This document provides advice on growing lawns in shaded areas. It discusses the challenges of shade, including reduced photosynthesis, competition from tree roots, and debris accumulation from trees. Certain grasses like fine fescues and colonial bentgrass can tolerate partial shade better than Kentucky bluegrass. The document recommends shade-tolerant grass mixes and strategies like tree pruning to increase sunlight. The key is accepting that lawns in heavy shade will be thin and may need to be supplemented with other groundcovers. Overall shade tolerance for lawns depends on the grass species and amount of sunlight received.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
Plastic materials like polyethylene, acrylic/polyester, polyester, and fiberglass reinforced plastics are common cladding materials for greenhouses. Polyethylene is relatively short-lived but transmits 85-88% of sunlight. Acrylic/polyester combines weatherability and heat resistance but is susceptible to wind damage. Polyester has excellent transmittance and heat resistance but limited widths. Fiberglass reinforced plastics are more impact resistant than glass but proper installation is important. Shade nets made of plastic are also used as cladding to protect crops from weather.
Auxins are plant hormones that play an important role in growth and development processes in plants like stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, and fruit development. The two main types are natural auxins like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and synthetic auxins like indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Auxins are used in horticulture and agriculture to promote rooting, induce parthenocarpy, increase fruit set, inhibit sprouting, and control flowering. They are also used commercially for propagation, increasing crop yields, selective weed control, and other horticultural
This document presents an introduction to yield mapping for combinable crops and its potential problems. It discusses research being conducted on automatic continuous yield measurement systems on combine harvesters using GPS technology. The goals are to produce yield maps, analyze spatial yield variations, and support precision farming applications. Several challenges are identified including accurate yield sensing, synchronizing yield and location data, and addressing machine factors and environmental conditions that influence measurements. Improvements to positioning detection, grain flow modeling, and matching yield to location are seen as opportunities to enhance the reliability and usefulness of precision agriculture technologies.
This document provides information on unfruitfulness in fruit crops. It discusses internal and external factors that can cause unfruitfulness. Internal factors include sterility from impotence, incompatibility, and embryo abortion, which can be due to evolutionary tendencies, genetic influences, or physiological factors. External factors include environmental conditions like temperature, rainfall, wind; nutrient supply; rootstocks; pruning; age and vigor of the plant; locality; and insect pests and diseases. The document provides detailed explanations and examples for many of the factors that can lead to unfruitfulness in different fruit crops.
Off season flower production and vegetable in off season in green houseRakesh Pattnaik
This document discusses off-season flower production through flower forcing. It describes how flower forcing involves inducing flowering at times outside of the normal blooming season in order to produce flowers when prices are higher. Various methods are covered, including adjusting temperature and photoperiod, using chemicals like fertilizers and plant growth regulators, and mechanical techniques like pruning. Specific flower crops that can be forced, like dendrobium orchids, siam tulip, marigold, and amaryllis, are then discussed in detail including their flowering behavior and recommended forcing operations.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
Plastic materials like polyethylene, acrylic/polyester, polyester, and fiberglass reinforced plastics are common cladding materials for greenhouses. Polyethylene is relatively short-lived but transmits 85-88% of sunlight. Acrylic/polyester combines weatherability and heat resistance but is susceptible to wind damage. Polyester has excellent transmittance and heat resistance but limited widths. Fiberglass reinforced plastics are more impact resistant than glass but proper installation is important. Shade nets made of plastic are also used as cladding to protect crops from weather.
Auxins are plant hormones that play an important role in growth and development processes in plants like stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, and fruit development. The two main types are natural auxins like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and synthetic auxins like indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Auxins are used in horticulture and agriculture to promote rooting, induce parthenocarpy, increase fruit set, inhibit sprouting, and control flowering. They are also used commercially for propagation, increasing crop yields, selective weed control, and other horticultural
This document presents an introduction to yield mapping for combinable crops and its potential problems. It discusses research being conducted on automatic continuous yield measurement systems on combine harvesters using GPS technology. The goals are to produce yield maps, analyze spatial yield variations, and support precision farming applications. Several challenges are identified including accurate yield sensing, synchronizing yield and location data, and addressing machine factors and environmental conditions that influence measurements. Improvements to positioning detection, grain flow modeling, and matching yield to location are seen as opportunities to enhance the reliability and usefulness of precision agriculture technologies.
This document provides information on unfruitfulness in fruit crops. It discusses internal and external factors that can cause unfruitfulness. Internal factors include sterility from impotence, incompatibility, and embryo abortion, which can be due to evolutionary tendencies, genetic influences, or physiological factors. External factors include environmental conditions like temperature, rainfall, wind; nutrient supply; rootstocks; pruning; age and vigor of the plant; locality; and insect pests and diseases. The document provides detailed explanations and examples for many of the factors that can lead to unfruitfulness in different fruit crops.
Off season flower production and vegetable in off season in green houseRakesh Pattnaik
This document discusses off-season flower production through flower forcing. It describes how flower forcing involves inducing flowering at times outside of the normal blooming season in order to produce flowers when prices are higher. Various methods are covered, including adjusting temperature and photoperiod, using chemicals like fertilizers and plant growth regulators, and mechanical techniques like pruning. Specific flower crops that can be forced, like dendrobium orchids, siam tulip, marigold, and amaryllis, are then discussed in detail including their flowering behavior and recommended forcing operations.
This document provides information on growing roses in a greenhouse. It discusses ideal soil and climate conditions, common rose varieties classified by stem length and yield, and methods of propagation including budding, grafting and layering. It also outlines best practices for bed preparation, temperature and humidity control in the greenhouse, lighting, carbon dioxide supplementation, bending, disbudding, pinching, pruning, water and fertilizer management, and harvesting and post-harvest handling of roses. The goal is to produce quality roses and maintain plant vigor through careful control of the growing environment and use of horticultural techniques.
Essential nutrients for plants, their function and deficiency symptoms 1Vinodbharti6
1. There are 17 essential nutrients required for plant growth and development, classified as 9 macro and 8 micro nutrients.
