Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales, Cardiff (1996).
His thesis was titled 'Oedipus Redux: D.H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.'
These clinical notes should be of use to both theorists and practitioners of psychoanalysis in the tradition of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
Biol 304 describe what that person did/tutorialoutletWestheadz
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
The Enduring Scientific Contributions
of Sigmund Freud
JOHN E. GEDO Psychoanalysis as a Natural Science
The Freud Exhibition organized by the Library of Congress marks the centenary
of the birth of psychoanalysis. Its sole parent, Sigmund Freud, has been dead for
over sixty years—indeed, he was born before the American Civil War, relatively
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales, Cardiff (1996).
His thesis was titled 'Oedipus Redux: D.H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.'
These clinical notes should be of use to both theorists and practitioners of psychoanalysis in the tradition of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
Biol 304 describe what that person did/tutorialoutletWestheadz
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
The Enduring Scientific Contributions
of Sigmund Freud
JOHN E. GEDO Psychoanalysis as a Natural Science
The Freud Exhibition organized by the Library of Congress marks the centenary
of the birth of psychoanalysis. Its sole parent, Sigmund Freud, has been dead for
over sixty years—indeed, he was born before the American Civil War, relatively
An analytical study of “introspection” in Buddhist and western psychologyinventionjournals
Introspection is a technique where specially trained people carefully observe and analyze their own mental experiences. This subjective nature of the introspective method quickly became the target of criticism from other psychologists who argued that its reliance on self reports based on the subjects' observation of themselves renders it unscientific and in contrast to methods that adopt objective measurements. However, introspection, also adopted in Buddhist psychology, has still value in western psychology in spite of the criticism it has received from behaviorists. In this paper, my aim is to do a comparative study of the Buddhist and western psychological approaches to “introspection” as a research method. I expect to conduct this study from critical and analytical perspectives using descriptive and explanatory methods following the Buddhist teachings in Sutta Pitaka and works of modern psychologists. Although the method of „introspection‟ was rejected by psychologists who came after Wundt, there is still value in introspection as a research method provided it is used after proper training. I argue there are many insights that can be taken from Buddhist psychology for the practice of “introspection” in western psychology which can contribute towards a more meaningful approach at both theoretical and at practical levels.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff (1996).
This book review explores the relationship between psychoanalysis and history.
It makes a case for why historians should be interested in psychoanalysis; and explains why the quest for freedom as an existential or historical state is mediated by negation in the Freudian theory of subjectivity.
This review should be of interest to historians, psychoanalysts, and students of the human sciences.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This review essay on Sigmund Freud's 'Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego' describes how an understanding of psychoanalysis can further the reader's ability to situate and intervene in the context of group dynamics.
It lists the differences between individual and group psychology before describing the dangers of crowds and the contagion effect before setting out the structure and forms of identification between members in groups.
The main argument in the essay is that groups should guard against regression to more primitive forms of organizational life that Freud characterized as crowds and herds that are subject to the contagion effect.
In instances of such regression, groups will be able to repair themselves more effectively if they are psychoanalytically informed.
That is why this review essay on Freudian psychoanalysis is aimed at not only analysts but to an audience of bankers, economists, and social scientists.
These clinical notes engage with the main points raised by Jacques Lacan in his seminar on 'Tuche and Automaton' that is featured in 'The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis,' edited by Jacques-Alain Miller (London: Penguin Books, 1979), pp. 53-56.
An analytical study of “introspection” in Buddhist and western psychologyinventionjournals
Introspection is a technique where specially trained people carefully observe and analyze their own mental experiences. This subjective nature of the introspective method quickly became the target of criticism from other psychologists who argued that its reliance on self reports based on the subjects' observation of themselves renders it unscientific and in contrast to methods that adopt objective measurements. However, introspection, also adopted in Buddhist psychology, has still value in western psychology in spite of the criticism it has received from behaviorists. In this paper, my aim is to do a comparative study of the Buddhist and western psychological approaches to “introspection” as a research method. I expect to conduct this study from critical and analytical perspectives using descriptive and explanatory methods following the Buddhist teachings in Sutta Pitaka and works of modern psychologists. Although the method of „introspection‟ was rejected by psychologists who came after Wundt, there is still value in introspection as a research method provided it is used after proper training. I argue there are many insights that can be taken from Buddhist psychology for the practice of “introspection” in western psychology which can contribute towards a more meaningful approach at both theoretical and at practical levels.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff (1996).
