Antiamoebic drugs are used to treat infections caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Metronidazole is the prototype nitroimidazole drug used as it is effective against both intestinal and extra-intestinal E. histolytica infections. It works by disrupting the DNA replication, transcription and repair processes of anaerobic protozoa and bacteria through reduction of its nitro group. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting and neurological effects. Other nitroimidazole derivatives and luminal amoebicides like diloxanide furoate are also used in combination to treat invasive amoebiasis.
This document discusses antiprotozoal agents used to treat various protozoal infections in humans. It begins by outlining common protozoal infections like amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and malaria. It then covers the life cycles of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambia, and Trichomonas vaginalis. The document classifies anti-amoebic drugs and discusses nitroimidazoles, alkaloids, chloroquine, diloxanide furoate, and nitazoxanide. Treatment regimens for amoebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis using these
1) Anthelmintics are drugs used to treat helminth (worm) infections. They can be vermicidal, killing the worms, or vermifugal, expelling infesting worms. Ideal anthelmintics are orally effective, require a single dose, are inexpensive, and are highly toxic to worms but less toxic to the host.
2) Common helminths include roundworms, hookworms, threadworms, whipworms, filariae, tapeworms, and flukes. Available anthelmintic drugs discussed include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, levamis
This document provides information on various anthelmintic drugs used to treat helminth infections. It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and side effects of common anthelmintics including mebendazole, albendazole, thiabendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, diethyl carbamazine citrate, and ivermectin. The document aims to educate on the treatment of helminth infections through different anthelmintic drug options.
Fluoroquinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents derived from nalidixic acid. They work by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking DNA synthesis. Resistance can occur via mutations in the quinolone binding region of these target enzymes or changes in bacterial permeability. Fluoroquinolones are classified into generations based on spectrum of activity and are well-absorbed orally with varying tissue distribution and drug interactions. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal, central nervous system, and musculoskeletal issues. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are two commonly used fluoroquinolones with activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens.
1. Anthelmintic drugs act by paralyzing, damaging, or interfering with the metabolism of parasitic worms. They are used to treat infections caused by a variety of parasites that can infect the intestines, tissues, or bloodstream.
2. Albendazole and mebendazole are broad-spectrum oral anthelmintics commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, hookworms, pinworms, tapeworms, and others. They work by inhibiting microtubule synthesis in parasites.
3. Other anthelmintics include pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, niclosamide, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and bith
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Antiamoebic drugs are used to treat infections caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Metronidazole is the prototype nitroimidazole drug used as it is effective against both intestinal and extra-intestinal E. histolytica infections. It works by disrupting the DNA replication, transcription and repair processes of anaerobic protozoa and bacteria through reduction of its nitro group. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting and neurological effects. Other nitroimidazole derivatives and luminal amoebicides like diloxanide furoate are also used in combination to treat invasive amoebiasis.
This document discusses antiprotozoal agents used to treat various protozoal infections in humans. It begins by outlining common protozoal infections like amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and malaria. It then covers the life cycles of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambia, and Trichomonas vaginalis. The document classifies anti-amoebic drugs and discusses nitroimidazoles, alkaloids, chloroquine, diloxanide furoate, and nitazoxanide. Treatment regimens for amoebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis using these
1) Anthelmintics are drugs used to treat helminth (worm) infections. They can be vermicidal, killing the worms, or vermifugal, expelling infesting worms. Ideal anthelmintics are orally effective, require a single dose, are inexpensive, and are highly toxic to worms but less toxic to the host.
2) Common helminths include roundworms, hookworms, threadworms, whipworms, filariae, tapeworms, and flukes. Available anthelmintic drugs discussed include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, levamis
This document provides information on various anthelmintic drugs used to treat helminth infections. It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and side effects of common anthelmintics including mebendazole, albendazole, thiabendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, diethyl carbamazine citrate, and ivermectin. The document aims to educate on the treatment of helminth infections through different anthelmintic drug options.
Fluoroquinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents derived from nalidixic acid. They work by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking DNA synthesis. Resistance can occur via mutations in the quinolone binding region of these target enzymes or changes in bacterial permeability. Fluoroquinolones are classified into generations based on spectrum of activity and are well-absorbed orally with varying tissue distribution and drug interactions. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal, central nervous system, and musculoskeletal issues. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are two commonly used fluoroquinolones with activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens.
1. Anthelmintic drugs act by paralyzing, damaging, or interfering with the metabolism of parasitic worms. They are used to treat infections caused by a variety of parasites that can infect the intestines, tissues, or bloodstream.