2. Macro nutrients include primary nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium which are involved in key functions like photosynthesis, cell division, and chlorophyll production. Secondary nutrients calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are also required.
3. Micro nutrients such as boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and nickel play important roles in enzyme activation and photosynthesis, and deficiencies can result in leaf chlorosis or stunted growth.
The document discusses the production of chrysanthemums under protected cultivation. It provides details on the botanical classification of chrysanthemums and describes important varieties used for cut flowers, garlands, and other ornamental purposes. The document outlines optimal growing conditions for chrysanthemums including temperature, light, humidity, and soil requirements. It also describes propagation methods, planting, training, harvesting, and post-harvest handling practices to produce high quality chrysanthemum flowers.
Harvesting Indices and Harvesting Techniques of Cut FlowersKarthekaThirumugam1
Harvesting indices and harvesting techniques of cut flowers are dealt in this presentation. Commercial major greenhouse cut flowers, open- field cut flowers, specialty cut flowers and minor cut flowers are discussed with appropriate pictures.
This document discusses chilling and freezing stress in crops. Chilling injury refers to damage caused by temperatures below 15°C but above freezing, often impacting plant membranes. Symptoms include wilting, deposits in cells, and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Freezing injury stems from soil or plant fluid freezing, disrupting structures and functions. Prevention methods include cold hardening plants, soil banking, wrapping trunks, sprinkling, fogging, and supplying supplementary heat through air or water movement.
This document summarizes three major diseases that affect gram (chickpea) crops: wilt, grey mould, and ascochyta blight. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, and disease cycles. For wilt, the symptoms include yellowing, wilting, and death of plants. It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum and spreads through soil and irrigation water. For grey mould, symptoms include flower and pod rotting. It is caused by Botrytis cineria and spreads rapidly under humid conditions. For ascochyta blight, symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei and spreads through infected plant debris and
Forecasting of pest and diseases based on weatherAnurag Satpathi
This document discusses forecasting of pests and diseases in crops based on weather parameters. It explains that weather influences many crop pests and diseases, and predicting outbreaks using weather data can help minimize crop losses. It describes how different weather variables like temperature, moisture, leaf wetness duration, and light can impact the growth of pathogens and insects. Developing crop weather calendars that provide weekly weather trends and advisories on planting/harvesting times and pest/disease risks can help farmers better plan agricultural activities.
Important fungal disease on vegetables-Brinjalvaishalidandge3
1. Fungal diseases are a major cause of plant diseases in vegetables. Fungi infect plants through natural openings or wounds and are spread by wind, water, contaminated soil/machinery.
2. Important fungal diseases of brinjal include Cercospora leaf spot, damping off caused by Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Alternaria rot, Anthracnose fruit rot, Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt, and Phytophthora blight.
3. These diseases cause symptoms like leaf spots, fruit rot, seedling damping off, stem wilting, and plant death. Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties,
I am Sambhav Jain From Dayalbagh Educational INstitute, Agra doing Bsc.[Hons.] Agriculture.I have described here about the irrigation systems in greenhouse to be used by us.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS IN INDIAAditika Sharma
This document provides an overview of recent advances in improving vegetable crops in India. It discusses the development of higher yielding and stress resistant varieties through both conventional breeding methods like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding as well as advanced techniques like genetic engineering and marker assisted selection. Key achievements include the development of gynoecious lines in cucumber, seedless varieties of watermelon, varieties adapted to year-round cultivation, hybrid varieties with disease resistance, and nutritionally enriched varieties. The application of biotechnology tools such as transgenic approaches, molecular markers, and genome sequencing in vegetable improvement is also summarized.
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
BITTERGOURD CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BITTER GOURDArvind Yadav
BITTER GOURD
Scientific name : Momordica charantia L.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome number :2n=22
Origin : Tropical Asia (Eastern India and
Southern China)
Common names : Balsam pear, Bitter cucumber
Varieties:-
Pusa Do Mausmi
Pusa Vishesh
CO 1
MDU 1
COBgoH-1
VK 1 Priya
Priyanka(Sel.1010)
Arka Harit
Harkani
Phule Green
This document discusses micronutrients which are essential plant nutrients that are needed in small quantities. It defines the 8 main micronutrients, their sources, forms absorbed by plants, functions, deficiency symptoms, and amounts found in soils and plants. Key points include that iron is the most abundant micronutrient, manganese and copper help with enzyme production, zinc is important for protein synthesis, and boron aids with cell wall formation and pollination. Deficiency symptoms for each micronutrient are provided along with examples of specific deficiencies in different crops.
Greenhouses allow for control of the components of a crop's microclimate, including light, temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, and carbon dioxide. Light intensity and wavelength affect photosynthesis rates, with optimal light between 32.3-129.6 klux. Temperature influences enzyme activity, with day temperatures generally 3-8°C higher than nights. Relative humidity is maintained between 50-80% through humidification and dehumidification. Ventilation manages air temperature, carbon dioxide, and humidity. Carbon dioxide is essential for plant growth, with most crops responding well to levels between 1000-1200 ppm in greenhouses.
Guava physiological disorders A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan To FFS TraineeMr.Allah Dad Khan
The document summarizes various physiological disorders that affect guava trees, including symptoms and correction measures. It describes disorders caused by deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, iron, and manganese. Symptoms vary based on the deficiency but include chlorosis, stunted growth, and necrosis. Suggested corrections involve foliar sprays or soil applications of fertilizers or other substances to remedy the specific nutrient deficiency.
This document discusses shading nets and shade houses. It explains that shading nets are designed to protect crops from UV radiation and climate variations like temperature and rain. They create controlled microclimates that result in higher crop yields. A wide range of shading nets is available that provide different levels of shade. Shade houses are structures enclosed by shading nets or other materials that allow sunlight, moisture, and air to pass through and create suitable growing conditions for plants. Shade houses are used to cultivate various crops and protect plants from pests and weather. They have frames to support shading net cladding and provide structure against wind and rain loads.