This book review explores the relationship between psychoanalysis and history.
It makes a case for why historians should be interested in psychoanalysis; and explains why the quest for freedom as an existential or historical state is mediated by negation in the Freudian theory of subjectivity.
This review should be of interest to historians, psychoanalysts, and students of the human sciences.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This review essay on Sigmund Freud's 'Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego' describes how an understanding of psychoanalysis can further the reader's ability to situate and intervene in the context of group dynamics.
It lists the differences between individual and group psychology before describing the dangers of crowds and the contagion effect before setting out the structure and forms of identification between members in groups.
The main argument in the essay is that groups should guard against regression to more primitive forms of organizational life that Freud characterized as crowds and herds that are subject to the contagion effect.
In instances of such regression, groups will be able to repair themselves more effectively if they are psychoanalytically informed.
That is why this review essay on Freudian psychoanalysis is aimed at not only analysts but to an audience of bankers, economists, and social scientists.
These clinical notes engage with the main points raised by Jacques Lacan in his seminar on 'Tuche and Automaton' that is featured in 'The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis,' edited by Jacques-Alain Miller (London: Penguin Books, 1979), pp. 53-56.
Psychoanalysis Freuds Revolutionary Approach to Human Personal.docxdenneymargareta
Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human Personality
Kristen M. Beystehner
Northwestern University
This paper focuses on Freud's revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis and whether psychoanalysis should be considered a "great" idea in personality. The fundamental principles of the theory are developed and explained. In addition, the views of experts are reviewed, and many of the criticisms and strengths of various aspects of Freud's theory are examined and explained. Upon consideration, the author considers psychoanalysis to be a valuable theory despite its weaknesses because it is comprehensive, serendipitous, innovative, and has withstood the test of time. Consequently, the author contends that psychoanalysis is indeed a "great" idea in personality.
As a therapy, psychoanalysis is based on the concept that individuals are unaware of the many factors that cause their behavior and emotions. These unconscious factors have the potential to produce unhappiness, which in turn is expressed through a score of distinguishable symptoms, including disturbing personality traits, difficulty in relating to others, or disturbances in self-esteem or general disposition (American Psychoanalytic Association, 1998).Psychoanalytic treatment is highly individualized and seeks to show how the unconscious factors affect behavior patterns, relationships, and overall mental health. Treatment traces the unconscious factors to their origins, shows how they have evolved and developed over the course of many years, and subsequently helps individuals to overcome the challenges they face in life (National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis, 1998).
In addition to being a therapy, psychoanalysis is a method of understanding mental functioning and the stages of growth and development. Psychoanalysis is a general theory of individual human behavior and experience, and it has both contributed to and been enriched by many other disciplines. Psychoanalysis seeks to explain the complex relationship between the body and the mind and furthers the understanding of the role of emotions in medical illness and health. In addition, psychoanalysis is the basis of many other approaches to therapy. Many insights revealed by psychoanalytic treatment have formed the basis for other treatment programs in child psychiatry, family therapy, and general psychiatric practice (Farrell, 1981, p. 202).
The value and validity of psychoanalysis as a theory and treatment have been questioned since its inception in the early 1900s. Critics dispute many aspects of psychoanalysis including whether or not it is indeed a science; the value of the data upon which Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, based his theories; and the method and effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment. There has been much criticism as well as praise regarding psychoanalysis over the years, but a hard look at both the positive and negative feedback of critics of psychoanalysis shows, in my opinion, th ...
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
These clinical notes summarize the main points raised by the Lacanian analyst Robert Samuels on the question of analytic technique.
These clinical notes should make it possible for both beginners and clinicians to relate Freudian concepts with Lacanian terms like the real, the imaginary, and the symbolic more effectively.
