Education

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NEKEMTE HEALTH SCIENCE COLLAGE
DEPPARTEMENT OF BSC NURING
PRESENTATION OF M/SURGICAL,ON
ATLECTASIS
Submitted to Instructor : Abdi .W
Submission date 18/04/2016E.C
Nekemte,oromia, Ethiopia

2. GROUP 2 MEMBER
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N
O
NAME ID NAME ID
1 Bikiltu Deba CNO15/011 6 FarahanTajudin CNO15/016
2 Chanalew
Girmaye
CNO15/O12 7 FiriyeTafera CNO15/017
3 Damtew Alemu CNO15/013 8 Gamula
WaKbulcho
CNO15/018
4 DawitTasfaye CNO15/014 9 Garo Hora CNO15/019
5 Endashawu
Nuguse
CNO15/015 10 Galana Abaya CNO15/020

3. OUT LINE
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 Objective
 Definition
 Type
 Cause/risk factor
 Patho physiology
 C/M
 DX
 DDX
 Management
 Complication
 Nursing M
 Summary

4. OBJECTIVES
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After completing this chapter, students will be able to
 Manage patients with atelectasis
 Most common cause
 Management
 Prevention way

5. Overview of alveoli
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 Alveoli are microscopic balloon-shaped structures
located at the end of the respiratory tree.
 There are a number of air sacs present inside the lungs
and these air sacs are called alveoli
 Type of alveoli
 Type 1 pneumocytes.
 Type 2 pneumocytes.
 Alveolar macrophages.

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8. Atelectasis
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 Atelectasis is a medical condition
where there is either partial or complete
collapse of the lung, leading to reduced
or no air exchange in the affected area
 It occurs when the small air sacs in the
lungs, called alveoli, collapse due to
various reasons such as blockage of the
airway or pressure from surrounding
structures.

9. What’s the difference between atelectasis and
pneumothorax?
Atelectasis Pneumothorax
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 is a condition where alveoli
in your lung or a part of your
lung deflates, causing a
partial or complete collapsed
lung.
 is a condition where air leaks
into the space around your
lung, compressing it and
causing it to collapse.

10. Type of atelectasis
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 Obstructive:
postoperative, and rounded atelectasis
 Non Obstructive:-
compression, adhesive, cicatrization, and
replacement atelectasis

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13. Type of atelectasis
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1. Resorption/obstructive Atelectasis: This type occurs when
mucus, a blockage, or a tumor obstructs the airway
,postoprative surgery, preventing the affected portion of the lung
from filling with air.
 it can happen in conditions such as asthma ,bronchitis, or
when there is a foreign object inhaled.
2. Compression Atelectasis: occurs when external pressure
restricts the expansion of the lung.
o This pressure can be caused by fluid accumulation, pleural
effusion, or a tumor pressing against the lung.

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3.Cicatrization atelectasis is often the result of parenchymal
scarring of the lung, leading to contraction of the lung.
Processes that lead to cicatrization atelectasis include
tuberculosis, fibrosis, and other chronic destructive lung
processes.
4.Replacement atelectasis is one of the most severe forms
and occurs when all of the alveoli in an entire lobe are replaced
by tumor. This is typically seen in bronchio alveolar carcinoma
and results in complete lung collapse.

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5.Passive Atelectasis: happens when the lungs do not expand
fully due to an underlying condition, such as weak or paralyzed
respiratory muscles, decreased lung compliance, or when the chest
wall is restricted, as in obesity
6.Adhesive Atelectasis: can occur when there is a deficiency
or absence of a substance called surfactant, which helps keep the
alveoli open.
 This can happen in conditions like acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS) or when there is an inhalation injury.

16. Cause/risk factor
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 Surgery: Atelectasis commonly occurs after surgery
especially abdominal or chest surgeries. Anesthesia, pain
medications, restricted breathing due to pain, and being
immobile during recovery can contribute to the development
of atelectasis.
 Respiratory Conditions like COPD), bronchitis, asthma, or
cystic fibrosis, can increase the risk of atelectasis.
 Smoking:

17. Cause/risk factor
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 Inhaled Foreign body
 Lung Tumors
 immobility:
 Obesity
 Weak Respiratory Muscles
 Age

18. Cause
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19. Pathophysiology of atelectasis
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Restrict normal lung expansion on inspiration
Becomes airless for prolonged period Alveolar collapse
The tar raped alveolar air becomes absorbed in to blood stream,
but out side air can’t replace the absorbed air b/c of the blockage
Isolated portion of the lung become
airless and alveoli collapse
Excessive pressure on the
lung tissue
Reduced alveoli ventilation or any type of blockage
Impedes the passage of air way

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21. Dx of atelectasis DDX
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 Complete health history
 Physical examination :-decreased
breath sounds and crackles are
heard over the affected area
 Pulse oximetry <90%
 Chest x-ray :-patchy infiltrates or
consolidated area.
 CT scan
 Neoplasm.
 Pneumonia.
 Pleural effusion
 pneumothorax

22. Management of atelectasis
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 Many cases of atelectasis get better without treatment,
under careful monitoring by your healthcare provider.
 Other treatments depend on the cause and extent of the
collapse.Treatments could include:
 Deep breathing exercises (incentive spirometry).

23. Chest physical therapy
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 Doing deep-breathing exercises using a hand-held device
called an incentive spirometer, followed by deep
coughing to help clear your lung.
 Positioning your body so that your head is lower than
your chest. This allows mucus to drain better from the
bottom of your lungs.
 Tapping on your chest over the collapsed area to loosen
mucus. This technique is called percussion

24. Management……
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 Suctioning mucus or doing a bronchoscopy can get rid of
airway blockages
 if a tumor is causing atelectasis, treatment may involve
removing or shrinking the tumor during the bronchoscopy,
which may include surgery.
 PEP Breathing against an expiratory resistance is used as
treatment in many patient groups to increase lung volumes
as . The technique is to prevent or reverse atelectasis and
as a part of airway clearance scheme.

25. Incentive spirometer
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26. Bronchoscopy PEP
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27. Pharmacotherapy
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 Bronchodilators such
as albuterol can open
airways and help with
secretion mobilization
 Obstructive atelectasis due to
mucus plugs may be treated
with nebulized dornase alfa
(DNase) and N-acetylcysteine,
which helps in the lysis of mucus
secretions.
 Antitussive therapy is used for
the treatment of cough in these
patient

28. Prevention
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 Here are some ways to reduce
the risk of atelectasis:
 Get up and walk around,
perform breathing exercises and
use an incentive spirometer
after surgery as directed by
your healthcare provider
 Don’t smoke or quit
smoking.
 Keep small objects
away from children to
reduce their risk of
inhaling them.

29. Complication
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 Pneumonia
Acute Respiratory Failure.
Low Blood Oxygen (Hypoxemia)
Sepsis
Bronchiectasis
Pleural Effusion And Empyema

30. Nursing management
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 Teach patient how to use incentive spirometer,
 Pain medication to support deep breathing,
 Ambulate 3x/day, encourage patient to cough/deep
breathe,
 Monitor temperature, monitor WBC,
 Monitor chest X-ray, assess lung sounds, assess
respiratory depth.

31. Summary
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 Atelectasis is a medical condition where there is either
partial or complete collapse of the lung,
 Type of Atelectasis obstructive, non-obstructive,
 The most common cause of atelectasis is surgery with
anesthesia.
 Removing obstructions by bronchoscopy.
 incentive spirometer, followed by deep coughing to
help clear your lung.

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The End
Thank you Very much