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Auxins are a class of plant hormones that are present throughout plants and influence many growth processes. The most important auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Auxins contribute to organ development and shaping. They also influence root growth by stimulating root initiation at low concentrations but inhibiting elongation at high concentrations. Auxins induce apical dominance by inhibiting axillary bud growth through stimulation of ethylene production. Auxins are also required for fruit growth and development and can delay fruit senescence and flowering.
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023 ubaid afzal
Auxins are a class of plant hormones that play a key role in coordinating plant growth and development. The first auxin discovered was indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is produced in plant shoots and promotes growth by inhibiting lateral bud development. Auxins govern plant form and architecture by controlling the growth of roots, shoots, leaves and other organs. They allow plants to bend towards light via differential cell elongation. Auxins have many physiological effects including stimulating root growth, fruit development, cell enlargement and division.
Auxins
Auxins are plant hormones that were the first to be discovered. They play an important role in plant growth and development by being synthesized in root tips when exposed to sunlight. Charles Darwin and his son were the first to observe that grass seedlings would not bend towards light without root tips. Frits Went later extracted the chemical messenger, which he called auxin, and showed that it caused stems to bend opposite to where it was concentrated. The most common auxin is IAA. Auxins initiate lateral root formation, promote flowering, prevent leaf and fruit drop, and induce cell division, influencing many key plant processes.
Plant Hormones by Dr. R.B. Kakde
Plant hormones or Plant hormones are Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellic acid, Abscisic acid and Ethylene. they are also called as Phytohormones or Plant Growth Regulators which play key role in various stages of plant development such as seed germination, shoot formation, root formation, stem elongation, scenescence, abscision, fruit ripining etc.
Plant growth hormone
Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, regulate growth and development in plants. There are five major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and differentiation, as well as apical dominance. Gibberellins promote stem elongation. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and differentiation. Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and inhibits stem elongation. Abscisic acid induces seed dormancy. Plant hormones have potential medical applications, as some can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
Plant hormones and responses
Plant hormones are organic substances that regulate physiological processes in plants. The major classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids. Each hormone performs specific functions to influence growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli. Plant hormones act in very low concentrations and often interact with each other synergistically or antagonistically.
Plant Growth Regulators Plant Harmone Phytoharmone. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochem...
Plant Growth Regulators Plant Harmone Phytoharmone. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T) Unit-II Part-3
PLANT HORMONES AND GROWTH REGULATORS
Five major classes of plant hormones are mentioned:
1. auxins,
2. cytokinins,
3. gibbereilins,
4. abscisic acid
5. ethylene.
16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptx
Plant growth and development are controlled by internal factors like nutrients and plant hormones. There are two main types of plant hormones - auxins and gibberellins. Auxins were the first hormone discovered and promote growth along the vertical axis. Gibberellins were discovered due to a rice disease and cause excessive stem elongation. Both auxin and gibberellins promote cell division and elongation leading to effects like fruit development and delayed senescence.
Auxins
Auxins are a specific group of plant hormones that play an important role in plant growth and development. Some key points about auxins include:
- They were the first plant hormone discovered. Common auxins include indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
- Auxins are synthesized in root tips, young leaves, and apical buds, and are involved in processes like stem elongation, root initiation, apical dominance, and fruit development.
- Their discovery was made through experiments by Charles Darwin, Peter Boysen-Jensen, and Frits Went in the late 19th/early 20th centuries which demonstrated that a signal substance moved through plants and caused differential growth.
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023 ubaid afzal
Auxins are a class of plant hormones that play a key role in coordinating plant growth and development. The first auxin discovered was indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is produced in plant shoots and promotes growth by inhibiting lateral bud development. Auxins govern plant form and architecture by controlling the growth of roots, shoots, leaves and other organs. They allow plants to bend towards light via differential cell elongation. Auxins have many physiological effects including stimulating root growth, fruit development, cell enlargement and division.