CHAPTER 3A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY FREUDS PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY.docxwalterl4
CHAPTER 3
A PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY: FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST FREUD'S VIEW OF THE PERSON The Mind as an Energy System The Individual in Society FREUD'S VIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PERSONALITY FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY Structure Levels of Consciousness and the Concept of the Unconscious Dreams The Motivated Unconscious Relevant Psychoanalytic Research Current Status of the Concept of the Unconscious The Psychoanalytic Unconscious and the Cognitive Unconscious Id, Ego, and Superego Process Life and Death Instincts The Dynamics of Functioning Anxiety, Mechanisms of Defense, and Contemporary Research on Defensive Processes Denial Projection Isolation, Reaction Formation, and Sublimation Repression Growth and Development The Development of the Instincts and Stages of Development Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development The Importance of Early Experience The Development of Thinking Processes MAJOR CONCEPTS REVIEW Chapter Focus The number-one player on the tennis team is getting ready to play for the state title. She has never met her opponent before, so she decides to introduce herself before the match. She strolls onto the court where her opponent is warming up and says. “Hi, I'm Amy. Glad to beat you.” You can imagine how embarrassed Amy was! Flustered, she corrected her innocent mistake and walked over to her side of the court to warm up. “Wow,” Amy thought, “where did that come from?” Was Amy's verbal slip so innocent? Freud wouldn't have thought so. In his view, Amy's silly mistake was actually a very revealing display of unconscious aggressive drives. Freud's psychoanalytic theory is illustrative of a psychodynamic and clinical approach to personality. Behavior is interpreted as a result of the dynamic interplay among motives, drives, needs, and conflicts. The research consists mainly of clinical investigations as shown in an emphasis on the individual, in the attention given to individual differences, and in attempts to assess and understand the total individual. Contemporary researchers, however, devote much attention to the challenge of studying psychodynamic processes in the experimental laboratory. QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED IN THIS CHAPTER How did Freud develop his theory, and how did historical and personal events shape this development? What are the key features of Freud's theoretical model of the human mind? How do people protect themselves against experiences of anxiety, and in what ways (according to Freud) are these anxiety-reduction strategies a centerpiece of personality dynamics? How important is early childhood experience for later personality development? SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939): A VIEW OF THE THEORIST Sigmund Freud was born in Moravia (in what is now the city of Fribor of the Czech Republic) in 1856. His family soon moved to Vienna, where he spent most of his life. Freud was the first child of his .
Paul Schimmel (2014). Sigmund Freud’s Discovery of Psychoanalysis: Conquistad...iosrjce
This book is an attempt to discover the conceptual structure of psychoanalysis and relate it to the
history of psychoanalysis. It however attempts to do so from the point of view of Sigmund Freud’s fantasy of
being both a romantic ‘conquistador’ and ascientific ‘thinker.’These two co-ordinates serve then as a form of
‘essential tension’ in Freud’s attempts to formulate the theory and practice of psychoanalysis since, as the
founder of the analytic discourse, he had to both discover and deploy psychoanalysis effectively in his attempts
to find a place for it in the world. In addition to setting out the main theoretical themes and clinical techniques
in psychoanalysis, the book also examines the important role played by Freudian meta-psychology in not only
defining the conceptual structure of psychoanalysis, but in situating Freud’s status as an important thinker for
our times.
Psychoanalysis presentation in Counseling Theories, Tools, and Techniques.
If you like it and if you find it useful, just like it.
You can also suggest to update the slide. <3 Thanks!
These clinical notes explain the role played by conflicts as a causative factor in the psychoneuroses and war neuroses in Freudian psychoanalysis.
The Freudian theory of conflict, I argue, is useful not only to clinicians, but also to central bankers who are trying to formulate a theory of stability and stabilization.
What psychoanalysis makes available for these central bankers is a formal theory of the subject that incorporates the structure and function of the unconscious.
It also explains the macro-economy of the symptom given that clinicians have a lot of exposure to neurotic forms of instability.
The main wager in these clinical notes is that it will make possible a theoretical discussion between psychoanalysts and financial analysts in order to develop a comprehensive theory of stability.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a PhD in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
These clinical notes describe the differences between the 'desire of the subject' and the 'desire of the symbolic Other' in Lacanian psychoanalysis by inverting the conventional subject-object distinction within a theory of the subject.
The theoretical goal here is to identify the forms of libidinal excess that are generated in the act of speech in analysis; and then relate this excess to a theory of stability.
