diabetes mellitus

1. DIABETES MELLITUS
AND ITS
CASE STUDY
PRESENTED BY: ZEEL
MEVADA
GUIDED BY: Prof. JAYESH
BELADIYA
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2.  Introduction of DM type 1
 Epidemiology
 Pathophysiology
 Clinical manifestation
 Diagnosis
 Treatments
 Case study
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3.  The disease is characterized by an absolute
deficiency of insulin caused by an autoimmune
attack on the β cells of the pancreas.
 About 10% of the ten million diabetics in USA has
type 1 diabetes, only (2/3)is diagnosed.
 Complication: stroke, heart attack, kidney
disease, eye disease and nerve damage.
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4.  Progressive destruction of pancreatic cells Auto
antibodies cause a reduction of 80% to 90% of
normal cell function before manifestations occur
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6. Viral infection
Alteration of self cells
Auto immune response
Destruction of beta cells
Insulin deficiency
Type1 diabetes mellitus
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7. -Genetic predisposition
-Exposure to virus
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9. Weight loss
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyuria(frequent urination)
Polyphagia(excessive hunger)
Weakness and fatigue
Ketoacidosis
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10. Random blood sugar test :primary screening test
for type 1 diabetes. A blood sample is taken at a
random time.
random blood sugar level
of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 11.1
millimoles per liter
(mmol/L), or higher suggests diabetes.
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11. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test: This test
indicates your child's average blood sugar level for the
past two to three months. Specifically, the test measures
the percentage of blood sugar. attached to the oxygen-
carrying protein in red blood cells (hemoglobin). An A1C
level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests
indicates diabetes
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12.  Blood tests to check for antibodies that are
common in type 1 diabetes
 Urine tests to check for the presence of
ketones, which also suggests type 1 diabetes
rather than type 2
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13. Exogenous insulin:
– Required for all patient with type 1
DM.
Types of insulin
– Human insulin
• Most widely used type of insulin
• Cost-effective
• Likelihood of allergic reaction
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14. Patients name : DP
Age: 7 year
Sex: Female
Weight: 22kg
Presenting symptoms:
 Cold& fever
 Recument stomach
 Nausea vomiting
 Lost weight
 Drinking large quantity of
water& juices
 Wetting bed
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15. Random blood sugar level :14mMol/L(3.5-
10mMol/L)
 Negative for ketone
 Diagnosis of Mild ketosis was made presenting
secondary to newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes
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16.  Nausea vomiting
 Lost weight
 Drinking large quantity of water& juices
 Wetting bed
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17. Mechanism
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19. Resembles to type 1 DM, negative for ketones (lab
data)
Misdiagnosed because patients have mild ketosis
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20.  To reduce blood glucose to normal level
 To reduce any other risk factors which may
be life threatening
 Provide healthy diet
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21. Can be advised with:
 Eat regularly ,choose high fiber food which have low
glycemic index.
 Use less butter cheese eat fewer fatty meals
 Choose yoghurt skimmed milk , steam or baked meals
To monitor regimen:
 Use alternate site for the injection
 Check blood glucose level every month
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22.  Inject insulin subcutaneously on alternate site
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