Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior. These drugs may originate from natural sources such as plants and animals, or from artificial sources such as chemical syntheses in the laboratory.
Major Categories of Drugs
1- Neuroleptics 2- Anxiolytics 3- Hypnotics 4- Antidepressants 5- Mood Stabilizers 6- Psychostimulants
Psychopharmacology is the study of drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior. These drugs may originate from natural sources such as plants and animals, or from artificial sources such as chemical syntheses in the laboratory.
Major Categories of Drugs
1- Neuroleptics 2- Anxiolytics 3- Hypnotics 4- Antidepressants 5- Mood Stabilizers 6- Psychostimulants
Husserl's phenomenology a short introduction for psychologistsMarc Applebaum, PhD
This is the presentation I used to set the philosophical context for students in my graduate seminar in descriptive phenomenological psychological research--it is an outline of some central Husserlian concepts, and assumes no prior acquaintance with Husserl's work. Naturally, I supplemented the slides with many experiential examples!
Husserl's phenomenology a short introduction for psychologistsMarc Applebaum, PhD
This is the presentation I used to set the philosophical context for students in my graduate seminar in descriptive phenomenological psychological research--it is an outline of some central Husserlian concepts, and assumes no prior acquaintance with Husserl's work. Naturally, I supplemented the slides with many experiential examples!
This overview of occupational therapy was developed by Karen Jacobs for the promOTing Occupational Therapy to rOTary initiative. Please learn more about this initative at promotingot.org at Facebook at promotingot and Twitter at @promotingot
Industrial and technological advancement has resulted in increased material comforts, higher prosperity but a sedentary lifestyle. This progress has led to breakdown of joint families into small, nuclear families. There is less social interaction, less time for others, loneliness, anxiety and stress. Statistics show that the rate of mental disturbances in terms of suicide, alcoholism, drugs, marital breakdown and the like are increasing at an alarming rate. In short there is deterioration of physical and mental health due to a rapidly changing lifestyle.
The document aims to provide a comprehensive view of psycho-dynamic model, its assumptions, historical background, Freud's contribution, causes of abnormality, and role and contribution of other contributors
Table of Contents:
- THE EMERGENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY
- DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
- BASIC SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS
- STRUCTURALISM
- FUNCTIONALISM
- PSYCHOANALYTIC SCHOOL
- THE STRUCTURE OF THE PSYCHE
- CRITICISM OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
- BEHAVIORISM
- GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
- HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
- COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
- BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY
- RESEARCH METHODS
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. 2 Freud - Complete Works www.freud-sigmund.com
FREUD’S PSYCHO-ANALYTIC PROCEDURE
The particular psychotherapeutic procedure which Freud practises and describes as
‘psycho-analysis’ is an outgrowth of what was known as the ‘cathartic’ method and
was discussed by him in collaboration with Josef Breuer in their Studies on Hysteria
(1895). This cathartic therapy was a discovery of Breuer’s, and was first used by
him some ten years earlier in the successful treatment of a hysterical woman
patient, in the course of which he obtained an insight into the pathogenesis of her
symptoms. As the result of a personal suggestion from Breuer, Freud revived this
procedure and tested it on a considerable number of patients.
The cathartic method of treatment presupposed that the patient could be
hypnotized, and was based on the widening of consciousness that occurs under
hypnosis. Its aim was the removal of the pathological symptoms, and it achieved
this by inducing the patient to return to the psychical state in which the symptom
had appeared for the first time. When this was done, there emerged in the
hypnotized patient’s mind memories, thoughts and impulses which had previously
dropped out of his consciousness; and, as soon as he had related these to the
physician, to the accompaniment of intense expressions of emotion, the symptom
was overcome and its return prevented. This experience, which could be regularly
repeated, was taken by the authors in their joint paper to signify that the symptom
takes the place of suppressed processes which have not reached consciousness,
that is, that it represents a transformation (‘conversion’) of these processes. They
explained the therapeutic effectiveness of their treatment as due to the discharge
of what had previously been, as it were, ‘strangulated’ affect attaching to the
suppressed mental acts ( ‘abreaction’). But in practice the simple schematic outline
of the therapeutic operation was almost always complicated by the circumstance
that it was not a single (‘traumatic’) impression, but in most cases a series of
impressions - not easily scanned - which had participated in the creation of the
symptom.
3. 3 Freud - Complete Works www.freud-sigmund.com
The main characteristic of the cathartic method, in contrast to all other methods
used in psychotherapy, consists in the fact that its therapeutic efficacy does not lie
in The expectation is rather that the symptoms will disappear automatically as soon
as the operation, based on certain hypotheses concerning the psychical mechanism,
succeeds in diverting the course of mental processes from their previous channel,
which found an outlet in the formation of the symptom.