Such an exercise should be of interest to central bankers like Mark Carney of the Bank of England who must not only work out a theory of stability; but must also ponder on the ontological differences between stability at the levels of the individual, the institution, and the macro-economy as a whole.
These ontological differences matter, I argue, lest central bankers forget the importance of the 'fallacy of composition' in economic theory. This fallacy cautions us to avoid the conflation of micro-economic phenomena with macro-economic aggregates while doing economic theory.
These notes also draw a compelling analogy between the forms of libidinal regulation that characterizes clinical interventions in Lacanian psychoanalysis with the role played by counter-cyclical policies in monetary theory and practice in the attempt to regulate interest rates by central bankers.
The burden of the argument here is to show that while the stabilization of systemically important stakeholders in necessary, it is not sufficient. What is required are regulatory mechanisms that will serve a protective function (even if stakeholders act out their conflicts in the symbolic) like circuit breakers that regulate trading in stock exchanges.
These notes conclude by describing psychic mechanisms like 'alienation, separation, and traversing the phantasy' that constitute not only the Lacanian theory of the subject, but also the clinical trajectory that represents the end of analysis.
These notes should be useful not only to clinicians but also to those interested in formulating a theory of stability that is informed by the ideological concerns and clinical themes of Lacanian psychoanalysis.
Needless to say, these notes on the need for a psychoanalytic approach to stability are dedicated - for what they are worth - to Gov. Mark Carney of the Bank of England.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This review sets out the importance of a special issue of Umbr(a) #1, 1998, on 'Identity and Identification' from the Center for Psychoanalysis and Culture at SUNY, Buffalo for students of law, management, and business.
It explains how a Lacanian theory of the subject can make it possible to manage in a 'psychoanalytically informed manner' by making a case for incorporating the insights of Lacanian psychoanalysis in the mainstream professions.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This book review describes the theoretical challenges involved in incorporating the Lacanian model of the subject within mainstream American ego psychology (given the huge amount of philosophical knowledge that Lacan assumes in his readers).
It will be of use to clinicians, literary critics, and philosophers who want to engage with Lacanian theory and practice.
This paper analyzes what Sigmund Freud was trying to do both as an an analyst and as a writer in his autobiography of 1925. It describes Freud's compositional ratio, fantasies in writing about psychoanalysis, early life, the Freudian clinic, the Freudian subject, and concludes that reading Freud is still the best way to learn psychoanalysis.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in literature and psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff, UK (1996).
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. from the University of Wales at Cardiff in English Literature and Lacanian Psychoanalysis (1996). His Ph.D. thesis was titled ‘Oedipus Redux: D. H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.’
This series of 'clinical study notes' summarize the main points raised in important psychoanalytic texts.
They should be of use to students, theorists, and lay practitioners of psychoanalysis who are preparing to read or re-read the psychoanalytic literature associated mainly (though not only) with the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
These clinical notes describe the main points raised by Jacques-Alain Miller of the University of Paris VIII in the first Paris/Chicago psychoanalytic workshop on the analytic cure on July 25, 1986.
Miller starts by addressing common misconceptions about Lacanian theory and practice before explaining the structure, the techniques, and the forms of interpretation that constitute the analytic clinic.
Miller concludes by explaining why the definition of the analytic cure is not reducible to the biological model of adaptation or the invocation of borderline categories. The most important challenge of psychoanalysis will always be to explain hysteria.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. from the University of Wales at Cardiff in English Literature and Lacanian Psychoanalysis (1996). His Ph.D. thesis was titled ‘Oedipus Redux: D. H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.’ These clinical study notes summarize the main points raised in important psychoanalytic texts. They should be of use to students, theorists, and lay practitioners of psychoanalysis who are preparing to read or re-read the psychoanalytic literature associated mainly (though not only) with the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
These clinical notes summarize the main arguments in Jacques-Alain Miller's Paris-New York Workshop of 1988 titled 'A and a in Clinical Structures.'
