•HEALTH AND NUTRITION EDUCATION
INDIRECT
•POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES
•ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
•PROTECTED WATER SUPPLY
•LITERACY PROGRAMME