Auxins
Auxins are plant hormones that were the first to be discovered. They play an important role in plant growth and development by being synthesized in root tips when exposed to sunlight. Charles Darwin and his son were the first to observe that grass seedlings would not bend towards light without root tips. Frits Went later extracted the chemical messenger, which he called auxin, and showed that it caused stems to bend opposite to where it was concentrated. The most common auxin is IAA. Auxins initiate lateral root formation, promote flowering, prevent leaf and fruit drop, and induce cell division, influencing many key plant processes.
Plant Hormones by Dr. R.B. Kakde
Plant hormones or Plant hormones are Auxin, Cytokinin, Gibberellic acid, Abscisic acid and Ethylene. they are also called as Phytohormones or Plant Growth Regulators which play key role in various stages of plant development such as seed germination, shoot formation, root formation, stem elongation, scenescence, abscision, fruit ripining etc.
Plant growth hormone
Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, regulate growth and development in plants. There are five major classes of plant hormones: auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and differentiation, as well as apical dominance. Gibberellins promote stem elongation. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and differentiation. Ethylene regulates fruit ripening and inhibits stem elongation. Abscisic acid induces seed dormancy. Plant hormones have potential medical applications, as some can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
Plant hormones and responses
Plant hormones are organic substances that regulate physiological processes in plants. The major classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and brassinosteroids. Each hormone performs specific functions to influence growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli. Plant hormones act in very low concentrations and often interact with each other synergistically or antagonistically.
Plant Growth Regulators Plant Harmone Phytoharmone. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochem...
Plant Growth Regulators Plant Harmone Phytoharmone. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T) Unit-II Part-3
PLANT HORMONES AND GROWTH REGULATORS
Five major classes of plant hormones are mentioned:
1. auxins,
2. cytokinins,
3. gibbereilins,
4. abscisic acid
5. ethylene.
16. Discovery, function and commercial uses of different PGRS.pptx
Plant growth and development are controlled by internal factors like nutrients and plant hormones. There are two main types of plant hormones - auxins and gibberellins. Auxins were the first hormone discovered and promote growth along the vertical axis. Gibberellins were discovered due to a rice disease and cause excessive stem elongation. Both auxin and gibberellins promote cell division and elongation leading to effects like fruit development and delayed senescence.
Auxins
Auxins are a specific group of plant hormones that play an important role in plant growth and development. Some key points about auxins include:
- They were the first plant hormone discovered. Common auxins include indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
- Auxins are synthesized in root tips, young leaves, and apical buds, and are involved in processes like stem elongation, root initiation, apical dominance, and fruit development.
- Their discovery was made through experiments by Charles Darwin, Peter Boysen-Jensen, and Frits Went in the late 19th/early 20th centuries which demonstrated that a signal substance moved through plants and caused differential growth.
Plant growth hormones
Expains in detail the Plant Growth Hormones, Plant growth promoters and plant growth retardants/inhibitors. The role of Growth hormones in Physiological process of Plants and their application in Plant Tissue culture (Auxins, cytokinins, Gibberellins, ABA, Ethylene)
Plant growth regulators
Plant hormones (also known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) and phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate a plant's growth. Plant hormones on the other hand, are not like animal hormones, they are often not transported to other parts of the plant and production is not limited to specific locations. Plants lack tissues or organs specifically for the production of hormones; unlike animals, plants lack glands that produce and secrete hormones to be moved around the body. Plant hormones shape the plant, effecting seed growth, time of flowering, the sex of flowers, its longevity, senescence of leaves and fruits, they affect which tissues grow up and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, and even plant death. Hormones are vital to plant growth and lacking them plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells.
Auxins biosynthesis physiological role and mechanism
Auxins are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. The main auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) which is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan through several pathways. IAA is transported from shoot tips to regions of elongation through active transport and influences growth through effects on cell wall plasticity and gene expression. Auxins have many physiological roles including stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, fruit development, and growth responses to light.