This document provides information on identifying common turfgrasses in the Pacific Northwest through their vegetative characteristics. It discusses key identification structures such as vernation, leaf tips, leaf surface morphology, ligules, and auricles. Examples of common cool season turfgrasses that may be found in lawns in the region are then described in detail, including Kentucky bluegrass, roughstalk bluegrass, annual bluegrass, bentgrasses, and ryegrasses. Specific tips are provided on identifying these grasses based on their geographical location and the characteristics of the turf.
The American Lawn: Understanding an Unnatural Obsessionevs390
The document discusses the history and ecological impacts of lawns in America. It describes how lawns originated from the influence of English landscape design in the 18th century and have since become a ubiquitous part of the suburban landscape. However, lawns require intensive management and the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which has negatively impacted biodiversity and local ecosystems. The homogenization of landscapes by non-native grass monocultures has contributed to species extinction and changes in animal behavior. The document considers alternative approaches to traditional lawns that are less ecologically harmful such as using native plants, reducing lawn space, and engaging in organic lawn care practices.
This document provides information on growing roses in a greenhouse. It discusses ideal soil and climate conditions, common rose varieties classified by stem length and yield, and methods of propagation including budding, grafting and layering. It also outlines best practices for bed preparation, temperature and humidity control in the greenhouse, lighting, carbon dioxide supplementation, bending, disbudding, pinching, pruning, water and fertilizer management, and harvesting and post-harvest handling of roses. The goal is to produce quality roses and maintain plant vigor through careful control of the growing environment and use of horticultural techniques.
Essential nutrients for plants, their function and deficiency symptoms 1Vinodbharti6
1. There are 17 essential nutrients required for plant growth and development, classified as 9 macro and 8 micro nutrients.
2. Macro nutrients include primary nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium which are involved in key functions like photosynthesis, cell division, and chlorophyll production. Secondary nutrients calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are also required.
3. Micro nutrients such as boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and nickel play important roles in enzyme activation and photosynthesis, and deficiencies can result in leaf chlorosis or stunted growth.
The document discusses the production of chrysanthemums under protected cultivation. It provides details on the botanical classification of chrysanthemums and describes important varieties used for cut flowers, garlands, and other ornamental purposes. The document outlines optimal growing conditions for chrysanthemums including temperature, light, humidity, and soil requirements. It also describes propagation methods, planting, training, harvesting, and post-harvest handling practices to produce high quality chrysanthemum flowers.
Harvesting Indices and Harvesting Techniques of Cut FlowersKarthekaThirumugam1
Harvesting indices and harvesting techniques of cut flowers are dealt in this presentation. Commercial major greenhouse cut flowers, open- field cut flowers, specialty cut flowers and minor cut flowers are discussed with appropriate pictures.
This document discusses chilling and freezing stress in crops. Chilling injury refers to damage caused by temperatures below 15°C but above freezing, often impacting plant membranes. Symptoms include wilting, deposits in cells, and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Freezing injury stems from soil or plant fluid freezing, disrupting structures and functions. Prevention methods include cold hardening plants, soil banking, wrapping trunks, sprinkling, fogging, and supplying supplementary heat through air or water movement.
This document summarizes three major diseases that affect gram (chickpea) crops: wilt, grey mould, and ascochyta blight. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, and disease cycles. For wilt, the symptoms include yellowing, wilting, and death of plants. It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum and spreads through soil and irrigation water. For grey mould, symptoms include flower and pod rotting. It is caused by Botrytis cineria and spreads rapidly under humid conditions. For ascochyta blight, symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei and spreads through infected plant debris and
Forecasting of pest and diseases based on weatherAnurag Satpathi
This document discusses forecasting of pests and diseases in crops based on weather parameters. It explains that weather influences many crop pests and diseases, and predicting outbreaks using weather data can help minimize crop losses. It describes how different weather variables like temperature, moisture, leaf wetness duration, and light can impact the growth of pathogens and insects. Developing crop weather calendars that provide weekly weather trends and advisories on planting/harvesting times and pest/disease risks can help farmers better plan agricultural activities.
Important fungal disease on vegetables-Brinjalvaishalidandge3
1. Fungal diseases are a major cause of plant diseases in vegetables. Fungi infect plants through natural openings or wounds and are spread by wind, water, contaminated soil/machinery.
2. Important fungal diseases of brinjal include Cercospora leaf spot, damping off caused by Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Alternaria rot, Anthracnose fruit rot, Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt, and Phytophthora blight.
3. These diseases cause symptoms like leaf spots, fruit rot, seedling damping off, stem wilting, and plant death. Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties,
I am Sambhav Jain From Dayalbagh Educational INstitute, Agra doing Bsc.[Hons.] Agriculture.I have described here about the irrigation systems in greenhouse to be used by us.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS IN INDIAAditika Sharma
This document provides an overview of recent advances in improving vegetable crops in India. It discusses the development of higher yielding and stress resistant varieties through both conventional breeding methods like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding as well as advanced techniques like genetic engineering and marker assisted selection. Key achievements include the development of gynoecious lines in cucumber, seedless varieties of watermelon, varieties adapted to year-round cultivation, hybrid varieties with disease resistance, and nutritionally enriched varieties. The application of biotechnology tools such as transgenic approaches, molecular markers, and genome sequencing in vegetable improvement is also summarized.
This document discusses various types of environmental stresses that can affect plant growth including drought, high or low temperatures, excessive soil salinity, and inadequate minerals in the soil. It describes different mechanisms by which plants can adapt to or tolerate drought conditions, such as escaping drought by having a short lifecycle, avoiding stress through stomatal regulation and increased photosynthetic efficiency, and tolerating stress through enhanced water conservation and storage abilities. The document focuses on defining and classifying different types of drought, as well as adaptation strategies employed by crops to survive in drought environments.
BITTERGOURD CULTIVATION , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BITTER GOURDArvind Yadav
BITTER GOURD
Scientific name : Momordica charantia L.