2. Albendazole and mebendazole are broad-spectrum oral anthelmintics commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, hookworms, pinworms, tapeworms, and others. They work by inhibiting microtubule synthesis in parasites.
3. Other anthelmintics include pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, niclosamide, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and bith
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics. It begins by introducing macrolides as a class of antibiotics characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring to which sugars are attached. It then focuses on individual macrolides including erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, and spiramycin. The document discusses the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, uses, interactions, and adverse effects of macrolide antibiotics.
This document discusses the lincosamide antibiotics clindamycin and lincomycin. Clindamycin is a potent lincosamide antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosome. It has a similar spectrum of activity to erythromycin and is effective against most gram-positive cocci, diphtheria, nocardia, and actinomyces. Common side effects include rashes, diarrhea, and pseudomembranous colitis caused by C. difficile infection. Clindamycin is restricted to anaerobic infections and is used for Bacteroides fragilis infections of the abdomen, pelvis, and lungs. Lincomycin was the predecessor to cl
The document discusses drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). There are five oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, avanafil, and alprostadil. PDE5Is work by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis to facilitate erection. Alprostadil is a prostaglandin E1 injection or suppository that works locally in the penis. All drugs have similar side effects like headaches and flushing but differ in how long their effects last and if they interact with food. Proper use and understanding the mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of these drugs is important for
This document discusses anti helminthic drugs used to treat helminth infections. It begins by introducing helminths and the prevalence of helminthiasis globally and in developing countries. It then discusses the classification of helminths and the pharmacological targets of antihelminthic drugs. The document proceeds to describe several classes of antihelminthic drugs in detail, including their mechanisms of action, adverse effects, contraindications, and uses for treating specific helminth infections. Key drugs discussed include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and praziquantel. In the end, the document
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their structure, examples (erythromycin, azithromycin), mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, drug interactions, and contraindications. Macrolides bind to the bacterial ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis, generally being bacteriostatic. Their spectrum includes many gram-positive bacteria and some intracellular pathogens. Resistance can occur via efflux pumps or ribosomal mutations. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal issues and ototoxicity. Macrolides can interact with drugs metabolized by CYP450 enzymes.
The document discusses various aspects of helminths (parasitic worms) that infect humans including types of helminths, the diseases they cause, and drugs used to treat helminth infections. It describes the two main types of helminths - nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) which include trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms). It then discusses various anthelmintic drugs, their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and side effects. Key drugs mentioned include mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, ivermectin, praziquantel, niclosamide, and b
This document discusses different types of antifungals and their mechanisms of action. It covers several classes of antifungals that target the fungal cell membrane or cell wall, such as polyenes like amphotericin B and azoles like fluconazole. It provides details on the spectrum, pharmacokinetics, dosing and side effects of various azoles including fluconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B are mentioned which are less toxic than conventional amphotericin B. Mechanisms of antifungal resistance and the importance of drug interactions are also summarized.
1) Aminoglycosides are polybasic amino groups linked glycosidically to aminosugar compounds. They are highly water soluble and excreted unchanged in urine.
2) They are bactericidal, inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 30S/50S interface of bacterial ribosomes. This causes misreading of mRNA and nonfunctional protein formation.
3) Common adverse effects include ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity. Individual drugs vary in their specific toxicities.
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces venezuelae that was first isolated in 1947. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide bond formation. While effective against a variety of bacteria, chloramphenicol can also inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells, causing toxicity issues like bone marrow suppression and the rare but serious gray baby syndrome in neonates. As such, it is reserved for treating serious infections when other antibiotics cannot be used.
This document summarizes information about the third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic cefixime. It is used to treat ear, sinus, throat, chest and lung, and urinary infections caused by bacteria. Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. There is no specific antidote for overdose. Cefixime is available as tablets, chewable tablets, dry syrup, and oral suspension under various brand names after its patent expired in 2003.
This document discusses antimalarial drugs. It describes that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. It outlines the different Plasmodium species and classes of antimalarial drugs, including mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. Key drugs discussed include chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, sulfonamide-pyrimethamine, primaquine, tetracyclines, clindamycin, and artemisinin derivatives.
This document discusses various antiamoebic drugs used to treat protozoal infections caused by Entamoeba histolytica, the parasite that causes amebiasis. It describes the life cycle of E. histolytica and clinical manifestations of amebiasis. Several classes of antiamoebic drugs are outlined, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects. The main drugs discussed are metronidazole, tinidazole, diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, emetine/dehydroemetine, paromomycin, and tetracyclines. Metronidazole is highlighted as the drug of choice for
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis. It is transmitted through the oral-fecal route by ingesting cysts from contaminated food or water. In the intestines, cysts excyst into trophozoites which multiply and may invade the intestinal wall, causing dysentery. Trophozoites can spread to other organs through the bloodstream. Metronidazole is effective against both intestinal and tissue infections, as it is activated by anaerobic metabolism and kills the trophozoites. Other nitroimidazole derivatives like tinidazole and ornidazole are also used to treat amoebiasis.