Plant hormones
Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormones, are chemicals that alter plant growth. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and root growth. Gibberellins promote cell elongation and division, leading to stem growth. Cytokinins promote cell division. Abscisic acid inhibits growth and promotes leaf and fruit drop. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and leaf senescence. These hormones precisely control many aspects of plant growth and development.
GROWTH SUBSTANCES AND ITS ROLES IN VEGETABLE CROP GROWTH
Auxins are a group of plant hormones that play a key role in plant growth and development. They stimulate stem and root elongation, promote apical dominance, influence tissue differentiation and organ formation, and are involved in phototropism and gravitropism. Auxins move from areas of high concentration to low concentration through active transport processes. An increase in auxin concentration on one side of a plant organ causes asymmetric growth and bending towards lower auxin levels in response to stimuli like light and gravity. Many synthetic auxins are used commercially in horticulture to promote rooting of cuttings, prevent fruit drop, induce parthenocarpy, and for selective weed control.
Auxin
This document discusses plant hormones called auxins. It describes auxins as organic substances produced in actively growing plant tissues that influence physiological processes even at low concentrations. The document outlines the discovery of auxins in 1881 and notes they are produced in plant tissues and influence processes like cell elongation, differentiation, ethylene production, root and lateral root formation, fruit development, leaf abscission, secondary growth, and phototropism and gravitropism. It also discusses how auxins are applied to plants based on factors like plant type, age, concentration, and application method.
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant growth regulators are organic compounds that control plant growth and development. The main types are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins and gibberellins promote growth, while abscisic acid and ethylene inhibit growth. Plant growth regulators influence processes like cell division and elongation, flowering, fruit ripening, dormancy, and response to stress.
1606871182-plant-growth-regulators.ppt
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) were discovered in the late 19th/early 20th century and have been important in horticulture. Auxins were the first recognized phytohormone and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most active auxin. Gibberellins were isolated in the 1930s from fungi and are involved in stem elongation and flowering. Cytokinins were discovered in the 1950s and promote cell division. Over 500 compounds have properties of growth regulators and important classes include abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, polyamines, and salicylic acid.
Growth regulator & auxin
This document discusses plant growth regulators, specifically auxins. It defines growth and categorizes growth-controlling substances into growth promoters and inhibitors. Auxins are described as growth-promoting substances that were first discovered through experiments showing they promote growth in coleoptiles and cause curvature. The role of auxins is summarized, noting they promote stem elongation, root growth, apical dominance, fruit development, and tropic movements in plants. Auxins are widely used to enhance growth, induce rooting, delay abscission, and produce parthenocarpic and seedless fruits in agriculture.
Fungsi nutrient asid amino baja foliar taaveekun
This document discusses several plant growth regulators including amino acids, auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. It describes their structures, functions, and effects on plant growth and development. Specifically, it notes that amino acids help chlorophyll production and photosynthesis. Auxins promote cell elongation and root initiation. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and release apical dominance. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation and flowering.
Plant growth regulators
Plant growth regulators are chemicals that alter plant growth and development. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and root growth. Gibberellins promote stem elongation and seed germination. Cytokinins promote cell division. Abscisic acid induces dormancy and leaf senescence. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and senescence. Together these hormones precisely regulate key processes in the plant life cycle.
Physiology presentation1
Plant hormones are organic compounds produced by plants that regulate various physiological processes. The main classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Each hormone has distinct functions like cell elongation, fruit development, and stress responses. They act in very low concentrations and often work together through complex interactions to control plant growth and development.
05 plant responses to stimuli
Carnivorous plants like pitcher plants and Venus fly traps have evolved traps to capture insects and other small animals for nutrients. Pitcher plants have waxy slippery leaves forming pools that drown insects. Venus fly traps have lobes with trigger hairs that snap shut when touched. Sundew plants secrete sticky nectar on tendrils that ensnare prey. Plant growth is regulated internally by hormones like auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins that promote cell division and elongation. Abscisic acid and ethylene inhibit growth. These hormones precisely control seed germination, flowering, fruit ripening and organ shedding.