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. from the University of Wales at Cardiff in English Literature and Lacanian Psychoanalysis (1996). His Ph.D. thesis was titled ‘Oedipus Redux: D. H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.’ These clinical study notes summarize the main points raised in important psychoanalytic texts. They should be of use to students, theorists, and lay practitioners of psychoanalysis who are preparing to read or re-read the psychoanalytic literature associated mainly (though not only) with the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Sigmund Freud's 'Two Short Accounts of Psychoanalysis'
1. 1
BOOK REVIEW
Sigmund Freud (1991). Two Short Accounts of Psychoanalysis translated and edited by
James Strachey (London: Penguin Books).
This volume from Penguin comprises two books on psychoanalysis by Sigmund
Freud: they include the ‘Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis,’ which he gave at Clark
University, Worcester in 1909 and ‘The Question of Lay Analysis’ that he published
in 1926 as an imaginary dialogue with an ‘impartial person’ to explain who should
or should not analyse patients.
Both these books are an attempt to distil the very essence of psychoanalysis and
make its precepts known to an audience of intelligent lay-people.
In order to do this, Freud minimizes his use of technical terms or tries to explain
these terms in a language that is easily comprehensible to those who have not been
trained as physicians.
The points that Freud raised are still relevant in contemporary debates about
psychoanalysis and in working out the protocols of training for those who wish to
practice analysis in psychoanalytic institutes and societies around the world.
Freud’s lectures at Clark were delivered in German, but written down and translated
into English and many other languages around the world. The lectures were
dedicated to Dr. Stanley Hall, the President of Clark University and a leading
psychologist and educator in his own right. It was Dr. Hall who invited Freud and
his associates to lecture at Clark University.
These were not the only public lectures that he gave. Freud’s expository works also
include a famous series of lectures that he delivered at the University of Vienna, but
2. 2
what makes these lectures different is that they constitute the very first set of lectures
that he gave in the United States.
Freud was accompanied by his associates including Carl Jung and Sandor Ferenczi.
Jung himself delivered two lectures at Clark University and Ferenczi played an
important role in helping Freud to sketch these lectures before Freud faced his
audience. Freud and his associates would refer to these lectures as equivalent to
bringing the plague to the United States.
What they meant by the plague was the discourse of psychoanalysis because of its
impact on not only the medical profession but on a number of other humanistic
disciplines as well.
These lectures were published in the United States for the first time in a psychology
journal in 1910, and Freud made an attempt to connect the findings of American
psychologists like Sanford J. Bell from as early as 1902 in his lectures of 1909.
These lectures serve as an excellent point of entry for the layperson into the main
precepts of psychoanalysis because Freud summarizes the bulk of his early doctrine
in just a few lectures which can be read in a couple of sittings even by the
uninitiated.
The first lecture was an attempt to delineate the origins of psychoanalysis in the
medical practice of Dr. Josef Breuer at Vienna. Breuer had a patient named Bertha
Pappenheim who is better known in the analytic literature as Anna O.
So Freud’s opening move in these lectures is to thank Josef Breuer (without whose
support he could not have moved so decisively into psychology from the areas that
he was working on like histopathology and neurology).
Freud points out the psychoanalysis was not invented but only elaborated by him
from the embryonic form in which he found it in Breuer’s clinic.
3. 3
The reason that Freud became better known as a psychoanalyst was because Breuer
wanted to concentrate on his general practice given the resistance that was generated
when the basic precepts of psychoanalysis were explained to the members of the
medical society in Vienna.
Breuer also found that his marriage came under pressure because of the strong
affects that his patient Anna experienced. The main difficulty in terms of clinical
dynamics was that the phenomenology of the transference was not well-understood
in the Anna O case.
Freud’s main contribution in the early years was to find out that the affective load
which Breuer was forced to carry by patients like Anna was a regular feature of how
patients repeat affective patterns from early childhood and was not necessarily an
indication of whether Anna loved Breuer in her personal capacity as a young
woman.
Freud’s attempt to clarify the difference between personal emotions and
transferential emotions (which repeat affective patterns from how the patient related
to his parents in his early years) was crucial in making it possible to practice
psychoanalysis without being haunted by the fear that the patient would fall in love
with the analyst.
Freud is keen to point out that it is not possible to analyse a patient without
conjuring up these spirits from the past and the analyst should not flee the patient
when transferential emotions become intense.
Knowing how to work-through transferential emotions without getting involved
with the patient in a personal capacity is an important element in the training of
analysts. These transferential dynamics were however unknown in Breuer’s early
cases.