This document summarizes information about antimalarial drugs. It describes the different species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans and classifies malaria as either uncomplicated or severe. It then discusses the malaria life cycle within the human host and mosquito vector. The document proceeds to classify antimalarial drugs based on the stage of the parasite they affect and their chemical structure. Specific antimalarial drugs are then described in more detail, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. These drugs include quinine, chloroquine, mefloquine, proguanil, primaquine, and tetracyclines.
This document discusses drugs used to treat amoebiasis, an infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica. It describes the life cycle and stages of E. histolytica, as well as the different types of amoebiasis. The main drugs discussed are metronidazole, tinidazole, emetine, diloxanide furoate, chloroquine, and paromomycin. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects of these various anti-amoebic drugs.
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
This document summarizes various anthelmintic drugs used to treat parasitic worm infections. It discusses the drug classes including benzimidazoles, quinolines, piperazine derivatives, vinyl pyrimidines, amides, natural products, and others. It provides details on specific drugs like albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, oxamniquine, praziquantel, piperazine citrate, diethyl carbamazine, pyrantel pamoate, niclosamide, ivermectin, levamisole, metronidazole, and niridazole. It covers their mechanisms of action, structure-
Anthelmintic drugs are used to kill or expel parasitic worms. Common anthelmintics discussed include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, levamisole, diethylcarbamazine citrate, ivermectin, niclosamide, and praziquantel. These drugs have different mechanisms of action and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections that are prevalent globally, especially in developing areas with poorer hygiene. Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset.
This document discusses drugs used to treat constipation and diarrhea. For constipation, it describes laxatives that promote bowel evacuation, including bulk formers, stool softeners, and stimulant purgatives. For diarrhea, it outlines rehydration therapy and maintaining nutrition. Drug treatment includes specific antimicrobials, probiotics, drugs for inflammatory bowel disease, and nonspecific antidiarrheal drugs that are absorbents, antisecretory, or antimotility agents.
This document provides an overview of cephalosporins, a class of beta-lactam antibiotics. It describes their classification into four generations based on their spectrum of activity and other properties. Key points include: Cephalosporins are derived from the fungus Cephalosporium and are bactericidal by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Their classification is based on their spectrum of activity, with later generations having increased activity against gram-negative bacteria. Common examples from each generation like cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and cefepime are described along with their indications, dosages, and adverse effects.
The document discusses various anthelmintic drugs used to treat helminth infections in animals. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, adverse effects and contraindications of commonly used anthelmintics including albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, niclosamide, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and bithionol. These drugs act by paralyzing or killing intestinal worms and parasites through various mechanisms such as inhibiting microtubule synthesis, interfering with metabolism, or increasing chloride influx in parasites.
Anthelmintic.
According to the syllabus based on “PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA”
“I Dedicate this work to all the
Students , Pharmacy Faculty & Family Members .”
Anthelmintic are the drugs that either KILL [vermicide] or Expel [vermifuge] infesting Helminths.
The choice of drug for each worm infestation is based not only on Efficacy, but also on Lack of Side effects/ Toxicity, Ease of administration [preferably single dose] & low cost.
Development of resistance has not been a problem in the clinical use of Anthelmintic.
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics. It begins by introducing macrolides as a class of antibiotics characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring to which sugars are attached. It then focuses on individual macrolides including erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxithromycin, and spiramycin. The document discusses the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, uses, interactions, and adverse effects of macrolide antibiotics.