The changes which Freud introduced in Breuer’s cathartic method of treatment
were at first changes in technique; these, however, led to new findings and have
finally necessitated a different though not contradictory conception of the
therapeutic process.
The cathartic method had already renounced suggestion; Freud went a step further
and gave up hypnosis as well. At the present time he treats his patients as follows.
Without exerting my other kind of influence, he invites them to lie down in a
comfortable attitude on a sofa, while he himself sits on a chair behind them outside
their field of vision. He does not even ask them to close their eyes, and avoids
touching them in any way, as well as any other procedure which might be
reminiscent of hypnosis. The session thus proceeds like a conversation between two
people equally awake, but one of whom is spared every muscular exertion and
every distracting sensory impression which might divert his attention from his own
mental activity.
Since, as we all know, it depends upon the choice of the patient whether he can be
hypnotized or not, no matter what the skill of the physician may be, and since a
large number of neurotic patients cannot be hypnotized by any means whatever, it
followed that with the abandonment of hypnosis the applicability of the treatment
was assured to an unlimited number of patients. On the other hand, the widening of
consciousness, which had supplied the physician with precisely the psychical
material of memories and images by the help of which the transformation of the
symptoms and the liberation of the affects was accomplished, was now missing.
Unless a substitute could be produced for this missing element, any therapeutic
effect was out of the question.
4. 4 Freud - Complete Works www.freud-sigmund.com
Freud found such a substitute - and a completely satisfactory one - in the
‘associations’ of his patients; that is, in the involuntary thoughts (most frequently
regarded as disturbing elements and therefore ordinarily pushed aside) which so
often break across the continuity of a consecutive narrative.
In order to secure these ideas and associations he asks the patient to ‘let himself
go’ in what he says, ‘as you would do in a conversation in which you were rambling
on quite disconnectedly and at random’. Before he asks them for a detailed account
of their case history he insists that they must include in it whatever comes into
their heads, even if they think it unimportant or irrelevant or nonsensical; he lays
special stress on their not omitting any thought or idea from their story because to
relate it would be embarrassing or distressing to them. In the course of collecting
this material of otherwise neglected ideas Freud made the observations which
became the determining factor of his entire theory. Gaps appear in the patient’s
memory even while he narrates his case: actual occurrences are forgotten, the
chronological order is confused, or causal connections are broken, with unintelligible
results. No neurotic case history is without amnesia of some kind or other. If the
patient is urged to fill these gaps in his memory by an increased application of
attention, it is noticed that all the ideas which occur to him are pushed back by
every possible critical expedient, until at last he feels positive discomfort when the
memory really returns. From this experience Freud concludes that the amnesias are
the result of a process which he calls ‘repression’ and the motive for which he finds
in feelings of unpleasure. The psychical forces which have brought about this
repression can also be detected, according to him, in the ‘resistance’ which
operates against the recovery of the lost memories.
The factor of resistance has become one of the corner-stones of his theory. The
ideas which are normally pushed aside on every sort of excuse - such as those
mentioned above - are regarded by him as derivatives of the repressed psychical
phenomena (thoughts and impulses), distorted owing to the resistance against their
reproduction. Ideas which are normally pushed aside on every sort of excuse - such
as those mentioned above - are regarded by him as derivatives of the repressed
psychical phenomena (thoughts and impulses), distorted owing to the resistance
against their reproduction.
5. 5 Freud - Complete Works www.freud-sigmund.com
The greater the resistance, the greater is the distortion. The value of these
unintentional thoughts for the purposes of therapeutic technique lies in this relation
of theirs to the repressed psychical material. If one possesses a procedure which
makes it possible to arrive at the repressed material from the associations, at the
distorted material from the distortions, then what was formerly unconscious in
mental life can be made accessible to consciousness even without hypnosis.
Freud has developed on this basis an art of interpretation which takes on the task
of, as it were, extracting the pure metal of the repressed thoughts from the ore of
the unintentional ideas. This work of interpretation is applied not only to the
patient’s ideas but also to his dreams, which open up the most direct approach to a
knowledge of the unconscious, to his unintentional as well as to his purposeless
actions (symptomatic acts) and to the blunders he makes in everyday life (slips of
the tongue, bungled actions, and so on). The details of this technique of
interpretation or translation have not yet been published by Freud. According to
indications he has given, they comprise a number of rules, reached empirically, of
how the unconscious material may be reconstructed from the associations,
directions on how to know what it means when the patient’s ideas cease to flow,
and experiences of the most important typical resistances that arise in the course of
such treatments. A bulky volume called The Interpretation of Dreams, published by
Freud in 1900, may be regarded as the forerunner of an initiation into his
technique.