Seminar on pgr in plants
This document provides an overview of a seminar on plant hormones and growth regulators. It discusses the five major plant hormones: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. For each hormone, it describes their classification, discovery, roles in plant growth and development processes like cell division, fruit ripening, dormancy, and responses to environmental stresses. The document aims to inform attendees about the key functions and effects of different plant hormones.
Plant hormone and tissue culture
Plant hormones play an important role in plant tissue culture. Abscisic acid helps with somatic embryogenesis during maturation and germination. Cytokinins like zeatin stimulate cell division and shoot bud formation, while inhibiting embryogenesis and root induction. Auxins like IAA induce callus formation from explants and cause root and shoot morphogenesis. Gibberellins like GA3 and GA4+7 induce organogenesis and adventitious root formation. Together, the precise balance and combination of these hormones allows plant tissue culture to generate plants from single cells under the right conditions.
Plant growth regulators
Plant growth regulators include hormones and vitamins that control plant growth and development. The major plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins were the first to be discovered and include natural auxins like IAA as well as synthetic auxins such as IBA and NAA. Their structure requires an aromatic ring and acidic side chain. Auxins promote cell elongation and division, stem elongation, apical dominance, phototropism, and root initiation. They have various agricultural applications such as rooting cuttings and fruit thinning. Gibberellins were discovered due to their role in causing excessive stem growth in diseased rice. Cytokinins
PLANT GROWTH HORMONE
This document summarizes the major classes of plant hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their roles in processes like cell elongation, fruit ripening, dormancy, and responses to stress. The document also discusses some newer identified plant hormones and their functions, as well as potential medical applications of harnessing plant hormones to target cancer cells.
Plant Growth Regulators 1.pdf
This document summarizes plant growth regulators (PGRs), which are chemicals that control plant growth and development. PGRs are classified as either promoters or inhibitors. Promoters include auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins, which stimulate cell division and elongation. Inhibitors include abscisic acid and ethylene, which inhibit growth. The document describes the discovery and functions of the major PGRs: auxins promote flowering and root growth; gibberellins delay senescence and promote bolting; cytokinins promote bud break and cell division; abscisic acid stimulates stomatal closure and seed maturation; and ethylene induces flowering, ripening, and sen
role of growth hormones - Auxins in floriculture
Auxin is one of the most important growth promoting hormone. Widely used in intensive flower farming to boost up flower crop growth and yiels
Ubaid afzal (28)
This document discusses somaclonal variation, which is genetic variation seen in plants produced through plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements cause this variation. Somaclonal variation can be used by plant breeders to generate genetic diversity and develop plants with useful traits like stress tolerance or herbicide resistance. However, selected variants may be unstable or have undesirable side effects. The document provides examples of applying somaclonal variation to improve rice, wheat, maize, potato, tomato and sugarcane by selecting variants with traits like increased yield, disease resistance, or altered plant properties.
Ubaid afzal (35)
The document provides instructions for properly sterilizing work areas and equipment used for cell culture. Key steps include sterilizing the work area with 70% ethanol before and after use, sterilizing reagents and equipment via autoclave or sterile filters, and wearing proper protective equipment like gloves and masks to reduce contamination. Autoclaves use steam heat or dry heat to sterilize items at temperatures between 121-132C for 15-60 minutes depending on packaging. Sterile filters with a 0.2 micron pore size can sterilize heat-labile chemicals. Culture media can also be sterilized via microwaving.