Family : Cucurbitaceae
Chromosome number :2n=22
Origin : Tropical Asia (Eastern India and
Southern China)
Common names : Balsam pear, Bitter cucumber
Varieties:-
Pusa Do Mausmi
Pusa Vishesh
CO 1
MDU 1
COBgoH-1
VK 1 Priya
Priyanka(Sel.1010)
Arka Harit
Harkani
Phule Green
This document discusses micronutrients which are essential plant nutrients that are needed in small quantities. It defines the 8 main micronutrients, their sources, forms absorbed by plants, functions, deficiency symptoms, and amounts found in soils and plants. Key points include that iron is the most abundant micronutrient, manganese and copper help with enzyme production, zinc is important for protein synthesis, and boron aids with cell wall formation and pollination. Deficiency symptoms for each micronutrient are provided along with examples of specific deficiencies in different crops.
Greenhouses allow for control of the components of a crop's microclimate, including light, temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, and carbon dioxide. Light intensity and wavelength affect photosynthesis rates, with optimal light between 32.3-129.6 klux. Temperature influences enzyme activity, with day temperatures generally 3-8°C higher than nights. Relative humidity is maintained between 50-80% through humidification and dehumidification. Ventilation manages air temperature, carbon dioxide, and humidity. Carbon dioxide is essential for plant growth, with most crops responding well to levels between 1000-1200 ppm in greenhouses.
Guava physiological disorders A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan To FFS TraineeMr.Allah Dad Khan
The document summarizes various physiological disorders that affect guava trees, including symptoms and correction measures. It describes disorders caused by deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, iron, and manganese. Symptoms vary based on the deficiency but include chlorosis, stunted growth, and necrosis. Suggested corrections involve foliar sprays or soil applications of fertilizers or other substances to remedy the specific nutrient deficiency.
This document discusses shading nets and shade houses. It explains that shading nets are designed to protect crops from UV radiation and climate variations like temperature and rain. They create controlled microclimates that result in higher crop yields. A wide range of shading nets is available that provide different levels of shade. Shade houses are structures enclosed by shading nets or other materials that allow sunlight, moisture, and air to pass through and create suitable growing conditions for plants. Shade houses are used to cultivate various crops and protect plants from pests and weather. They have frames to support shading net cladding and provide structure against wind and rain loads.
This document provides information on identifying common turfgrasses in the Pacific Northwest through their vegetative characteristics. It discusses key identification structures such as vernation, leaf tips, leaf surface morphology, ligules, and auricles. Examples of common cool season turfgrasses that may be found in lawns in the region are then described in detail, including Kentucky bluegrass, roughstalk bluegrass, annual bluegrass, bentgrasses, and ryegrasses. Specific tips are provided on identifying these grasses based on their geographical location and the characteristics of the turf.
The American Lawn: Understanding an Unnatural Obsessionevs390
The document discusses the history and ecological impacts of lawns in America. It describes how lawns originated from the influence of English landscape design in the 18th century and have since become a ubiquitous part of the suburban landscape. However, lawns require intensive management and the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which has negatively impacted biodiversity and local ecosystems. The homogenization of landscapes by non-native grass monocultures has contributed to species extinction and changes in animal behavior. The document considers alternative approaches to traditional lawns that are less ecologically harmful such as using native plants, reducing lawn space, and engaging in organic lawn care practices.
This document provides a summary of research and programs at Oregon State University's Turfgrass Management program. It discusses the restructuring of departments within the College of Agricultural Sciences, including the combining of the Horticulture and Crop & Soil Science Departments. Enrollment numbers and courses taught in the turfgrass management program are presented. Several turfgrass research trials conducted by faculty and students are summarized, focusing on anthracnose disease management, water use of cool-season grasses, evaluating the effects of geohumus, seashore paspalum adaptation, and poa annua green speed management.
The American Lawn: Understanding an Unnatural Obsessionevs390
The document discusses the history and ecological impacts of lawns in America. It describes how lawns originated from the influence of English landscape design in the 18th century and have since become a ubiquitous part of the suburban landscape. However, lawns require intensive management and the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which has negatively impacted biodiversity and local ecosystems. The document proposes alternative approaches to lawns that are more ecologically friendly, such as using native grass species that require less maintenance, reducing lawn sizes, and growing food or other plants in their place.
There are four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Winter is the coldest season from December to February in the northern hemisphere and June to August in the southern hemisphere. Spring follows winter with gradually rising temperatures from March to June in the north and September to December in the south. Summer is the warmest season between June to September in the north and December to March in the south. Autumn falls between summer and winter where leaves fall from September to November in the north and March to May in the south.
Using the idea of the ‘instant garden’ created when a richly floral carpet was thrown to the ground in ancient Persia, I create a new kind of ‘garden’ using composite images of industrially grown flowers. The result is a product of a slow, ponderous process of assembling ‘pieces’. The soft lighting, reminiscent of Dutch Still Life paintings, is used to enhance a sense of distance and deep space as the “real” flower is converted through software into the flower symbol found in many ancient decorative arts.
Flora Agro - Fvg Greenhouse Film and accessoriesAnurag Chivilkar
Flora Agro is importer and distributor of greenhouse supplies. Flora Agro is all India Distributor for FVG Germany Greenhouse film, which are of high quality and strength. Flora Agro also deals in greenhouse accessories like shade net, aluminium/GI profiles, GI springs, curtain clamps, patching tape, polyster wire. We also have a unique product called Hobby Greenhouse which is for backyard gardeners.
1. The document discusses jasmine cultivation in Shankarpura village of Udupi district in Karnataka, which began around 130 years ago and has since transformed the livelihoods and lifestyle of local people.
2. It describes how jasmine farming provided a profitable income for families cultivating small plots of 10-50 cents. The income supported educating children, marriages, and home construction.
3. Literature cited in the document discusses the economic and social benefits of floriculture, including jasmine cultivation empowering women and low-income groups by providing a means of earning income from home.
