The document discusses undernutrition, highlighting its causes, risk factors, and symptoms, which include insufficient dietary intake and various diseases like diarrhea and malaria. It emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet for prevention and outlines treatment options tailored to individual health needs. Additionally, it addresses the link between undernutrition and broader issues such as poverty, gender inequality, and access to healthcare.

1. A Presentation by
Naseer Ahmad Paray
naseerparay870@gmail.co
m
Enrollment no:
2129-CUKmr-23

2. UNDERNUTRITION
Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough food or not
eating enough food containing substances necessary for growth and
health.
MALNUTRITION
Lack of sufficient nutrients in the body.
Malnutrition occurs when the body doesn't get enough nutrients.
Causes include a poor diet, digestive conditions or another disease.

3. Undernutrition is defined as insufficient intake of energy
and nutrients to meet an individual's needs to maintain
good health.
 Undernutrition is used synonymously with malnutrition.
 In the strictest sense, malnutrition denotes both
undernutrition and overnutrition.
Undernutrition doesn't include Overnutrition.
Meaning

4. 1. Body composition
2. Clinical signs of deficiency,
3. Physical function,
4. Biochemical compounds,
5. Metabolic processes or dietary intake
Measures of undernutrition

5.  In the development of undernutrition, the starting point is reduction
in dietary intake.
 Psychiatric illness, anorexia associated with infection, liver disease,
neoplasia, drug interaction, nutrient deficiency, famine or starvation,
upper intestinal disease, malabsorption or other losses from the
body.
 Reduced dietary intake in turn leads to reduced mass, reduced
requirement, reduced work, physiologic and metabolic changes,
changes in body composition, and loss of tissue reservee
 The defects become self reinforcing in vicious cycles leading to the
development of frank undernutrition and ultimately death
Risk factors for undernutrition

6. Undernutrition - infection vicious cycle.
Source: State of the Worlds Children 1998, UNICEF 1998

7. RISK FACTORS
• Disease risk factors
• Behavioral risk factors
• Social risk factors

8. Diarrhoea
 Acute diarrhoea is the commonest illness in developing countries.
 Diarrhoea has a consistent harmful effect on weight gain.
 A review of the effect of diarrhoea on undernutrition reports that between 10 to
80% of the difference between the international growth reference and growth of
children in developing countries is associated with diarrhoeal disease.
Disease Risk Factors

9. Intestinal and Uninary Helminths
• Intestinal helminthes such as
• Hookworm,
• Round worm and
• Schistosomiasis are also important risk factors for development
of undernutrition especially micronutrient deficiencies

10. MALARIA
• Malaria is not only exacerbated by malnutrition but it also results in growth failure
• Malaria has metabolic effects similar to any systemic illness.
• Rates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown are increased with
breakdown exceeding synthesis.

11. HIV
• There are several ways how HIV can result in undernutrition.
• First, there are direct effects on the infected child whereby HIV like other infections
increases metabolic demand and because of immunosuppression predisposes to
opportunistic infections e.g. diarrhoea, which results in undernutrition.
• Secondly, there are indirect effects on the child through effects of HIV on mothers
irrespective of whether a child is infected or not. Maternal HIV can result in reduced
care and disruption of feeding due to maternal morbidity or death
• Thirdly, because HIV can be transmitted from mother to child also through
breastfeeding, it complicates choices for infant feeding in developing countries.

12. RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
• Infections of the respiratory tract (acute and chronic infections) and middle ear
make important contribution to morbidity and mortality particularly in the first
year of life.
• They have an indirect effect on nutritional status through their effect on food
intake and appetite.
• Breathless children can not eat or drink properly and also have increased energy
expenditure.
• In pertusis vomiting after coughing is very common after the acute infection.

13. CAUSES AND DETERMINENTS
Immediate
• Diseases (diarrhoeal disease, Intestinal helminths, malaria, HIV,
Acute Respiratory infections, other chronic diseases e.g.
tuberculosis)
• Inadequate dietary intakes (inappropriate breast feeding and
complementary feeding)

14. INTERMEDIATE CAUSE
• Inadequate child caring practices
• Poor water and sanitation and health services
• Food insecurity

15. BASIC CAUSE
• Gender inequality
• Illiteracy
• Politics
• General poverty

16. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Common signs of undernutrition include:
• Unintentional weight loss – losing 5% to 10% or more of weight over 3 to 6 months .
• A low body weight – people with a body mass index (BMI) under 18.5 are at risk of being
malnourished (use the BMI calculator to work out your BMI)
• A lack of interest in eating and drinking
• Feeling tired all the time
• Feeling weak
• Getting ill often and taking a longer time to recover
• In children, not growing or not putting on weight at the expected rate

17. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• The best way to prevent undernutrition is to eat a healthy, balanced
diet.
• You need to eat a variety of foods from the main food groups,
including:
• Plenty of fruit and vegetables
• Plenty of starchy foods such as bread, rice, potatoes, pasta
• Some milk and dairy foods or non-dairy alternatives
• Some sources of protein, such as meat, fish, eggs and beans

18. TREATEMENT
• Treatment for undernutrition depends on your general health and how
severely malnourished you are.
• The first dietary advice is usually to:
• Eat "fortified" foods that are high in calories and protein
• Snack between meals
• Have drinks that contain lots of calories
• Some people also need support with underlying issues such as limited
mobility. For example, care at home or occupational therapy.
 "Getting essential vitamins and minerals on the menu for all children is
key to reducing undernutrition"