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Plant growth hormones
Expains in detail the Plant Growth Hormones, Plant growth promoters and plant growth retardants/inhibitors. The role of Growth hormones in Physiological process of Plants and their application in Plant Tissue culture (Auxins, cytokinins, Gibberellins, ABA, Ethylene)
Plant growth regulators
Plant hormones (also known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) and phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate a plant's growth. Plant hormones on the other hand, are not like animal hormones, they are often not transported to other parts of the plant and production is not limited to specific locations. Plants lack tissues or organs specifically for the production of hormones; unlike animals, plants lack glands that produce and secrete hormones to be moved around the body. Plant hormones shape the plant, effecting seed growth, time of flowering, the sex of flowers, its longevity, senescence of leaves and fruits, they affect which tissues grow up and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, and even plant death. Hormones are vital to plant growth and lacking them plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells.
Auxins biosynthesis physiological role and mechanism
Auxins are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. The main auxin is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) which is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan through several pathways. IAA is transported from shoot tips to regions of elongation through active transport and influences growth through effects on cell wall plasticity and gene expression. Auxins have many physiological roles including stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, fruit development, and growth responses to light.
Plant hormones
Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormones, are chemicals that alter plant growth. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and root growth. Gibberellins promote cell elongation and division, leading to stem growth. Cytokinins promote cell division. Abscisic acid inhibits growth and promotes leaf and fruit drop. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and leaf senescence. These hormones precisely control many aspects of plant growth and development.
GROWTH SUBSTANCES AND ITS ROLES IN VEGETABLE CROP GROWTH
Auxins are a group of plant hormones that play a key role in plant growth and development. They stimulate stem and root elongation, promote apical dominance, influence tissue differentiation and organ formation, and are involved in phototropism and gravitropism. Auxins move from areas of high concentration to low concentration through active transport processes. An increase in auxin concentration on one side of a plant organ causes asymmetric growth and bending towards lower auxin levels in response to stimuli like light and gravity. Many synthetic auxins are used commercially in horticulture to promote rooting of cuttings, prevent fruit drop, induce parthenocarpy, and for selective weed control.
Auxin
This document discusses plant hormones called auxins. It describes auxins as organic substances produced in actively growing plant tissues that influence physiological processes even at low concentrations. The document outlines the discovery of auxins in 1881 and notes they are produced in plant tissues and influence processes like cell elongation, differentiation, ethylene production, root and lateral root formation, fruit development, leaf abscission, secondary growth, and phototropism and gravitropism. It also discusses how auxins are applied to plants based on factors like plant type, age, concentration, and application method.
Plant Growth Regulators
Plant growth regulators are organic compounds that control plant growth and development. The main types are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins and gibberellins promote growth, while abscisic acid and ethylene inhibit growth. Plant growth regulators influence processes like cell division and elongation, flowering, fruit ripening, dormancy, and response to stress.
1606871182-plant-growth-regulators.ppt
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) were discovered in the late 19th/early 20th century and have been important in horticulture. Auxins were the first recognized phytohormone and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most active auxin. Gibberellins were isolated in the 1930s from fungi and are involved in stem elongation and flowering. Cytokinins were discovered in the 1950s and promote cell division. Over 500 compounds have properties of growth regulators and important classes include abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, polyamines, and salicylic acid.
Growth regulator & auxin
This document discusses plant growth regulators, specifically auxins. It defines growth and categorizes growth-controlling substances into growth promoters and inhibitors. Auxins are described as growth-promoting substances that were first discovered through experiments showing they promote growth in coleoptiles and cause curvature. The role of auxins is summarized, noting they promote stem elongation, root growth, apical dominance, fruit development, and tropic movements in plants. Auxins are widely used to enhance growth, induce rooting, delay abscission, and produce parthenocarpic and seedless fruits in agriculture.
Fungsi nutrient asid amino baja foliar taaveekun
This document discusses several plant growth regulators including amino acids, auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. It describes their structures, functions, and effects on plant growth and development. Specifically, it notes that amino acids help chlorophyll production and photosynthesis. Auxins promote cell elongation and root initiation. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and release apical dominance. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation and flowering.
