Plants have developed osmoregulatory adaptations to regulate their water balance relative to their environment. Halophytes like mangroves can tolerate saltwater through mechanisms like excreting salt or storing it in leaves. They also develop roots with lower water potential to absorb water. Xerophytes in dry areas have thick waxy cuticles and reduce surface area to prevent water loss, while increasing water absorption and resistance to wilting. Hydrophytes adapted to wet conditions disperse leaves to increase gas exchange. Osmoregulation enables plants to grow in different habitats by balancing water and solute levels.

1. Osmoregulation in Plant

2. Definition:
• The process of regulating water potential in order to keep fluid and
electrolyte balance within a cell or organism relative to the surrounding.

3. Introduction:
• The protoplasm of living organisms has a high percentage of water, so
without water, living organisms would die.
• Plants living in water, or those in hot, arid conditions where water is not
readily available all the time, or in which there is a high concentration of
solutes such as occurs in/near sea water, must adapt their structure and/or
their various functions – or both - to ensure the conservation of needed
water and prevent the upset of the osmotic balance of cell contents.

4. Surviving the salt:
• These Mangroves grow in wet, muddy soil at the sea -water's edge. If you
look at the leaves, salt crystals are excreted on to their surfaces, and if you
taste the sap – it’s very salty.

5. Surviving the salt:
• Some mangroves are almost covered by salty sea water.
• Most trees cannot survive in water that has too much salt in it, but
mangrove trees have a unique adaptation for dealing with the sea's salinity.

6. Surviving drought:
• In contrast to mangroves, plants, such as these cacti and Acacia that live in
places like along the Palisadoes strip or in the Hellshire area, grow in
limited, dry, sandy soil, with little rainfall, a very high temperature and a
hot, dry wind.

7. Osmoregulatory adaptations:
• The plants shown on the previous slides have adaptations that ensure
osmoregulation.
• Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of
an organism’s fluids to maintain the homeostasis of the organism’s water
content; that is, it keeps the organism's fluids from becoming too diluted or
too concentrated.

8. Types of plants:
• Depending on their habitat, plants can be grouped into four different types
according to the osmoregulatory adaptations that they show either in their
structure, functions, or both.
a) Halophytes
b) Hydrophytes
c) Xerophytes
d) Mesophytes

9. a) Halophytes:
• The halophytic plants are unique in their ability to tolerate salt, living in or
close to the marine environment.

10. Physiological adaptations:
i. The cells of the root develop lower water potential which brings in water
by osmosis.
ii. The excess salt can be stored in the cells or excreted out from the salt
glands on the leaves.
iii. The salt secreted by some species help them to trap water vapours from
the air, whish is absorbed in liquid by leaf cells.
iv. For example glasswort and cord-grass.
v. when they’re submerged in sea water, warty growths on mangrove roots
filter out most of the salt as they take water in through their roots.

11. b) Hydrophytes:
• Plant adapted to live in extremely wet conditions. Common adaptations to
increase the rate of gaseous exchange, Leaf Shape, i.e. the highly dissected
leaves.

12. Physiological adaptations:
i. Osmotic concentrations of the cell sap are low.
ii. Photosynthetic and respiratory gases are retained in air chamber for
future use.
iii. Petioles of floating-leaved hydrophytes have a great capacity for
growth; regulated by auxins.
iv. In some hydrophytes the initiation of the flowering may depend
upon nutrition, e.g. Utricularia, flowers when supplemented with
organic nitrogenous compounds.

13. c) Xerophytic:
• Xerophytic adaptations are morphological and physiological characteristics
that enable an organism to survive under conditions of water deficit. The
cuticle is thick and it is composed of a waxy substance that prevents water loss
through the epidermis.

14. Physiological adaptations:
i. Osmotic concentrations of the cell sap are high.
ii. These plant control the excessive loss of water during transpiration
by reducing total transpiring surface area.
iii. Xerophytes have greater potentiality to resist wilting.
iv. The protoplasm in these cells is less viscous and more permeable.
v. Abscisic acid is an important hormone in helping plants to conserve
water – it causes stomata to close and stimulate root growth, so that
more water can be absorbed.

15. d) Mesophytes
• Mesophytes are the terrestrial plants which are adapted to neither a
particularly dry nor particularly wet environment.
• They have well developed root system and root hairs to compensate the
water lost by through absorbing water from the soil.

16. Importance:
1) Enables the plant to grow, develop, carry on respiration, photosynthesis
and survive, even if:
the habitat is dry, hot and desert-like.
sandy/rocky soil does not hold much water.
adequate water is not available for photosynthesis and hydration of the cell
contents.
habitat is completely aquatic or having high salinity
2) It regulates and balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes so
maintains homeostasis.