From these remarks on the technique of the psycho-analytic method the conclusion
might be drawn that its inventor has given himself needless trouble and has made a
mistake in abandoning the less complicated hypnotic mode of procedure. However,
in the first place, the technique of psycho-analysis is much easier in practice, when
once one has learnt it, than any description of it would indicate; and, secondly,
there is no other way which leads to the desired goal, so that the hard road is still
the shortest one to travel. The objection to hypnosis is that it conceals the
resistance and for that reason has obstructed the physician’s insight into the play of
psychical forces. Hypnosis does not do away with the resistance but only evades it
and therefore yields only incomplete information and transitory therapeutic success.
6. 6 Freud - Complete Works www.freud-sigmund.com
The task which the psycho-analytic method seeks to perform may be formulated in
different ways, which are, however, in their essence equivalent. It may, for
instance, be stated thus: the task of the treatment is to remove the amnesias.
When all gaps in memory have been filled in, all the enigmatic products of mental
life elucidated, the continuance and even a renewal of the morbid condition are
made impossible. Or the formula may be expressed in this fashion: all repressions
must be undone. The mental condition is then the same as one in which all
amnesias have been removed. Another formulation reaches further: the task
consists in making the unconscious accessible to consciousness, which is done by
overcoming the resistances. But it must be remembered that an ideal condition
such as this is not present even in the normal, and further that it is only rarely
possible to carry the treatment to a point approaching it. Just as health and
sickness are not different from each other in essence but are only separated by a
quantitative line of demarcation which can be determined in practice, so the aim of
the treatment will never be anything else but the practical recovery of the patient,
the restoration of his ability to lead an active life and of his capacity for enjoyment.
In a treatment which is incomplete or in which success is not perfect, one may at
any rate achieve a considerable improvement in the general mental condition, while
the symptoms (though now of smaller importance to the patient) may continue to
exist without stamping him as a sick man.
The therapeutic procedure remains the same, apart from insignificant modifications,
for all the various clinical pictures that may be presented in hysteria, and all forms
of obsessional neurosis. This does not imply, however, that it can have an unlimited
application. The nature of the psycho-analytic method involves indications and
contra-indications with respect to the person to be treated as well as with respect
to the clinical picture. Chronic cases of psychoneuroses without any very violent or
dangerous symptoms are the most favourable ones for psycho-analysis: thus in the
first place every species of obsessional neurosis, obsessive thinking and acting, and
cases of hysteria in which phobias and aboulias play the most important part;
further, all somatic expressions of hysteria whenever they do not, as in anorexia,
require the physician to attend promptly to the speedy removal of symptoms. In
acute cases of hysteria it will be necessary to wait for a calmer stage; in all cases
where nervous exhaustion dominates the clinical picture a treatment which in itself
demands effort, brings only slow improvement and for a time cannot take the
persistence of the symptoms into account, will have to be avoided.
7. 7 Freud - Complete Works www.freud-sigmund.com
Various qualifications are required of anyone who is to be beneficially affected by
psycho-analysis. To begin with, he must be capable of a psychically normal
condition; during periods of confusion or melancholic depression nothing can be
accomplished even in cases of hysteria. Furthermore, a certain measure of natural
intelligence and ethical development are to be required of him; if the physician has
to deal with a worthless character, he soon loses the interest which makes it
possible for him to enter profoundly into the patient’s mental life. Deep-rooted
malformations of character, traits of an actually degenerate constitution, show
themselves during treatment as sources of a resistance that can scarcely be
overcome. In this respect the constitution of the patient sets a general limit to the
curative effect of psychotherapy. If the patient’s age is in the neighbourhood of the
fifties the conditions for psycho-analysis become unfavourable. The mass of
psychical material is then no longer manageable; the time required for recovery is
too long; and the ability to undo psychical processes begins to grow weaker.
In spite of all these limitations, the number of persons suitable for psycho-analytic
treatment is extraordinarily large and the extension which has come to our
therapeutic powers from this method is, according to Freud, very considerable.
Freud requires long periods, six months to three years, for an effective treatment;
yet he informs us that up to the present, owing to various circumstances which can
easily be guessed, he has for the most part been in a position to try his treatment
only on very severe cases: patients have come to him after many years of illness,
completely incapacitated for life, and, after being disappointed by all kinds of
treatments, have had recourse as a last resort to a method which is novel and has
been greeted with many doubts. In cases of less severe illness the duration of the
treatment might well be much shorter, and very great advantage in the direction of
future prevention might be achieved.