Plant growth regulators
Plant growth regulators are chemicals that alter plant growth and development. The main plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Auxins promote cell elongation and root growth. Gibberellins promote stem elongation and seed germination. Cytokinins promote cell division. Abscisic acid induces dormancy and leaf senescence. Ethylene promotes fruit ripening and senescence. Together these hormones precisely regulate key processes in the plant life cycle.
Physiology presentation1
Plant hormones are organic compounds produced by plants that regulate various physiological processes. The main classes of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Each hormone has distinct functions like cell elongation, fruit development, and stress responses. They act in very low concentrations and often work together through complex interactions to control plant growth and development.
05 plant responses to stimuli
Carnivorous plants like pitcher plants and Venus fly traps have evolved traps to capture insects and other small animals for nutrients. Pitcher plants have waxy slippery leaves forming pools that drown insects. Venus fly traps have lobes with trigger hairs that snap shut when touched. Sundew plants secrete sticky nectar on tendrils that ensnare prey. Plant growth is regulated internally by hormones like auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins that promote cell division and elongation. Abscisic acid and ethylene inhibit growth. These hormones precisely control seed germination, flowering, fruit ripening and organ shedding.
Seminar on pgr in plants
This document provides an overview of a seminar on plant hormones and growth regulators. It discusses the five major plant hormones: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. For each hormone, it describes their classification, discovery, roles in plant growth and development processes like cell division, fruit ripening, dormancy, and responses to environmental stresses. The document aims to inform attendees about the key functions and effects of different plant hormones.
Plant hormone and tissue culture
Plant hormones play an important role in plant tissue culture. Abscisic acid helps with somatic embryogenesis during maturation and germination. Cytokinins like zeatin stimulate cell division and shoot bud formation, while inhibiting embryogenesis and root induction. Auxins like IAA induce callus formation from explants and cause root and shoot morphogenesis. Gibberellins like GA3 and GA4+7 induce organogenesis and adventitious root formation. Together, the precise balance and combination of these hormones allows plant tissue culture to generate plants from single cells under the right conditions.
Plant growth regulators
Plant growth regulators include hormones and vitamins that control plant growth and development. The major plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins were the first to be discovered and include natural auxins like IAA as well as synthetic auxins such as IBA and NAA. Their structure requires an aromatic ring and acidic side chain. Auxins promote cell elongation and division, stem elongation, apical dominance, phototropism, and root initiation. They have various agricultural applications such as rooting cuttings and fruit thinning. Gibberellins were discovered due to their role in causing excessive stem growth in diseased rice. Cytokinins
PLANT GROWTH HORMONE
This document summarizes the major classes of plant hormones, including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their roles in processes like cell elongation, fruit ripening, dormancy, and responses to stress. The document also discusses some newer identified plant hormones and their functions, as well as potential medical applications of harnessing plant hormones to target cancer cells.
Plant Growth Regulators 1.pdf
This document summarizes plant growth regulators (PGRs), which are chemicals that control plant growth and development. PGRs are classified as either promoters or inhibitors. Promoters include auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins, which stimulate cell division and elongation. Inhibitors include abscisic acid and ethylene, which inhibit growth. The document describes the discovery and functions of the major PGRs: auxins promote flowering and root growth; gibberellins delay senescence and promote bolting; cytokinins promote bud break and cell division; abscisic acid stimulates stomatal closure and seed maturation; and ethylene induces flowering, ripening, and sen
role of growth hormones - Auxins in floriculture
Auxin is one of the most important growth promoting hormone. Widely used in intensive flower farming to boost up flower crop growth and yiels
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Auxins biosynthesis physiological role and mechanism
Auxins biosynthesis physiological role and mechanism
GROWTH SUBSTANCES AND ITS ROLES IN VEGETABLE CROP GROWTH
GROWTH SUBSTANCES AND ITS ROLES IN VEGETABLE CROP GROWTH
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This document discusses somaclonal variation, which is genetic variation seen in plants produced through plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements cause this variation. Somaclonal variation can be used by plant breeders to generate genetic diversity and develop plants with useful traits like stress tolerance or herbicide resistance. However, selected variants may be unstable or have undesirable side effects. The document provides examples of applying somaclonal variation to improve rice, wheat, maize, potato, tomato and sugarcane by selecting variants with traits like increased yield, disease resistance, or altered plant properties.