This document discusses the lincosamide antibiotics clindamycin and lincomycin. Clindamycin is a potent lincosamide antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 50s ribosome. It has a similar spectrum of activity to erythromycin and is effective against most gram-positive cocci, diphtheria, nocardia, and actinomyces. Common side effects include rashes, diarrhea, and pseudomembranous colitis caused by C. difficile infection. Clindamycin is restricted to anaerobic infections and is used for Bacteroides fragilis infections of the abdomen, pelvis, and lungs. Lincomycin was the predecessor to cl
The document discusses drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). There are five oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, avanafil, and alprostadil. PDE5Is work by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis to facilitate erection. Alprostadil is a prostaglandin E1 injection or suppository that works locally in the penis. All drugs have similar side effects like headaches and flushing but differ in how long their effects last and if they interact with food. Proper use and understanding the mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of these drugs is important for
This document discusses anti helminthic drugs used to treat helminth infections. It begins by introducing helminths and the prevalence of helminthiasis globally and in developing countries. It then discusses the classification of helminths and the pharmacological targets of antihelminthic drugs. The document proceeds to describe several classes of antihelminthic drugs in detail, including their mechanisms of action, adverse effects, contraindications, and uses for treating specific helminth infections. Key drugs discussed include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and praziquantel. In the end, the document
This document discusses macrolide antibiotics, including their structure, examples (erythromycin, azithromycin), mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, drug interactions, and contraindications. Macrolides bind to the bacterial ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis, generally being bacteriostatic. Their spectrum includes many gram-positive bacteria and some intracellular pathogens. Resistance can occur via efflux pumps or ribosomal mutations. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal issues and ototoxicity. Macrolides can interact with drugs metabolized by CYP450 enzymes.
The document discusses various aspects of helminths (parasitic worms) that infect humans including types of helminths, the diseases they cause, and drugs used to treat helminth infections. It describes the two main types of helminths - nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) which include trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms). It then discusses various anthelmintic drugs, their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and side effects. Key drugs mentioned include mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, ivermectin, praziquantel, niclosamide, and b
This document discusses different types of antifungals and their mechanisms of action. It covers several classes of antifungals that target the fungal cell membrane or cell wall, such as polyenes like amphotericin B and azoles like fluconazole. It provides details on the spectrum, pharmacokinetics, dosing and side effects of various azoles including fluconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B are mentioned which are less toxic than conventional amphotericin B. Mechanisms of antifungal resistance and the importance of drug interactions are also summarized.
1) Aminoglycosides are polybasic amino groups linked glycosidically to aminosugar compounds. They are highly water soluble and excreted unchanged in urine.
2) They are bactericidal, inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 30S/50S interface of bacterial ribosomes. This causes misreading of mRNA and nonfunctional protein formation.
3) Common adverse effects include ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity. Individual drugs vary in their specific toxicities.
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces venezuelae that was first isolated in 1947. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide bond formation. While effective against a variety of bacteria, chloramphenicol can also inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells, causing toxicity issues like bone marrow suppression and the rare but serious gray baby syndrome in neonates. As such, it is reserved for treating serious infections when other antibiotics cannot be used.
This document summarizes information about the third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic cefixime. It is used to treat ear, sinus, throat, chest and lung, and urinary infections caused by bacteria. Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. There is no specific antidote for overdose. Cefixime is available as tablets, chewable tablets, dry syrup, and oral suspension under various brand names after its patent expired in 2003.
This document discusses antimalarial drugs. It describes that malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by mosquitoes. It outlines the different Plasmodium species and classes of antimalarial drugs, including mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. Key drugs discussed include chloroquine, mefloquine, quinine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, sulfonamide-pyrimethamine, primaquine, tetracyclines, clindamycin, and artemisinin derivatives.
This document discusses various antiamoebic drugs used to treat protozoal infections caused by Entamoeba histolytica, the parasite that causes amebiasis. It describes the life cycle of E. histolytica and clinical manifestations of amebiasis. Several classes of antiamoebic drugs are outlined, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects. The main drugs discussed are metronidazole, tinidazole, diloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, emetine/dehydroemetine, paromomycin, and tetracyclines. Metronidazole is highlighted as the drug of choice for
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis. It is transmitted through the oral-fecal route by ingesting cysts from contaminated food or water. In the intestines, cysts excyst into trophozoites which multiply and may invade the intestinal wall, causing dysentery. Trophozoites can spread to other organs through the bloodstream. Metronidazole is effective against both intestinal and tissue infections, as it is activated by anaerobic metabolism and kills the trophozoites. Other nitroimidazole derivatives like tinidazole and ornidazole are also used to treat amoebiasis.
This document summarizes information about antimalarial drugs. It describes the different species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans and classifies malaria as either uncomplicated or severe. It then discusses the malaria life cycle within the human host and mosquito vector. The document proceeds to classify antimalarial drugs based on the stage of the parasite they affect and their chemical structure. Specific antimalarial drugs are then described in more detail, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. These drugs include quinine, chloroquine, mefloquine, proguanil, primaquine, and tetracyclines.
This document discusses drugs used to treat amoebiasis, an infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica. It describes the life cycle and stages of E. histolytica, as well as the different types of amoebiasis. The main drugs discussed are metronidazole, tinidazole, emetine, diloxanide furoate, chloroquine, and paromomycin. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects of these various anti-amoebic drugs.
- Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and contain a macrocyclic lactone ring. Erythromycin was the first macrolide discovered in 1952.
- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
This document summarizes various anthelmintic drugs used to treat parasitic worm infections. It discusses the drug classes including benzimidazoles, quinolines, piperazine derivatives, vinyl pyrimidines, amides, natural products, and others. It provides details on specific drugs like albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, oxamniquine, praziquantel, piperazine citrate, diethyl carbamazine, pyrantel pamoate, niclosamide, ivermectin, levamisole, metronidazole, and niridazole. It covers their mechanisms of action, structure-
Anthelmintic drugs are used to kill or expel parasitic worms. Common anthelmintics discussed include mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, levamisole, diethylcarbamazine citrate, ivermectin, niclosamide, and praziquantel. These drugs have different mechanisms of action and are used to treat a variety of helminth infections that are prevalent globally, especially in developing areas with poorer hygiene. Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset.
This document discusses drugs used to treat constipation and diarrhea. For constipation, it describes laxatives that promote bowel evacuation, including bulk formers, stool softeners, and stimulant purgatives. For diarrhea, it outlines rehydration therapy and maintaining nutrition. Drug treatment includes specific antimicrobials, probiotics, drugs for inflammatory bowel disease, and nonspecific antidiarrheal drugs that are absorbents, antisecretory, or antimotility agents.
This document provides an overview of cephalosporins, a class of beta-lactam antibiotics. It describes their classification into four generations based on their spectrum of activity and other properties. Key points include: Cephalosporins are derived from the fungus Cephalosporium and are bactericidal by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Their classification is based on their spectrum of activity, with later generations having increased activity against gram-negative bacteria. Common examples from each generation like cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and cefepime are described along with their indications, dosages, and adverse effects.
The document discusses various anthelmintic drugs used to treat helminth infections in animals. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, adverse effects and contraindications of commonly used anthelmintics including albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, pyrantel pamoate, piperazine, niclosamide, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and bithionol. These drugs act by paralyzing or killing intestinal worms and parasites through various mechanisms such as inhibiting microtubule synthesis, interfering with metabolism, or increasing chloride influx in parasites.
Anthelmintic.
According to the syllabus based on “PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA”
“I Dedicate this work to all the
Students , Pharmacy Faculty & Family Members .”
Anthelmintic are the drugs that either KILL [vermicide] or Expel [vermifuge] infesting Helminths.
The choice of drug for each worm infestation is based not only on Efficacy, but also on Lack of Side effects/ Toxicity, Ease of administration [preferably single dose] & low cost.
Development of resistance has not been a problem in the clinical use of Anthelmintic.
This document discusses drugs used to treat helminthiasis (intestinal worm infections). It begins by defining helminthiasis and describing the clinical symptoms. It then classifies the main types of intestinal worms as nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminthes (flatworms such as tapeworms). Various anti-helminthic drug classes are discussed, including benzimidazoles (e.g. albendazole, mebendazole), pyrantel pamoate, diethyl carbamazine, ivermectin, levamisole, niclosamide, and praziquantel. Specific drugs like mebendazole, albendazole
Anthelmintic
According to the syllabus based on “PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA”
“I Dedicate this work to all the
Students , Pharmacy Faculty & Family Members
Drx. Shubhanshu R.s. Jaiswal
Helminthiasis also known as Worm Infection, is any macro parasitic disease of humans & other animals in which a Part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as Helminths.
Introduction
Classification of Helminthiasis
Classification of Anthelmintics Drugs
Mebendazole
Albendazole
Pyrentel pamoate
Peperazine
Levamisole
Praziquantel
Niclosamide
Ivermectin
Diethylcarbamazine
Helminthiasis, also known as worm infection, is any macroparasitic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as helminths. There are numerous species of these parasites, which are broadly classified into tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms.
The helminths worms are macroscopic, multicellular organisms having their own digestive, excretory, reproductive and nervous system. The helminths could be nemathelminths (round bodied worms) or platyhelminths (flat bodied worms).
Nematodes (round worms) are long, round bodied segmented worms that are tapered at both ends . In festation occurs if the embryonated eggs or tissues of infested host contain larva of the nematode.
This document provides information on various antihelmintic drugs used to treat helminth infections. It discusses the epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminth infections and mechanisms of action of different classes of antihelmintics. Key drugs discussed include mebendazole, albendazole, ivermectin, praziquantel, diethylcarbamazine, and piperazine. Each drug's indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects are summarized.