Freud was therefore anxious to ensure that those who aspired to be analysts would
be able to recognize and work-through transferential affects in as hygienic a way as
possible to ensure the integrity of the analytic relationship.
The first lecture also gave Freud a chance to explain the basic rudiments of his
theory of the structure and phenomenology of hysteria. Freud also compares his
model of hysteria with those of his precursors - Josef Breuer and Pierre Janet.
Freud’s main emphasis was on the idea of psychic conflict though he tried to
incorporate the insights available from the theories of hysteria that were available
when he was starting out. These include the theory of ‘hypnoid states’ (when a
patient is especially vulnerable to hysterical forms of repression) and the inability on
the part of hysterics to synthesize mental content.
4. 4
In the second lecture, Freud tries to explain the ‘resistance’ that patients put up to
the possibility of being cured since the need to suffer is a constitutive feature of all
the neuroses. Though this is an early formulation of psychic resistance, it was to play
an important role in Freudian psychoanalysis.
Freud raises the problem of resistance in the question of lay analysis as well when
the impartial person to whom he explains the analytic doctrine is taken aback when
he is told that most patients do not want to be cured but are not necessarily
conscious of their need to suffer either.
And, as Freud’s associate, Sandor Ferenczi, points out elsewhere, the problems of
resistance and transference were the two main factors in clinical dynamics that is
relevant not only in psychoanalysis but in just about any form of medical practice.
That is why psychoanalysts emphasize that what is at stake in the practice of
medicine is not the disease or the presenting symptoms, but the patient as a whole.
Another concept that is of relevance in these lectures is repression. Freud’s initial
impression was that hynoid states were especially favourable to the repression of
thoughts that were incompatible with the patient’s ego.
Later, Freud dropped the idea of hypnoid states and introduced a structural model
of repression and the endless expenditure of psychic energy that is required to keep
the primary repression in place through secondary forms of repression.
But all this was to come later in his papers of meta-psychology.
Here what is on offer is a more tentative model of repression that takes the form of a
clinical observation and a theoretical intuition which Freud felt would be eventually
subject to a more thorough verification.
In addition to these three concepts (i.e. transference, resistance, and repression),
Freud also introduces the haunting formulation of the ‘return of the repressed.’
He illustrates this through a spatial metaphor. Suppose, Freud says, that his lectures
are interrupted by a member of the audience, it may become necessary to ask him to
leave the auditorium.
But it is quite possible that even after leaving the room, the expelled member may
start knocking at the door and ask to be readmitted. In such a situation, argues
Freud, it is analogous to the ‘return of the repressed.’
Repression, as he points out, does not destroy a thought that is incompatible with
the ego; it merely moves it out of the conscious awareness of the subject.
5. 5
It may subsequently become necessary to re-admit the member with a request that
he should not make any further attempt to interrupt the lecture. If the member
agrees, the repressed component has been re-admitted into the auditorium and
worked-through to the satisfaction of all concerned.
The repressed thought and its derivatives will all have to be worked-through in their
entirety if the analysis is to become successful and the patient declared cured. That is
why analysis takes as long as it does.
In the third lecture, Freud explores the forms of psychic ‘distortion’ to which the
repressed thought is subject to. All the formations of the unconscious like the dream
work, the structure of jokes, errors in performance, and the patterns of free-
association on the couch are subject to psychic distortions.
What this means is that interpretation in the analytic situation is necessarily a form
of translation between psychic systems of which ‘consciousness’ is but a small
portion and the bulk of the psyche comes under the category of the unconscious.
An important challenge for Freud – once he recognizes the ubiquity of the
unconscious – (and differentiates between the structural and functional descriptions
of the unconscious) is to relate it to his structural theory of the mind comprising the
id, the ego, and the super-ego.
He does this in a later lecture, but what is at issue in this lecture is to make a case for
free-association and dream interpretation as that which will provide a point of entry
into the unconscious.
Freud was given to saying that those who aspired to be analysts should make it a
habit to interpret their own dreams since the interpretation of dreams is the ‘royal
road to the unconscious.’