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The document provides instructions for properly sterilizing work areas and equipment used for cell culture. Key steps include sterilizing the work area with 70% ethanol before and after use, sterilizing reagents and equipment via autoclave or sterile filters, and wearing proper protective equipment like gloves and masks to reduce contamination. Autoclaves use steam heat or dry heat to sterilize items at temperatures between 121-132C for 15-60 minutes depending on packaging. Sterile filters with a 0.2 micron pore size can sterilize heat-labile chemicals. Culture media can also be sterilized via microwaving.
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Potato plants can be propagated in vitro using two methods: single node cuttings or shaken liquid culture. For single node cuttings, stem segments with a single node are placed on propagation medium and incubated to allow new plantlets to grow. Liquid shaken culture is more rapid, producing more plantlets in less time, by placing stem segments with axillary buds in a flask of liquid medium on an electric shaker. Tissue culture allows for the mass production of healthy potato plantlets for farmers and the testing of grower samples for pathogens.
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Somaclonal variations refer to genetic or phenotypic variations that arise in plants produced through tissue culture. These variations can be heritable or non-heritable. Heritable variations are caused by pre-existing mutations in somatic cells or new mutations during tissue culture. Non-heritable variations are temporary phenotypic changes caused by epigenetic effects. Somaclonal variations can arise due to physiological, genetic, or biochemical causes like exposure to plant growth regulators, changes in chromosome number or structure, gene mutations, changes in DNA or protein levels, or alterations in metabolic pathways. While somaclonal variations can help crop improvement, selected variants may be genetically unstable and require extensive testing.
Ubaid afzal (25)
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells or tissues separately from the original plant, typically using liquid, solid, or semi-solid mediums. There are two main types of bud cultures used: single node culture and axillary bud culture. In single node culture, a bud with a small piece of stem is removed and cultured to develop into a new plantlet without added cytokinin. In axillary bud culture, a shoot tip containing axillary buds is cultured with high cytokinin levels, which stops apical dominance and promotes axillary bud growth. The optimal cytokinin to auxin ratio for axillary bud subculturing is typically around 10:1, but can vary depending on plant species and explant developmental stage
Ubaid afzal (24)
Root regeneration from callus can be achieved through tissue culture techniques. The process requires a callus formation from plant cells on nutrient-rich media supplemented with the appropriate phytohormones, especially auxins which play a central role in root regeneration. Upon the addition of auxins and cytokinins in precise concentrations, the callus undergoes de novo organogenesis to develop new roots through a process where adventitious roots regenerate from detached plant tissues.
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Plant tissue culture is a technique to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in a sterile nutrient medium. It allows for cloning plants with desirable traits, rapid plant production without seeds, genetically modifying plants, and reducing disease. Explants are placed on solid culture media containing inorganic salts, organic nutrients, vitamins and plant hormones. Specific protocols describe sterilizing and culturing rice, sugarcane and cotton plant materials.
Ubaid afzal (22)
Heavy metals can cause toxicity and stress in plants. Some heavy metals like zinc and copper are necessary for plant growth, while others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Heavy metals induce oxidative stress in plant cells, disrupting metabolism and growth. Plants can activate anti-oxidative enzymes to counteract reactive oxygen species and minimize the impacts of oxidative stress. Tissue culture is used to rapidly propagate genetically identical plants that can be grown in small spaces and used for phytoremediation strategies like phytoextraction and phytostabilization to reduce heavy metal levels or leaching in soil. Factors like plant species, soil pH, addition of chelators, and root zone absorption influence phyt
Ubaid afzal (21)
Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is the rapid multiplication of plant material using sterile tissue culture techniques. It allows for the production of many exact genetic copies of plants with desirable traits quickly and without the need for seeds or pollinators. However, it is an expensive and labor-intensive process, and there is a risk that diseases or abnormalities could infect or appear in the cloned plants.