This document discusses various anti-helminthic drugs used to treat parasitic worm infections. It covers broad spectrum drugs like mebendazole and albendazole that work against intestinal nematodes. It also discusses drugs that work against specific types of parasites, including diethylcarbamazine for filarial worms, ivermectin for strongyloides, and praziquantel for flukes and tapeworms. Each drug is described in terms of its pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and adverse effects.
Pharmacotherapy of Antihelminthic agentsManoj Kumar
1. Helminths, or worms, infect over 1/3 of the world's population and are most common in developing countries with poor sanitation. They are usually transmitted through feces and cause symptoms like anemia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and organ damage.
2. The main drug classes used to treat helminth infections are benzimidazoles like mebendazole and albendazole, which inhibit polymerization of beta-tubulin in parasites. Other drugs include pyrantel pamoate, diethylcarbamazine, and ivermectin.
3. While effective, these drugs can cause side effects like nausea, vomiting, rash, and alopec
Drug acting on inflammatory bowel diseaseAlisha Talwar
This document discusses drugs used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It describes several classes of drugs including 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalamine), corticosteroids, immunomodulating drugs like azathioprine and mercaptopurine, and biologic agents. For each drug class or individual drug, it provides information on mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, dosing, side effects, and nursing considerations. The document aims to comprehensively cover the pharmacological management of IBD.
The document discusses various antifungal drugs used to treat fungal infections. It describes different types of fungal infections including superficial infections affecting the skin and mucous membranes, and deep infections affecting internal organs. It then classifies and describes several classes of antifungal drugs including antifungal antibiotics like amphotericin B and nystatin, azoles like imidazoles and triazoles, flucytosine, and squalene epoxidase inhibitors. It provides details on mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects of specific antifungal drugs.
This document discusses anti-tubercular drugs used to treat tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. It describes the first-line drugs isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin that are routinely used to treat TB. It explains their mechanisms of action, how drug resistance develops, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and interactions. The unique cell wall structure of mycobacteria that makes them intrinsically resistant to many drugs is also outlined.
ANTI FUNGAL DRUGS.ppt The ppt contains information about Antifungal drugsGopi Krishna Rakam
Fungal infections can be superficial or systemic. Antifungal drugs include polyenes, azoles, and allylamines which act by disrupting fungal cell membranes or inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis, mitosis or DNA synthesis. Amphotericin binds to ergosterol and causes membrane damage. Ketoconazole and fluconazole are oral azoles that inhibit ergosterol synthesis. Systemic antifungals like amphotericin are nephrotoxic while superficial infections are treated with topical azoles and allylamines.
This document discusses various antifungal drugs, including their mechanisms of action, classifications, and clinical uses. It covers major drug classes like azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. Key drugs discussed include amphotericin B, which disrupts fungal cell membranes; azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole, which inhibit ergosterol synthesis; and echinocandins like caspofungin that target fungal cell wall synthesis. The document provides details on pharmacokinetics, mechanisms, resistance, administration routes and adverse effects of these important antifungal medications.
Antifungal drugs work by targeting differences in the cell wall and membrane compositions of fungi compared to human cells. Azoles like fluconazole and itraconazole inhibit fungal ergosterol synthesis while amphotericin B binds to ergosterol in the membrane. Topical antifungals like nystatin and tolnaftate treat superficial infections while systemic drugs like fluconazole and terbinafine treat deep infections. These drugs have various mechanisms of action and are used to treat a wide range of fungal infections based on their spectra, pharmacokinetics and safety profiles.
Antifungal drugs work by targeting differences between fungal and human cell membranes and metabolism. Azoles like fluconazole inhibit ergosterol synthesis while polyenes like amphotericin B bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane. Topical antifungals like nystatin and tolnaftate treat superficial infections while systemic drugs like fluconazole and itraconazole treat deep infections. Common adverse effects include nausea, liver toxicity, and drug interactions. The choice of antifungal depends on the infecting organism, infection severity, and route of administration needed.
This document provides information on the pharmacological management of helminthic infections. It discusses the characteristics of ideal anthelmintic drugs and then describes several individual drugs, including their mechanisms of action, uses, dosages, and side effects. The drugs covered include albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, praziquantel, and others. The goal of anthelmintic treatment is elimination of parasites from the host and control of infection spread.
This document discusses anti-helminthic drugs used to treat parasitic worm infections. It defines anti-helminthics as drugs that expel or kill parasitic worms without significantly damaging the host. The document describes common helminth infections, classifies anti-helminthic drugs by mode of action and type of infection treated, and provides details on commonly used drugs including Albendazole, Mebendazole, Levamisole, and Pyrantel pamoate. It explains the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, dosages, and adverse effects of these anti-helminthic drugs.