In this context, Freud argues that his definition of dreams as a disguised fulfilment
of wishes can be verified by examining the differences between the dreams of
children and adults.
6. 6
What Freud means by is this that the dreams of children are based on the residues of
the day and are subject to less distortion than those of adults. That is children dream
openly about what they want, but adults disguise what they want because the
manifest dream must – like a filmmaker – take the censorship function into account.
That is why it is important to differentiate between the manifest dream and the
latent content of the dream and the transformational grammar of the dream that
constitutes how these levels relate to each other.
The latent content is what results when all the important elements of the manifest
dream are subject to free association on the couch. It is that which the analyst and
the patient dig out of the unconscious.
The subject of the third lecture then is distortion and how the formations of the
unconscious are subject to distortion so that unlike the dreams of children the wish-
fulfilment in the dreams of adults takes a disguised form; this will ensure that the
censor in the psyche is not unduly alarmed and that the dream elements are worked
through in analysis in small chunks through the process of free-association.
It is important to understand this clearly because once the analysis begins the patient
will have dreams where it is not clear whether he is fulfilling his wishes or those of
the analyst since the dream-work is subject to the vicissitudes of repression,
resistance, and the transference.
The fourth lecture is an attempt to explain the sexual aetiology of the neuroses and
how the psychoanalytic community came around to the importance of identifying
the role that disturbances in the vita sexualis plays in the behaviour of the patient.
The best known instance of this is in the context of ‘psychic-impotence’ and on
whether or not the patient has the ability to sublimate the object of his repressions.
An important argument in the Freudian doctrine on the importance of the sexual
aetiology of the neuroses relates to the diphasic structure of sexuality in human
beings. Freud invokes the researches of Sanford J. Bell in this context since these
were conducted in the United States.
So it is not the case that only his Viennese and European patients were subject to the
explanatory scope of the sexual aetiology of the neuroses. Bell’s work on infantile
sexuality actually preceded Freud’s Three Essays on Sexuality.
So the sexual theories of the Freudian doctrine that were subject to needless
controversy are not merely those that are specific to European psychoanalysis but
broached openly by American psychologists before Freud wrote about them in the
context of his own patients.
7. 7
That is why the work done by Bell, a leading psychologist in the United States,
became a crucial precursor text for Freud in these lectures.
Freud also calls attention to his analysis of a phobia in a five year old boy named
Little Hans to explain the relationship between infantile sexuality, the Oedipus
complex, castration anxiety, and the typical phobias of childhood. Freud also relates
his theories of sexuality to those of Kraft Ebbing and Havelock Ellis here and
elsewhere.
The main difference between these theories is that the sexologists do not go beyond
studying specific sexual disorders. The Freudian move was to connect the work of
these sexologists with a theory of the subject comprising meta-psychological
concepts like repression, resistance, symptom, transference, and the unconscious.
So what Freud did in psychoanalysis was to argue that a theory of the subject is
necessarily mediated by a theory of sexuality. There is not much value addition for
him in treating these theories separately.
The work of the psychologists and sexologists then converged in Freud’s theory of
the subject and was applied in the analysis of the neurotics who constituted his case
studies on hysteria, obsessional neurosis, phobia, and the psychoses.
Another important move that Freud made was to ask what the libidinal economy of
development might be and delineate what forms of repression and fixation were
most likely to affect its linear unfolding. Freud therefore concludes that
psychoanalysis is ‘a prolongation of education for the purpose of overcoming the
residues of childhood.’
The fifth lecture is an attempt to work out the conditions of possibility for falling ill.
Why do neurotics fall ill in addressing life-situations which everybody else is able to
manage? How do creative artists sublimate their symptoms through works of art?
Why do neurotics lose contact with reality? And how can psychoanalysis help them
to rectify the situation?
In the attempt to answer these questions, Freud points out that the neurotic’s
approach to reality is affected by the fact that his psyche is subject to incessant
conflict between the forces of repression and libidinal thoughts that are incompatible
with the high standards of the ego and super-ego.
Neurotics avoid reality not so much because they dislike reality but because any
encounter with reality triggers off conflicts in their psyche which, in turn, leads to
the generation of painful symptoms. These symptoms are like ‘compromise
formations’ between the forces at war in the psyche.
