Soil fertility depends upon the manures which are applied in bulk. They not only improve the fertility but also the physical properties of the soil, subsequently the quantity and quality of the plant being grown.

1. Department of Sericulture
Supervised by
Dr.K.Sujatha
Department of Sericulture,KU
Presented by
B.Sheelu
MSc.Sericulture
2023-2025 batch

2. What is manure ?
The decomposer form of dead plants and animals, which is applied to the soil to
increase production. Manure is highly rich in organic matter and humas and
thus improves the soil fertility.

3. Types of manures
Manures are classified into two major types the first one is organic manures and
the second one is inorganic manures.
Organic manures
● Organic manures are natural products used by farmers to produce food for
the crop plants. Organic manures are classified into three types. They are:
● Bulky organic manures
● Concentrated organic manures
● Green manures

4. How organic manures are beneficial in cultivation of
crops
● Organic manures increase the organic matter in soil, organic matter in turn
releases the use of crops.
● These organic manures also enable a soil to hold more water and also help
to improve the drainage in clay soils

5. How organic manures are differing from fertilizers
● Organic manures have low nutrient content and interfere need to be applied
in larger quantity for example to get 25 kgs of NPK one will need to add.
● 600 - 2000 kg of organic Manures where are the same amount of NPK can
be given by 50 kg of complex of fertilizer.
● The nutrient content of organic manures is highly available from place to
place.
● The physical condition of soil will be improved by incorporating bulky,
organic materials.
● Heavy clay soils are improved by organic manures.

6. Organic manures
Bulky organic manures :
● These contain small quantities of plant food elements and do not contribute
much to the increase of plant food supply in the soil.
● Further these are applied in large quantities .
● The valley of these Manures however, depends on the amount of humus they
produce or add it to the soil.

7. ● The bulky organic manures are:
● FYM
● Compost manure
● Poultry waste manure
● Night soil
● Sewage and sludge
● Gobar gas plant manure
● Silkworm litter

8. Organic manures
Concentrated organic manures :
● These are the nature and contain high percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash compared to
bulky organic manures.
● This is also known as nitrogen fertilizer.
● After application these Manures are converted through bacterial action into readily usable
ammonia called nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen.
● These manures are slow in action but available for a longer period.
● Concentrated organic manures are:
● Oil cakes
● Blood meal
● Meat meal
● Fish meal
● Horn & hoop
● Bone meal

9. Organic manures
Green manures :
● Leguminous crops are commonly used for green manuring as a fix atmospheric
nitrogen and add an nitrogen to the soil in addition to organic matter when they
are sufficient moisture in the soil the green manure crop decomposes quickly.
● The green manures are:
● Biofertilizers
● Vermi compost

10. Inorganic manures
Inorganic manures :
● Fertilizers are inorganic materials of concentrated nature and are applied to the
plants to increase the supply of one or more essential nutrients.
● These are called nitrogenous fertilizers which contains only one nutrient are
called straight fertilizers and those which have two or more nutrients are called
complex fertilizers.
● Fertilizers are always also commonly known as chemical or artificial manures.
● In organic manures are:
● Nitrogen
● Phosphorus
● Potassium
● Micronutrients

11. Bulky organic manures
FYM :
● It is one of the most commonly used manure.
● It refers to the decomposer mixture of dug and
urine of form animals along with litter and lift
over material from roughages or fodder to the
cattle.
● On an average well decomposed farm yard
manure contains 0.5% nitrogen , 0.2%
Phosphorus pentoxide, 0.5% potassium oxide.
● It increases soil humas.
● It increases microbial activity of the soil.
● FYM he is a best stories soil micronutrients.
● Fresh garden has microne in addition to micro
i.e., zinc, manganese, iron, boron in large
quantities when compared to synthetic organic
manures.

12. Bulky organic manures
Compost manure :
● It is a mass of rotted organic matter made from waste.
● This process is decompose plant reduces in a heap or pit
to bring the plant residuous or applied directly to the soil
redily available from.
● Compost is also useful in converting harmful waste
products like sewage into a product that is safe to handle
and use.
● It improves the soil structure and water holding capacity,
nutrient holding capacity of the soil.
● It increases the nutrient value and their by improves the
health of the plants.
● It is the mass of rotted organic matter made from waste.
● The average nutrient content of farm composed is 0.5%
nitrogen, 0.15% Phosphorus pentoxide, 0.5% potassium
oxide.

