Ultrasound machines use high frequency sound waves to produce medical images of the body. They work by sending sound waves from a transducer probe into the body and receiving the echoes to produce images. There are two main types - 2D which shows a 2D image of 3D structures, and Doppler which measures blood flow. Ultrasound is widely used in obstetrics, cardiology, and urology due to its ability to image without radiation and its speed compared to other techniques. While ultrasound has advantages of being radiation-free and fast, it can cause local tissue heating and bubble formation from absorbed ultrasound energy.

1. ELECTRONI
C
MATERIALS
TOPIC: ULTRASOUND MACHINE
PRESENTED BY
KAUSHIK BARO

2. CONTENTS:
 INTRODUCTION
 ITS WORKING
 TYPES
 APPLICATIONS
 ADVANTAGES
and
DISADVANTAGES
 SUMMARY

3. INTRODUCTION:
Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high
frequency sound waves and their echoes.
WORKING :
A basic ultrasound machine has the following parts:
 transducer probe : probe that sends and receives the sound waves.
 central processing unit (CPU) : computer that does all of the calculations and
contains the electrical power supplies for itself and the transducer probe.
 transducer pulse controls : changes the amplitude, frequency and duration of
the pulses emitted from the transducer probe.
 display: displays the image from the ultrasound data processed by the CPU.
 keyboard/cursor : inputs data and takes measurements from the display.
 disk storage device : stores the acquired images.
 printer : prints the image from the displayed data.

5. TYPES OF ULTRASOUND :
The ultrasound that we have described so
far presents a two dimensional image, of a
three dimensional object (fetus, organ). Two
other types of ultrasound are currently in use,
A. 3D ultrasound imaging and
B. Doppler ultrasound.

6. A.3D ULTRASOUND
IMAGING
In the past two years, ultrasound
machines capable of three-
dimensional imaging have been
developed. In these machines, several
two-dimensional images are acquired
by moving the probes across the body
surface or rotating inserted probes.
The two-dimensional scans are then
combined by specialized computer
software to form 3D images.

7. B. DOPLER ULTRASOUND:
Doppler ultrasound is based upon
the DOPLER EFFECT.
Doppler ultrasound has been used
mostly to measure the rate of blood
flow through the heart and major
arteries.

8. MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF
ULTRASOUND
A. OBSTETRICS and GYNECOLOGY
B. CARDIOLOGY
C. UROLOGY

9. ADVANTAGES :
 The main advantage of ultrasound is that certain
structures can be observed without using radiation.
 Ultrasound can be done much faster than X-rays or other
radiographic techniques.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Development of heat - tissues or water absorb the
ultrasound energy which increases their temperature
locally.
• Formation of bubbles (cavitation) - when dissolved gases
come out of solution due to local heat caused by
ultrasound.

10. SUMMARY:
TODAY FROM THE SLIDE WE LEARNED ABOUT:
ULTRASOUND
WORKING
TYPES
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES

11. THANK YOU