Synthetic Turf or Natural Grass Final PresentationAnthony King
The document compares and contrasts natural grass and synthetic turf playing surfaces. It discusses the installation process, maintenance costs, injury risks, and considerations for each surface type. Based on research including expert interviews, the document recommends considering synthetic turf for facilities in the Midwest able to afford the initial cost due to lower maintenance costs and ability to play more hours each year. However, it acknowledges each situation is unique and natural grass may be better depending on climate, budget, and priorities.
This document discusses the many benefits of turf grasses, which can be categorized as functional, aesthetic, and recreational. Functionally, turf grasses provide soil erosion control, dust stabilization, enhanced groundwater recharge and water quality, pollution absorption, soil improvement, heat dissipation, noise and glare reduction. Aesthetically, lawns improve mental health, social interaction, and quality of life. Recreationally, turf provides a safe surface for activities and reduces injuries compared to other surfaces. The turf grass industry serves many groups and has growing economic and business opportunities.
Dry flower- boon to Indian floriculture industrySubrahmanya Bhat
please dont ask for refrence, i hv collected from random source
The basic principle of dehydration of flower is to remove moisture slowly while maintaining as much of the original shape and texture as possible
presented as seminar at OUAT ,Bhubaneswar 2015 as part of master seminar
International strategies for disaster reduction tam 2014-04Vijay Kumar
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks by preventing or limiting the adverse impacts of hazards through sustainable development. It consists of ways and means to avoid losses from natural hazards. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) pursues cooperation and commitments from policymakers to build disaster-resilient communities and reduce human and economic losses from natural disasters.
Value addition involves processes that increase the aesthetic appeal and price of garments without affecting quality. This includes finishing techniques, printing designs, and adding embellishments like embroidery. Finishing prepares fabrics for specific uses and makes them more attractive. Printing involves applying dye designs through various methods. Embellishments such as buttons, zippers, and embroidery are also forms of value addition. Special processes like tie-dye, batik, and quilting can further enhance garments. Overall, value addition improves garments both visually and economically.
Thatch is a layer of organic material between grass and soil composed mainly of stems and roots. Factors like certain grass species, soil pH, aeration, and nitrogen levels can increase thatch buildup. Dethatching mechanically or biologically can help control thatch. Biological control uses microbes and other organisms to decompose thatch. Key processes include macrofauna ingesting thatch to increase surface area for microbes, microbes secreting enzymes to break down polymers, and secondary microbes further decomposing partially digested material.
This document summarizes characteristics of drought-tolerant trees and provides a list of drought-tolerant trees, shrubs, and groundcovers suitable for Midwest landscapes. Some characteristics that indicate drought tolerance in trees include small leaves or needles with wax coatings, deep sinuses in leaves, and dense coverings of leaf hairs. While native plants may be adapted to their local climate, they are not necessarily drought-tolerant. The document concludes with a list of over 100 trees, shrubs, and groundcovers identified as drought-tolerant based on scientific reports.
This document provides instructions for no-till gardening, which involves keeping the entire garden covered year-round with a thick layer of mulch. The initial preparation involves laying newspapers over the soil and topping it with mulch. Plants are then grown by removing mulch and newspapers where seeds are planted. Subsequent seasons only require maintaining the mulch layer. Benefits include less weeding and watering needed, as well as building soil fertility over time. Some considerations are ensuring adequate nitrogen and managing pests in the mulch layer.
This document provides information on identifying drought stress in lawns and plants and recommendations for watering during drought. It describes signs that a lawn is thirsty, such as footprints remaining or leaves wilting. It recommends watering lawns about 1 inch at a time in the early morning. For trees and shrubs, it suggests watering newly planted and stressed plants and using mulch. Watering should penetrate 6 inches of soil and avoid wetting leaves and stems.
Water-Wise Beauty for Your Garden - Ojai, CaliforniaKaila694m
Linda Harmon provides tips for water-wise and eco-friendly gardening in Southern California. She recommends removing grass lawns which require a lot of water and fertilizer, and replacing them with drought-resistant native plants. She also suggests using mulch to retain soil moisture, planting trees for their benefits, and using soil moisture meters and drip irrigation to water more efficiently. Contours and infiltration basins in the landscape can also help capture and absorb rainfall.
Mulch and Your Garden - Waterwise, Queensland, AustraliaFaizah68w
Mulch is any material spread over soil to act as a protective cover. It saves water by protecting soil from sun and wind, improves plant growth by stabilizing soil temperature, and reduces weeds by preventing light from reaching seeds. There are two main types - organic mulches from plant materials that break down over time improving soil, and inorganic mulches like rock that require less maintenance. Applying a 2-5cm layer of mulch around plants, being careful not to bury stems, helps retain water and suppress weeds.
Mulching provides several benefits for gardens in Cyprus' dry climate, including reducing watering needs, inhibiting weeds, and protecting soil. Organic mulches like wood chips and grass clippings gradually improve soil as they decompose, while inorganic options like stones retain moisture without breaking down. The document provides guidelines for applying a 5-8 cm deep mulch layer around plants while avoiding issues like piling mulch against trunks.
Garden Maintenance for Xeriscape - Aurora, ColoradoEric851q
This document provides an overview of tasks involved in maintaining a xeriscape garden, including removing weeds, caring for soil, deadheading plants, dividing plants, pruning trees and shrubs, caring for bulbs, maintaining irrigation systems, preventing plant diseases, maintaining vegetable gardens, and caring for tools. Specific maintenance tasks are outlined for each month. The goal is to properly care for plants using little to no supplemental water through cultural practices suited for Colorado's climate.
Watering Habits examines proper watering techniques for landscapes, including watering deeply but less frequently, checking soil moisture, and observing irrigation systems. It discusses soil types and the benefits of compost and mulch. The document provides planting guidelines and identifies low-water plants suited for the Modesto climate, grouping them by type (annuals, perennials, shrubs, etc.) and listing their features, height, sunlight needs and care tips. It aims to educate homeowners on water-wise gardening practices.