13. Bulky organic manures
Night soil :
● It is solid and liquid excreta of human
beings.
● It is rich in NPK than farm yard manure and
compost.
● Fresh nights oil has 22% organic matter, 29%
minerals, 5.5% nitrogen, 4% phosphorus, two
person potassium.
● This manure is widely used in China and
Japan but in India a limited extent it is
applied directly to the soil in trenches.
● The night soil is deposited and covered over
and top with a layer of Earth.
● Such story is called poudrette system.

14. Bulky organic manures
Poultry manure :
● It is on the best manure.
● The excrete of birds ferment very quickly,
if left exposure 50% of nitrogen is lost
with in 30 days.
● It contains higher nitrogen and
phosphate than any other bulky organic
manure.
● This manure has to be applied directly to
the field.

15. Bulky organic manures
Sewage and sludge :
● In the modern system of sanitation adapted
in cities and towns, human excreta are
flushed out with water which is called
sewage.
● The solid part in the sewage are used to
increase crop production.
● The activated sledge and on dry weight basis
contains 3 to 6% N , about 2% phosphorus
and 1% potassium.
● The activated sludge and the effluent can be
used with safety for managing and irrigating
all field crops accepted vegetables which are
eaten raw or uncooked.

16. Bulky organic manures
Gobar gas plant manure :
● The cow dung is utilised to generate
methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen gases
are utilized for various purpose.
● But reduce of this process or utilised as
manure.
● Since this manure is formed after
decomposition contains high nitrogen,
phosphates, potash, and manure of
micronutrients.

17. Bulky organic manures
Silkworm litter :
● The silkworm litter is also used as
manure which has good amount of
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium besides
micronutrients.

18. Concentrated organic manures
Oil cakes:
● The remaining solid portion obtained after
oil extraction from oil seeds is called oil
cakes,can be used as manure.
● The oil cakes are two types.Edible oil cakes
are fed to live stock and nonedible oil cakes
or not fit for feeding but both can be used as
manure.
● The nutrients of oil cakes after
mineralisation are made available to crops
after 7-10 days of application.
● In addition to nitrogen all oil cakes contains
small percentage of phosphorus and potash.

19. Concentrated organic manures
Blood meal :
● Dried blood or blood meal contains 10-12
% nitrogen and 1-2% phosphoric acid and
1% potash.
● It is very quickly acting manure and is
effective on all crops on all type of soil.
● Adult cattle give about 13.6 kg blood
which have to be collected as slaughter
house and right to use.

20. Concentrated organic manures
Meat meal :
● Waste meat is cooked and dried to get
manure.
● It is quick acting and effective for all
crops.
● Meat meal contains about 10.5% N,2.5%
phosphoric acid and 0.5% potash.
● A dead animal gives 36-45 kg of meat
when dead.

21. Concentrated organic manures
Fish meal :
● Non-edible fish are used for prepare fish
meal.
● It is also quick acting manure.
● It has 4-10% N,3-9% phosphorus
pentoxide,0.3-1.5 potassium oxide.
● These are dried and powdered to use as
manure.

22. Concentrated organic manures
Horn & Hoof meal:
● A stout animal gives about 6-8 pounds of
horn and hoop which cooked and dried.
● It contains 13% nitrogen.

23. Concentrated organic manures
Bone meal:
● It is used as phosphate fertilizer, available
in two forms raw bone meal and steamed
bone meal.
● The raw bone meal is crushed form
contains 20-25% of phosphoric acid 3-4%
N.
● The lime contant of bone reduces the
acidity of soil.
● It is less effective on heavy clay and
calcarius soils.

24. Green manures
● It is another method of adding organic
matter to the soil.
● A leafy crop, more usually a legume is
ploughed in and mixed with the soil when it
is about to flower.
● It is called green manuring.
● Leguminous crops are commonly used for
green manuring as the fix atmospheric
nitrogen and add an nitrogen to the soil in
audition to organic matter.
● Green manure contains 0.5% to 0.7 percent
nitrogen, 0.1% to 0.2% phosphorus and 0.6%
to 0.8% potash.
● The commonly used green manure crop in
Mulberry plantation are Sun him, horse
gram, dhaincha,neem,mahua etc.

