Typhoid fever is an acute illness caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi, contracted through contaminated food or water. It is characterized by sustained fever, headache, abdominal pain, and rose-colored spots on the skin. If left untreated, it can lead to intestinal perforation or death. Diagnosis involves blood, stool, or bone marrow cultures. Treatment consists of antibiotics administered for 14 days. Prevention focuses on hand washing, drinking boiled water, and vaccination.
Typhoid Fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by high fever caused by ingesting the food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected person.
Typhoid Fever is an acute bacterial infection characterized by high fever caused by ingesting the food or water contaminated with faeces from an infected person.
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Clarithromycin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication can also be used in combination with anti-ulcer medications to treat certain types of stomach ulcers. It may also be used to prevent certain bacterial infections. Clarithromycin is known as a macrolide antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Clarithromycin is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections. This medication can also be used in combination with anti-ulcer medications to treat certain types of stomach ulcers. It may also be used to prevent certain bacterial infections. Clarithromycin is known as a macrolide antibiotic. It works by stopping the growth of bacteria.
The slide is about enteric fever, also called typhoid fever. It explains the relevant anatomy, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. It also specifies the prevention by way of lifestyle and vaccines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. WHAT IS TYPHOID FEVER?
An acute illness with fever caused by infection with the Salmonella typhi contracted by
contaminated food.
It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a
less severe illness.
Also called enteric fever, bilious fever and yellow fever.
About 16 million cases of typhoid fever and 600,000 deaths occur yearly worldwide
and that more than 90% of this morbidity and mortality occurred in Asia.
The term “ENTERIC FEVER” includes both typhoid and paratyphoid fevers.
4. BACTERIOLOGY-
TYPHOID FEVER
• The Genus Salmonella belongs
to Family Enterobactericeae.
• Facultative anaerobe.
• Gram Negative Bacilli.
• Best grown at 37 C.
• Distinguished from other
bacteria by biochemical and
antigen structure.
5. ETIOLOGY
1. BACTERIA :- Virulent bacteria that causes illness called Salmonella Typhi.
2. FECAL-ORAL ROUTE:- spread through contaminated food or water and
occasionally through direct contact with someone who is infected.
3. TYPHOID CARRIERS:- These people, called chronic carriers, shed the
bacteria in their faeces and are capable of infecting others.
• INCUBATION PERIOD:- onset of symptoms – 5 to 21 days.
6. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• Poor appetite
• Headache
• Generalized pain and aches
• Diarrhea
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever (103-104 F or 39-40 C)
• Lethargy
• Chest congestion
• Slow heartbeat
• Constipation
• Rose spots
• Typhoid meningitis
• Rash
• Weakness and fatigue
• Weight loss
• Intestinal bleeding
8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
S.typhi contracted from contaminated food and water.
Ingested by human. The S.typhi survives the acidity of the stomach.
It invades the peyer’s patches of the intestinal wall.
The bacteria is within the macrophages and survives.
Bacteria spreads via the lymphatics while inside the macrophages.
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CONTINUED…
Access to reticuloendothelial system, liver, spleen, gall bladder and bone
marrow.
1st week : Elevation of the body temperature.
2nd week : Abdominal pain, Spleen enlargement and rose spots.
3rd week : necrosis of the Peyer’s patches
Leads to perforation, bleeding, and if left untreated, death is imminent.
10. DIAGNOSIS
• Blood culture
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Widal test
• Elisa test
• Urine and stool culture
• Punch-biopsy samples of rose spots culture
11. TREATMENT
• Activity – rest is helpful.
• Medical care – antibiotics (ampicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin,
ceftriaxone) for 14 days.
-corticosteroids
-antipyretics
• Diet – Soft digestible diet with lots of fluid and electrolytes.
• Surgical care – in case of intestinal perforation.
12. • VACCINES : TAB vaccine , Live oral vaccine, Vi vaccine
• COMPLICATIONS : GI bleeding, GI perforation, myocarditis
• PREVENTION : wash hands, drink boiled water, clean fruits and
vegetables , get vaccinated.