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In vitro propagation involves studying organisms or their components in artificial environments outside of their natural biological context. This allows scientists to isolate specific parts of an organism like cells or proteins to explore their basic functions. Some key advantages of in vitro studies are that they provide simplicity by removing complexity, allow for convenience through automation and high-throughput screening, and enable the mass production of cloned plants that are disease-free and genetically uniform.
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Transgenic plants are created using genetic engineering processes to introduce genes from other species into a plant's genome. The tissue culture process is used because it allows a single transformed cell to be regenerated into an entire plant containing the transgene. A new gene is delivered into the nucleus of a plant cell and integrated into its chromosome. The transformed cell is then regenerated through tissue culture into a whole plant where the transgene becomes a permanent part of its genome, passing to its progeny.
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Plant tissue culture provides a means to produce pathogen-free plants by eliminating contaminating bacteria. Bacteria that contaminate plant tissue cultures can originate from the explant tissue, the lab environment, operators, or ineffective sterilization techniques. Contaminants are identified and characterized using biochemical tests and purification methods to determine the source. Producing aseptic cultures involves indexing explants for contaminants, identifying and eliminating the contaminants, and maintaining pathogen-free plant stocks through tissue culture.
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Limitations of plant tissue culture include: requiring sophisticated facilities and greater skill than conventional techniques; genetic instability and chromosomal abnormalities in some shoot-tip derived plants; expensive equipment costs for large-scale production; and variability in productivity dependent on species without trial experiments. The procedures also require special attention, infections may continue through generations, and decreased genetic diversity is possible if all plants are genetically similar.
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This document discusses methods for screening plant tissue cultures for virus resistance. It introduces that plant viruses cause crop losses and that current protection methods are limited. It then describes that putative virus-resistant transgenic plants are usually screened in greenhouses but that the authors developed mechanical and graft inoculation methods suitable for tissue culture screening to reduce costs and time. The in vitro methods were validated by comparing results to greenhouse screens, finding two transgenic potato lines showed strong resistance to potato virus Y infection with both methods. The in vitro methods were also used to infect other plant species with different viruses.
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ubaid afzal
- 1. Auxin and plant growth
- 2. Auxin intro…. • Auxins are a class of plant hormones. • Auxin is present in all parts of a plant, although in very different concentrations. • On the molecular level, all auxins are compounds with an aromatic ring and a carboxylic acid group. • The most important member of the auxin family is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
- 4. Discovery of auxin • Charles Darwin (1880) • Peter Boysen-Jensen (1930) • PAAL (1919) • Frits Went (1926)
- 7. Role of auxin in plant growth • Organization of the plant • As auxins contribute to organ shaping. • They are also fundamentally required for proper development of the plant itself. • The sum of auxin arriving from stems to roots influences the degree of root growth.
- 8. • Wound response • Auxin induces the formation and organization of phloem and xylem. • When the plant is wounded, the auxin may induce the cell differentiation and regeneration of the vascular tissues.
- 9. • Root growth and development • Auxins promote root initiation. • As more native auxin is transported down the stem to the roots, the overall development of the roots is stimulated. • However, high concentrations of auxin inhibit root elongation.
- 10. • Apical dominance • Auxin induces shoot apical dominance. • The axillary buds are inhibited by auxin, • High concentration of auxin directly stimulates ethylene synthesis in axillary buds. • causing inhibition of their growth and potentiation of apical dominance.
- 11. • Fruit growth and development • Auxin is required for fruit growth and development. • delays fruit senescence. • Exogenous auxin stimulates the growth in fruits with seeds removed.
- 12. • Flowering • Auxin plays also a minor role in the initiation of flowering and development of reproductive organs. • In low concentrations, it can delay the senescence of flowers. • Auxins in seeds regulate specific protein synthesis.