25. Green manures
Biofertilizers :
● Biofertilizers are preparations containing
cells of microorganisms, which maybe
nitrogen fixer, phodphorous solubilizers,
sulphur oxidizers or organic matter
decomposers.
● Azospirullum,an associative micro
acrophilic nitrogen fixer commonly found in
association with the roots of cerals and
grasses of interest.
● It contains nitrogen fixation capacity.
● Azotobacter ,a free living heterotrophic
nitrogen fixing bacteria encountered in
neutral to alkaline soils.
● It is highly versatile in utilising carbon
source.

26. Biofertilizers
Advantages :
● Increase crop yield by 20-30%.
● Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25% .
● Stimulate plant growth.
● Restore natural soil fertility.
● Provide production against drought and some soil borne diseases.
Disadvantages:
● Increasing crop protection slightly.
● Do not replace chemical fertilizers.
● Mass microbial production contamination.
● Light sensitive microbes.

27. Vermi compost
● Maintain as cultures in organic waste
feed on the substrate.
● Physically, chemically biologically
degraded organic material produced by
earthworms which consists mainly of
digested soil and organic matter.
● It is rich in all major and micronutrients,
such as nitrogen, phosphorus,
magnesium, zinc and calcium in simple
forms, so that the plant root system can
be readyly observe them.

28. Advantages of organic manures
● These are a good source of micro nutrients.
● Improve soil fertility.
● Cost effective.
● Reduce the soil erosion and leaching.
● Improve the physical properties of the soil like water holding capacity and
nutrient holding capacity.
● It can be transported easily.
● Provide food for soil microorganisms this increases activity of microbes
which turn help convert and available plant nutrients into available forms.

29. Disadvantages of organic manures
● Being bulky & voluminous they are inconvenient to handle, store and
transport.
● They can't provide a particular nutrient that is deficient.
● Manures absorved very slowly.
● They are not rich in nutrients.

30. Inorganic manures
Nitrogen :
● Nitrogen is of special importance in the
formation of proteins, enzymes,
hormones, vitamins, alkaloids,
chlorophyll etc.
● When nitrogen is present in sufficient
quantities in the soil plants acquire a
healthy green colour, growth of the plant
is fairly rapid and crop matures earlier
resulting in good yields.
● Nitrogen promotes leaf, stem and other
vegetative growth but retains small in
root system.

31. Inorganic manures
Phosphorus :
● Phosphorus is a constituent of sugar
phosphates,nucleotides, nucleic acids,co
enzymes and phospholipids.
● Phosphorus in plant life is important in
laying down the primordial for the
reproductive parts of the plant.
● It's stimulate flowering and aids seed
formation and quality.

32. Inorganic manures
Potassium :
● Potassium is not a constituent of any
organic compound.
● It is required as a co-factor for 40 or
more enzymes.
● It controls moment of stomata and
maintains electro neutrality of plant cell.
● Generally potassium is richly available in
soils.
● Crop depends on potassium than
nitrogen.

33. Advantages of inorganic manures
● Inorganic manures are good for the rapid growth of plants.
● Because the nutrients are already water soluble.
● Date for the effective usually immediately and fast, contains all necessary
nutrients that are ready to use.
● It is convenient to handle, store and transport.
● The provided a particular nutrients that is deficient.
● It is rich in nutrients.

34. Disadvantages of inorganic manures
● Inorganic manures do not add to the organic content of the soil.
● Can easily be overapplied and cause harm to plants.
● Soluble salts can be more easily leached from the rhizosphere (plant root
zone) and potentially harm other parts of the ecosystem.

35. Dosage
● Quantity of manures depends upon the soil type, removal of plantation, rainfall
distribution pattern, spacing, pruning and harvesting methods and also seasonal
conditions.
● In India, the recommended dosage of manures vary from region to region and
with the intensive of mulberry cultivation.
Manuring in irrigated conditions :
● The first dose of fertilizers should be applied after 2nd and half month at the
weight 40 kg of nitrogen per hectare.
● By sixth month plans are ready for harvest of leaves.
● The chemical fertilization for irrigated system of is 300:120:120.

36. Dosage
Manuring in rainfed conditions :
● Native soil is not enough to provide the required nutrients.
● Hence application of organic manures and fertilizers is mandatory.
● Green manure like leguminous between the row in the fertility due to
accumulation.
● In addition to manure chemical fertilizers are applied at the ratio 100:50 the
first application will be 50: 50:50 of NPK is harvest.
● After 6 to 8 weeks of application of organic manure a 2nd ose of 60 kgs of
nitrogen is applied straight fertilizer in November.

37. Thank you 🙏