This document discusses various antifungal drugs, their mechanisms of action, and clinical uses. It describes how caspofungin inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis, while amphotericin B and nystatin bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane. Azoles like ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole inhibit ergosterol synthesis. 5-flucytosine inhibits fungal nucleic acid synthesis. It also discusses the antifungals' mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical indications, resistance and adverse effects. Superficial and systemic fungal infections are outlined.
This document discusses various anthelmintic drugs used to treat helminth infections. It defines anthelmintics as drugs that eradicate worms and helminth parasites from the body. The document then classifies helminth parasites and describes various anthelmintic drug classes including piperazines, benzimidazoles, heterocyclics, amides, nitroderivatives, imidazothiazoles, natural products and vinyl pyrimidines. It provides examples of drugs from each class and summarizes their mechanisms of action, uses, and common adverse drug reactions.
Macrolides act by binding to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis in bactera. Chemistry with examples Erythromycin, Roxitromycin, azithromycin, Clarithromycin.... Mechanism of action and side effects....
Sulfonamides are synthetic antibacterial agents that contain the sulfonamide group. Classification, Chemistry and SAR, Mechanism of action, Side effects and Marketed preparations.....
Quinolone antibiotic is a member of a large group of broad-spectrum bactericidal. Development in generations... Chemistry and SAR.... Mechanism of Action.... Marketed preparations
1. The document discusses the classification, structure-activity relationship, mechanism of action, adverse effects, and indications of tetracycline antibiotics.
2. It describes how tetracyclines are naturally produced by Streptomyces bacteria and have a polycyclic naphthacene structure required for antimicrobial activity.
3. Tetracyclines work by reversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
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Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian FailureR3 Stem Cell
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
3. Helminth
Helminths are macroscopic, multicellular organism, having their own digestive excretory
and reproductive system
Nematodes
Trematodes
Cestodes
They harm the host by depriving for food causing blood loss, injury to organs, intestinal
or lymphatic obstruction & by secreting toxins
Round worms
Fluke worms
Tape worms
5. Anthelmintics
Any curative drug used to eradicate or reduce the
number of worms in GIT or Tissue is called Anthelmintics
Helminth: Worm
6. Classification
❑ Based on Mechanism of Action:
1. Inhibitors of Fumarate reductase and glucose uptake,
binding of tubulin in mitochondria
2. Inhibitors of mitochondrial phosphorylation
3. Inhibitors of glycolysis
Drugs affecting
energy production
Drugs causing
paralysis
1. Cholinergic agents
2. GABA agonist
3. Muscle Hyperpolarization
4. Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors
5. Acetylcholine mimic
7. Classification
❑ Based on Type of Action:
Vermifuge
Vermicidal
Drug that expel infesting Helminth
Drug that kill infesting Helminth
8. Classification
❑ Based on Chemical Class:
No. Chemical Class Example
1. Phenols Dichlorophen
2. Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
Tetraqchloroethylene
3 Antimonial Compounds Stibophen
4 Dye Suramin Na
No. Chemical Class Example
5 Heterocyclic Compounds
5.1 Benzimidazole derivatives Mebendazole, Albendazole
5.2 Piperazine derivatives Diethylcarbamazepine
5.3 Nitrothiazole derivatives Niridazole
No. Chemical Class Example
6. Miscellaneous
6.1 Salicylanilide Niclosamide
6.2 Organophosphate Metrifonate
6.3 Pyrimidine Pyrantel
6.4 Imidazothiazole Levamisol
9. Phenols
Used a Urinary Antiseptics
4-Chloro-2-[(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]phenol
Dichlorophen
2,2'-sulfanediylbis(4,6-dichlorophenol)
Bithionol
• Used in tapeworm infections
• Eliminate the worm from bowel
• Cause tissue irritation-so not used in patients with peptic ulcer
10. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons:
Tetrachloroethylene
• Against fluke worm, but now it is not used
• Antimonial Compound:
Stibophen
• Rarely used, High Toxicity and difficulty in administration
• Inhibit Phosphofructokinase which convert Fructose 6-
phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Diphosphate: Lack in energy source
11. Dye
• Mainly for treatment of sleeping sickness (Trypanosomiasis)
• SE: Diarrhea, Abdominal pain, Discomfort
Suramin Sodium
Lucanthone
• Yellow dye: Orally active
• Act by inhibiting Helminth ova production and its release
• Gives active Hydroxy metabolite: Hycanthone
12. Benzimidazole Derivatives
Mebendazole: Broad -spectrum oral anthelmintic drug-1972
Effective against various nematodes infestations including whipworm, pinworm,
roundworm & hookworm
Mechanism of Action:
•Selectively inhibiting the synthesis of microtubules via binding to colchicine binding site of β-tubulin,
thereby blocking polymerisation of tubulin dimers in intestinal cells of parasites.