Mulching provides several benefits including reducing evaporation by 25-50%, stabilizing soil moisture, preventing compaction, controlling weeds and moderating soil temperatures. When using wood/bark chip mulch, a 3-4 inch depth is standard for best weed control and eliminating compaction. Mulching around trees helps protect them from lawn mower damage but mulch should be kept 6 inches away from tree trunks. Grass clippings also make a good mulch for vegetable and flower beds when applied in thin layers.
Xeriscaping: Trees and Shrubs - Colorado State UniversityEric851q
The document provides guidance on selecting trees and shrubs for low-water landscapes, noting that woody plants are a major long-term investment and their selection should consider soil, drainage, exposure and irrigation needs. It offers recommendations for specific tree and shrub species well-suited for xeriscapes in Colorado and notes these plants may have a different aesthetic than traditional landscaping but can be used creatively. New plants should be watered regularly for two years until established but watering can then be gradually reduced.
Mulches for the Home Landscape - University of NebraskaFaizah68w
This document discusses different types of mulches that can be used in home landscapes. It provides details on organic mulches like woodchips, bark, and leaves as well as inorganic mulches like rock, landscape fabric, and shredded rubber. The summary discusses the benefits of mulches, including conserving soil moisture, reducing weeds, and enhancing plant health. Organic mulches are generally preferred as they break down over time and add organic matter to soils. When selecting and applying mulches properly, homeowners can improve their landscape in many positive ways.
April - May 2009 High Desert Gardening MagazineSimm846q
The article discusses the benefits of leaving grass clippings on the lawn rather than bagging them, as clippings are a good source of nutrients for the grass and can reduce the need for fertilizer. It recommends mowing lawns frequently to help turf quality and break down clippings quickly, and notes that research shows clippings do not increase thatch buildup as was previously believed. Leaving clippings in place through frequent mowing can cut fertilizer needs in half and produce good quality lawns without added fertilizer for many years.
After abandonment, the agricultural land is exposed to sun, deprived.pdfanupamselection
After abandonment, the agricultural land is exposed to sun, deprived of moisture and essential
nutrients. Only those trees that can resist such harsh conditions can grow. The pine trees have the
ability to grow in such conditions and their seedlings florish under sunlight in open areas.
However, the seedlings are competing with environment to get foothold on land. After
establishing a good growth, the patches of areas are formed among pine trees which create an
moist environment of partial shade. These shady conditions are not good for the growth of pine
seedlings. As a result shade tolerant hardwood trees start to invade and continue their growth
relentessly.
Solution
After abandonment, the agricultural land is exposed to sun, deprived of moisture and essential
nutrients. Only those trees that can resist such harsh conditions can grow. The pine trees have the
ability to grow in such conditions and their seedlings florish under sunlight in open areas.
However, the seedlings are competing with environment to get foothold on land. After
establishing a good growth, the patches of areas are formed among pine trees which create an
moist environment of partial shade. These shady conditions are not good for the growth of pine
seedlings. As a result shade tolerant hardwood trees start to invade and continue their growth
relentessly..
Drought Continues Again This Summer: Green Roofs A Growing Option - Oklahoma ...Fabienne22Q
This newsletter discusses the ongoing drought conditions in Oklahoma and provides tips on gardening during drought. It recommends not applying fertilizer or herbicides when it is extremely hot and dry, as plants are not actively growing and chemicals could volatilize or not be effective. Soil testing is especially important now to determine nutrient needs and prevent runoff. Certain drought-tolerant plants like mint, rosemary, and sedum are faring better in the heat. Green roofs are highlighted as an environmentally friendly option that can help reduce temperatures and energy costs.
How Dry Seasons Affect Landscape Plants - University of KentuckyFarica46m
This document summarizes how different types of landscape plants respond to drought conditions and provides recommendations for keeping plants alive during extended drought periods. It describes how plants can be categorized as water spenders, drought evaders, or water conservers based on their ability to obtain and conserve moisture. Prolonged drought can cause leaf scorching, wilting, and increased susceptibility to pests and disease. The document recommends reducing plant water stress through practices like mulching, limiting grass competition, and deep watering. It also lists specific plants that typically survive drought well or poorly in Kentucky landscapes.
This document outlines weed management practices for sports fields. It discusses integrated pest management and primary cultural practices like mowing, fertilization, and irrigation. Specific weeds that are addressed include false dandelion, white clover, and annual bluegrass. Control methods like herbicides and cultivation are explained for each weed. Mowing height, frequency, and the one-third rule are important for reducing weeds. Fertilization and irrigation practices also impact weed populations.
A presentation by Brian MacDonald
- Making sense of all the Choices
-- Review the “standard” 3 – way mixes
-- Look at “new kids” on the block
-- Review “alternative” herbicide mixes
- Review the common weeds and match the herbicides to the weeds.
- Maximizing weed kill – other factors.
- Go through a few scenarios.
The document advertises an event registration package for an OSU Turf Field Day, lunch, golf outing, and dinner on September 16, 2011 in Corvallis, Oregon. There are four registration packages that include different combinations of the events: the Full Package ($75) includes all events; the Social Package ($25) includes dinner; the Field Day & Lunch Package ($25) includes the field day and lunch; and the Field Day Only package ($15) includes just the field day. The document also lists tentative field day topics and provides sponsorship opportunities for the event at the Bronze ($250), Silver ($500), and Gold ($750) levels.
The document advertises an event registration package for an OSU Turf Field Day and golf outing on September 16, 2011 in Corvallis, Oregon. The packages include:
- A full package for $75 including the field day, lunch, golf with cart and balls, and dinner.
- A social package for $25 including dinner.
- A field day and lunch package for $25.
- A field day only package for $15.
The event will include a field day at the OSU research farm, lunch and golf at Trysting Tree golf course, and dinner at the research farm. Sponsorship opportunities are also listed ranging from $250 to $750
This document announces a two-day conference on February 2-3, 2011 about monitoring and managing pathogens, salts, alkalinity, and fertility in irrigation water for nursery and floriculture growers using non-chemical methods. The conference will be held in Wilsonville on February 2 and at the OSU North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora on February 3. It will provide pesticide credits and a free booklet on water treatment. Registration is $80 before January 15 and $100 after or on-site.
This study evaluated the water use of 10 cool season turfgrass species over two years. It found that the species fell into three categories: lower water use (tall fescue), intermediate water use (perennial ryegrass, colonial bentgrass, creeping bentgrass, velvet bentgrass, kentucky bluegrass), and higher water use (annual bluegrass, strong CRF, slender CRF, chewings fescue). Mowing height significantly impacted water use, with higher mowing heights using less water. No differences were observed between nitrogen fertility treatments. The goal was to assess newly established turfgrass water use in a field setting and evaluate new stress detection technology.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The passage discusses the importance of summarization in an age of information overload. It notes that with the massive amounts of data available online, being able to quickly understand the key points of lengthy documents, articles, or reports is crucial. The ability to produce clear, concise summaries helps people save time by getting the gist of information without having to read entire lengthy sources.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise has also been shown to boost self-esteem and can serve as a healthy way to manage stress.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can help reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes while also improving mood and reducing stress and anxiety. Exercising for at least 30 minutes per day several times a week is recommended to gain these health benefits.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over several decades. It outlines milestones in AI such as the creation of logic theories, machine learning algorithms, and neural networks. Recent advances in deep learning now allow AI to perform complex tasks like object recognition.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce stress and anxiety, boost mood, and enhance cognitive function. Staying physically active for at least 30 minutes each day is recommended for significant health benefits.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. Staying active also helps maintain a healthy weight and keeps muscles, bones and joints healthy as we age.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
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Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
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This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
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2. Some thoughts on shade:
This series of slides shows the types of problems associated with shaded lawns and offers
general advice on growing the best lawn possible in shade. Normally, when I troubleshoot
shady lawns, I see extreme cases where people want to grow grass in places where it simply
should not be growing. One of my most common recommendations is to redesign the area
and replace the lawn with some other landscape treatment that has a reasonable chance to
succeed. You should never have to make Herculean efforts just to have a lawn.
I don’t actually see shade as a major problem in growing nice lawns as long as it is not too
dense for too many hours of the day. In fact if the landscape is properly designed and your
irrigation system is properly zoned, partial shade can be the easiest place in your landscape
to maintain. My idea of a good shady lawn environment for cool season grasses in
the Pacific Northwest is a lawn that receives full sun in the morning and significant shade all
afternoon. That creates an environment where there is enough sun to grow healthy grass, the
dew dries out in the morning, and the shade moderates the heat load during the afternoon.
Afternoon shade helps reduce the water requirements of the grass and makes it easier to
irrigate effectively. It also creates a nice place to sit in the heat of the day!
3. Shade poses many challenges
Tree root Morning
competition Shade
Morning shade and tree root competition are two of the worst
scenarios for shady lawns. The only thing that is worse is full
Afternoon shade all day long. Morning sun and afternoon shade is the best
case scenario.
Shade
T Cook photo
4. Per. Ryegrass in full sun
In full sun grasses grow vigorously and produce lots of shoots and roots.
You can’t see the ground and a healthy thatch layer will be present.
T Cook photo
5. Per. Ryegrass in shade
Growing in shade, the same grass will thin out because there is
not enough photosynthetically active light reaching the foliage.
Sugar production decreases and there is not enough fuel to
produce enough shoots or roots. Ultimately, the grass thins out.
T Cook photo
6. Full Sun Shade
Side by side it is easy to see the difference between grass growing in
full sun and grass growing in excessive shade.
T Cook photo
7. Reduced tillering in shade
Once the grass thins out algae and moss tend to colonize
the bare ground. This may result in surface sealing and
reduced drainage. Often you end up with a slimy mushy
surface.
T Cook photo
8. Reduced rooting in shade
This piece of sod has been on site for at least
a year. Notice that there are no roots growing out
from the original sod. Notice also how thin the turf
foliage is. Lack of light means weak shoots and roots.
T Cook photo
9. Deciduous trees screen out most
of the photosynthetically active radiation
Only certain light wavelengths are used for photosynthesis. Light passing through
tree leaves is effectively filtered by the tree canopy so that the light reaching
the grass contains very little photosynthetically active light wavelengths. In this
case the quantity of light may be adequate but the quality is not.
T Cook photo
10. As the season progresses turf thins out and may even die.
Without enough photosynthetically active light grass simply
can not grow.
Result is progressive thinning over the summer
11. Sometimes light is adequate to grow grass, but the debris from the trees tends
to bury the grass and cause severe thinning. We solve that problem by using
a bagging rotary mower to suck up debris before it can accumulate.
Debris accumulation under conifer trees also causes thinning
12. Pine needles build up making it difficult for grass to grow through
Conifers of all types can drop debris throughout the year, making it very difficult
to grow grass. Sometimes the best thing to do is to get rid of the grass and let
the needles accumulate to form a natural mulch beneath the tree.
T Cook photo
13. Failure to rake up leaves in fall results in severe turf thinning
Deciduous trees can cause major problems in fall because most of
their leaves fall in a short period of time and can completely cover
the surface of the ground. Grass can tolerate a thick cover of leaves
for only a few days. Prolonged leaf cover excludes light, stimulates
disease, and encourages excessive earthworm activity. Together these
can nearly wipe out a formerly dense stand of grass.
T Cook photos
14. Mature trees out compete turf for moisture
Healthy trees in lawns compete severely with the grass for moisture. This can create
dry islands of weak turf around the base. Either remove turf in this zone or cut down
the tree. Short of isolated watering around the tree base, there is no way to have a
nice lawn in this scenario.
T Cook photo
15. The obvious solution here is to let the ivy spread out to the natural line
where the grass is healthy. That didn’t fit with the vision of the lawn owner
so every year the dead area was reseeded, and every year the turf died!
Tree root competition for water can be more severe than shade effects
16. Debris + root competition = thin turf
Maybe turf isn’t the best ground cover for this site. The area doesn’t warrant trying to
remove the needles from these mature Ponderosa pines.
T Cook photo
17. Shade reduces wear tolerance
When you add wear on top of the stress from shade, this is the result. Reality dictates that
this site will never have a strong stand of grass. It isn’t really a grass problem, it is a judgment
problem. Being a turf person, I would find a new spot for the picnic benches. Since this is a
public park, perhaps nobody really cares one way or the other.
T Cook photo
18. Annual bluegrass moves in
as planted turf thins.
Regardless of what you plant in the shade, something else is going to grow there
eventually. More often than not, it will not be what you planted. In this case
annual bluegrass which grows relatively well in the shade is moving in and replacing
the Kentucky bluegrass that does not grow well in shade. In general, if it is green
and it grows in shade, I will accept it gladly.
T Cook photo
19. Moss fills in when grass thins out
Moss grows wherever other things do not grow. It has a great niche in shaded lawns and
during winter often completely takes over the lawn. When summer comes, it goes dormant
and grows again when the fall rains begin again. In severe shade, moss may be the only plant that
can grow. In that case, you need to embrace the beauty of the moss or buy a chainsaw.
T Cook photos
20. There is more than one way to kill lawns in shade. In this case the shade weakens the turf and
the wall of foliage blocks off air movement. The result is increased disease activity and a
mid summer lawn failure. More light and more air movement would solve this problem.
Poor air movement increases disease
T Cook photo
21. Leaf spot
Leaf spot diseases form lesions that eventually cause grass
leaves to fall off. Turf can thin 90% or more in just a couple
of weeks if conditions are right. Shade really brings on leaf
spot activity. It is often devastating during the first winter
after planting.
Disease often thins turf in shade
T Cook photo
22. Fusarium patch often goes hand in hand with leaf spot and is
also more severe in shade. If you fertilize heavily in shade,
you can plan on seeing both of these diseases.
Fusarium patch is worse
in shade
T Cook photo
23. Severe shade makes
it impossible to
grow functional turf
Nature solved this problem. The tree canopy was so thick that there was never any grass
growing in the entrance to this rose garden. The owner didn’t want to remove the tree so
the future did not look good. Then we got a good old fashion PNW wind storm.
T Cook photo
24. Removing tree increased light enough for grass to grow
Once the tree was gone, presto, there was enough light
to grow grass. Ultimately, it is always about light. Give
grass adequate light and water and it will grow every time.
T Cook photo
25. Accept anything that is green in shade
From a distance this lawn looks great! If you look close you will see lots of grasses and
broadleaf plants along with moss. My advice is to enjoy it from a distance and don’t look too
close.
T Cook photo
26. Shady lawns can look good but are always fragile
This lawn is nice in spite of the shade. It is mostly bentgrass and annual bluegrass and while
not very dense it is still very attractive. It is also very fragile and one day of soccer from the
grandkids would destroy it. You have to accept shade on its terms.
T Cook photo
27. Sometimes it is wise to eliminate turf in shade
T Cook photo
28. There are grasses that can grow in partial shade
Researchers always think they can find grasses that will do better in shade. In some cases they
are successful. Our trials at OSU have taught us a great deal about growing grass in the shade.
T Cook photo
29. Poa supina
In the PNW, the most common shade mixture
is perennial ryegrass + fine fescue. The ryegrass
helps get the stand started and the fine fescue
fills out the turf over time. As you can see from
the photo in the lower right portion of the slide,
this standard mix doesn’t look very dense. In truth
the standard mix fails nearly every time.
On the other hand, the Poa supina or the mix of
colonial bentgrass + Poa trivialis look a bit better.
None of them look outstanding and never will because
they are growing in shade!
Col. Bent + Poa trivialis Per. Rye. + Fine Fescue
T Cook photos
31. A shade mix for Pacific Coastal areas
Perennial ryegrass 2 lb per 1000
Fine fescue 1 lb per 1000
Poa supina 1 lb per 1000
Poa trivialis 1 lb per 1000
Colonial bentgrass 1 lb per 1000
Slice seed into existing turf or flail existing area and
then broadcast or slice seed. Plant in spring–early summer.
First of all, this is a mix that doesn’t currently exist and that you can’t buy. Someday seed sellers will put a mix
like this together perhaps, but don’t hold your breath. This mix is broad based and adaptable to a variety of
shade situations. It will give you a persistent lawn that will look pretty good most of the year. For now you will
have to assemble the mix by buying components and putting them together yourself. Talk to your supplier.
32. Shade mixes for Cool Arid areas
1) Ky. bluegrass 2 lb per 1000
Fine fescue 4 lb per 1000
2) Poa supina 2 lb per 1000
Fine fescue 4 lb per 1000
3) Tall fescue 8 lb per 1000
Slice seed into existing turf or flail existing area and
then broadcast or slice seed. Plant in early summer.
Shade is a lot easier to work with when you go east of the Cascades. The dry weather and the fact that grass
goes dormant in winter means you don’t have as much damage from leaf spot diseases. Mix #1 will work in most
shade situations, mix #2 I would use only in heavy shade, and mix # 3 is an alternative to mix # 1. I don’t like
to plant tall fescue in mixtures with other grasses because it doesn’t blend well in texture. It has very good
shade tolerance in the eastern parts of the Northwest, so even by itself it is a good choice.
33. General strategies for shady lawns
1. Eliminate turf in dense shade
2. Remove expendable trees
3. Raise tree crowns, thin canopies
4. Raise mowing height as appropriate
5. Bag clippings under messy trees
6. Use least amount of N fertilizer possible
7. Irrigate as little as possible
8. Accept weeds and moss as okay in shade
If you really want turf in shade, you need 4 to 6 hours of nearly full sun. This is no time for fantasies. Most of the
time you can compromise by removing some trees, thinning others, raising crowns of some trees, and carefully
picking the areas where you want to grow grass. If you want to have a dog run in a shaded area, grass is out of the
question. If you can’t see the sun during the day, grass is out of the question. Use your best common sense and
avoid planting grass where it doesn’t have a chance to thrive.