8. 8
It is therefore important not to conflate the patient’s symptoms with the underlying
neurosis. So, for instance, two different types of neuroses may throw up the same or
similar symptoms.
Freud was fond of pointing out in his studies on hysteria that once a symptom is in
place the neurosis will use and re-use the same symptom to express a range of
meanings.
That is why it is not enough to remove the symptoms; it is more important to
understand why the patient’s affects are constantly displaced from one symptom to
another and relate the symptom to the structure of the neurosis.
What should analysis do when it identifies the libidinal thoughts that constitute the
object of repression? Freud points out that these libidinal thoughts are easier for an
adult to handle than for a child who has subjected them to repression.
What analysis can make possible is to substitute the harshness of the repression from
childhood that produces an efflorescence of symptoms with something milder in the
form of a ‘condemning judgement’ in adulthood.
This will make it possible for the neurotic subject to gain from a lifting of the
repression and the endless expenditure of psychic energy needed to maintain the
repressions already in place.
The energy that is freed up in this process of analysis can be deployed more
productively by the subject in the pursuit of work or love. That is, the lifting of the
repression and the sublimation of the instinctual forces at work should lead to better
relationships at work and in the patient’s personal life.
Sublimation is an important psychic mechanism for Freud; it is not only a
precondition for mental health but an absolute prerequisite for any kind of cultural
achievement.
‘The Question of Lay Analysis,’ is a dialogue from 1926 that attempts to explain the
basic precepts of psychoanalysis to an ‘impartial person’ who is then asked to decide
what the intellectual formation of the analyst should be like.
9. 9
The need for the dialogue was related to the question of whether Theodor Reik, a
colleague of Freud’s should be allowed to practice psychoanalysis in Vienna where,
unlike Britain, only members of the medical profession could train or practice as
psychoanalysts.
Freud intervened privately with the authorities with a set of arguments in support of
Reik.
The arguments in favour of lay-analysis in this book are meant to give readers a feel
for what sort of arguments Freud might have invoked in support of including those
with a humanist background into the psychoanalytic movement.
This book also provides Freud an opportunity to argue that expanding the circle of
analysts to include lay-analysis is more likely to ensure the success of the Freudian
movement in different parts of the world.
As Freud grew older, he was increasingly concerned about the need to preserve the
integrity of the analytic doctrine even as he wanted to see it applied in a number of
innovative contexts and disciplines.
In order to make that possible he wanted to explain the basic precepts in a dialogic
form to those who might be interested. Freud’s audience includes not only doctors
and scientists, but also the intelligent layperson.
Another advantage in explaining psychoanalysis through expository works of which
Freud did a great many in number is that it helps to increase the number of patients
who might want to attempt an analysis.
So it is not enough for Freud to preach to the converted but to be constantly on the
lookout for those who could be roped into the profession.
The main themes in this book include the following:
the structure of the analytic profession; the question who really qualifies to see
patients; the relationship between psychoanalysis, psychiatry, and the medical
profession; the forms of knowledge and training that is ideally required to make it as
an analyst; the forms of subjectivity and sexuality that constitute the theories of
psychoanalysis; the nature of analytic interventions and the range of neuroses that it
is equipped to tackle; and the different theories of the mind in psychoanalysis
(including the differences between the topographical and structural theories).
Many of these topics have already been covered in the five lectures. I do not want to
repeat the arguments, but pick up only those that have not been previously
discussed.
10. 10
The main difference between these two books is that the five lectures directly explain
what the precepts of analysis are and the arguments that can be proffered in their
support. Here, however, what is at stake is the analytic profession itself.
There is a difference then between concentrating on the conceptual structure of
psychoanalysis per se and the institutional structure of the analytic profession.
The structure of the profession becomes even more challenging to describe or
delineate given that analysis is practiced in different parts of the world and each of
these parts has its own needs and requirements and relationship with the medical
profession.
While both these books are written with the lay reader in mind, the latter
incorporates these arguments to appeal to the professional interests of lay analysts as
well.
This volume, to conclude, should be mandatory reading in any introductory course
on psychoanalysis. While there is a huge and ever growing literature on
psychoanalysis, Freud’s exposition of his own work is the best way to get started.
SHIVA KUMAR SRINIVASAN