•Disruption of cytoplasmic microtubules leads to blocking the uptake of glucose and other nutrients,
resulting in the gradual immobilization and eventual death of the helminths.
•It also blocks glucose uptake in parasite & deplets its glycogen stores.
Adverse Effect : Mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal distress
Methyl (5-benzoyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate
13. Benzimidazole
Albendazole: Broad -spectrum oral anthelmintic drug
Mechanism of Action: Similar to Mebendazole
Adverse Effect : Mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal distress, insomnia
Thiabendazole: Broad -spectrum oral anthelmintic drug
Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the helminth-specific mitochondrial enzyme fumarate
reductase, thereby inhibiting the citric acid cycle, mitochondrial respiration and subsequent
production of ATP - leading to helminth's death
Adverse Effect : Loss of appetite Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
Methyl [5-(propylthio)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl]carbamate 4-(1H-1,3-Benzodiazol-2-yl)-1,3-thiazole
14. Piperazine
Diethylcarbamazine: Highly soluble crystalline compound , selective anthelmentic activity
Mechanism of Action: Sensitizing the microfilariae to get phagocytocize itself.
Clinical uses :
-In treatment of filariasis including lymphatic filariasis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Adverse effects: Fever, GI disturbances
N,N-diethyl-4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide
15. Nitro-thiazole
Niridazole
Orally active
Anthelmentics, Antibacterial
MOA: Inhibit the oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
Inhibt the enzyme Phosphofructokinase : leading to glycogen depletion
Used to treat schistosomiasis
1-(5-Nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)imidazolidin-2-one
SE: CNS toxicity and can cause dangerous side effects, such as Hallucinations
16. Quinoline
MOA: Inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation, and anaerobic
metabolism in the tapeworm
SE: Allergic-type reactions, including urticaria, pruritic skin rashes, and fever
Oxamniquine
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-2-isopropylaminomethyl
-7-nitro-6-quinolylmethanolTreatment of Schistosomiasis
17. MOA: Increases the permeability of the membranes of schistosome cells towards calcium
ions. The drug thereby induces contraction of the parasites' muscle, resulting in paralysis
Is often the preferred treatment
Quinoline
Praziquantel
2-(Cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-
pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one
Adverse Effect: Headache, dizziness, stomach pain, nausea, tiredness, weakness,
joint/muscle pain, loss of appetite, vomiting, and sweating may occur
18. Salicylanilide
Niclosamide
Mechanism of Action : Inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation and anaerobic
metabolism in tapeworm.
5-Chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide
Used to treat tapeworm infections
SE: Abdominal pain, Constipation, and itchiness
19. Organophosphates
MOA: Irreversible organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Clinical Uses: Used to treat schistosomiasis, but not available commercially
Used as Insecticide
Metrifonate
Prodrug
Dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)phosphonate
20. Ivermectin
Broad spectrum
Mechanism of Action: Causes an influx of Cl- ions through the cell membrane of
invertebrates by activation of specific Ivermectin-sensitive ion channels. The resultant
hyperpolarization leads to muscle paralysis.
Clinical Uses: Used to treat certain parasitic roundworm infections.
Adverse Effect: Headache, muscle pain, nausea, diarrhea, joint pain, weakness, red eye,
dry skin
Can be taken by mouth or applied to the skin for external infestations
22. Pyrimidines
Mechanism of Action: Depolarizing Neuromuscular blocker, Release of Ach and inhibition
of cholinesterase, cause paralysis of worms
Clinical Uses : used to treat intestinal worm infections such as pinworm, roundworm, and
hookworm
Pyrantel:
Adverse Effect : Decreased Appetite, diarrhea, Difficulty sleeping, Dizziness, drowsiness,
Headache, nausea ,stomach cramps
1-Methyl-2-[(E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl]-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrimidine
23. Imidazothiazol
Mechanism of Action : Agnositic activity towards the L-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors in nematode muscles. This agonistic action reduces the capacity of the males to
control their reproductive muscles and limits their ability to copulate..
Clinical Uses : For ascariasis and hookworm infections.
Adverse Effect : Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth sores, loss of appetite, stomach pain,
change in taste and smell, muscle aches, fatigue, dizziness.
Levamisole
6-Phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole