I am Sambhav Jain From Dayalbagh Educational INstitute, Agra doing Bsc.[Hons.] Agriculture.I have described here about the irrigation systems in greenhouse to be used by us.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
It is helpful for chickpea cultivation & production in Agricultural sector.These presentation include all the information up to storing. its language is very simple that why everybody easy to understand.
..........Thanks
Postharvesting handling of flowers
Post harvesting handling of flowers
Flower production
Horticulture
Floriculture
Post harvesting of ornamental crops
Value addtion to flowers
Value addition to ornamental crops
Value addition in floriculture
Post harvesting handeling of cut and loose flowers
Cut flower
Loose flower hanfling
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
It is helpful for chickpea cultivation & production in Agricultural sector.These presentation include all the information up to storing. its language is very simple that why everybody easy to understand.
..........Thanks
Postharvesting handling of flowers
Post harvesting handling of flowers
Flower production
Horticulture
Floriculture
Post harvesting of ornamental crops
Value addtion to flowers
Value addition to ornamental crops
Value addition in floriculture
Post harvesting handeling of cut and loose flowers
Cut flower
Loose flower hanfling
chapter 4-2-advanteges and disadvantages of sprincler Irrigations'mulugetakassa1988
It is a system by which water is applied above the ground in the form of spray some what resembling rainfall.
The spray (small water droplets) is caused by making the water to flow under pressure through small nozzles or sprays.
The difference is that this rainfall can be controlled in duration and intensity.
A sprinkler system conveys water through pipes and applies it with a minimum amount of losses.
advantages of sprinkler irrigation includes the following but not limited to
Accurate measurement of the applied water, rendering high water use efficiency.
Eliminates excessive losses from deep percolation, surface runoff and conveyance losses
Land with irregular topography can be irrigated by sprinklers without much leveling and land preparation.
Can be used on soils with low water holding capacity
Can be used on sloping lands
Does not require field channels and thus more areas become available for crop production .
Accurate measurement of the applied water, rendering high water use efficiency.
Eliminates excessive losses from deep percolation, surface runoff and conveyance losses
Land with irregular topography can be irrigated by sprinklers without much leveling and land preparation.
Can be used on soils with low water holding capacity
Can be used on sloping lands
Does not require field channels and thus more areas become available for crop production .
Fertigation and chemigation is possible
can be used for almost all crops and on most soils
Feasibility of frequent, small water amount applications for germination, cooling, frost protection, etc.
The closed water delivery system prevents contamination of the irrigation water.
A vast selection sprinkler nozzles facilitate the adjustment of the water precipitation rate to the intake rate of the applied water
it gives the information about various irrigation ideas and also gives information about suitability of method of irrigation according to the natural condition such as soil type etc,
this slide show is about the various technologies that are used in irrigation today. it has some brief data on various such techniques and also has a few listed advantages and disadvantages.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
3. NEED OF GREENHOUSE IRRIGATION
A well designed irrigation system is needed.
Quantity of water needed would depend on type of soil, size and
type of bed, growing area, the time of year and whether the heating
or Ventilated system is operating.
Since under watering (less frequent) and over watering (more
frequent) will be injurious to the crops, the rules of watering should be
strictly adhered to.
4. RULES OF WATERING
RULE1: Use a well drained substrate with good structure
If the root substrate is not well drained and aerated, proper watering can not be
achieved.
RULE 2 : Water thoroughly each time
Partial watering of the substrates should be avoided. As a rule, 10 to 15% excess of
water is supplied
RULE 3:
Since over watering reduces the aeration and root development, water should be
applied just before the plant enters the early symptoms of water stress.
5. IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN
GREENHOUSE
– Several irrigation water application systems are currently in use. These
include the following:-
1] Hand Watering
2] Automatic Watering System
1] Hand watering
– Age-old method by using a watering container or water hose.
– Appropriate for small-scale watering.
– Devices used are equipped with nozzles designed for a variety of
situations. some provide fine, misty sprays and some Coarser sprays.
– While handwatering operate can instant judge as to whether a plant
needs water.
– Applying water uniformly is difficult.
6. 2] AUTOMATIC WATERING SYSTEMS
May be semi-automatic or automatic.
Differ in installing cost and nature of their
working.
Various types of automatic watering
systems are used in Greenhouses.
– Tube watering
– Capillary Mat watering
– Overhead sprinklers
– Drip Irrigation
7. TUBE WATERING
• Most widely used system of watering
for potted plants.
• Water applied only to soil in the bed
without splashing on the plants.
• Microtubes are used that water
automatically in right amount
• Water-soluble nutrients easily
applied to plants.
• Expensive to install.
8. CAPILLARY MAT WATERING
Potted plants placed on Water-
absorbing fiber mat.
Water absorbed by Caillary action
through drainage holes in the bottom of
pots.
The mat is kept moist by tubes
installed on the bench.
Flexible and easy to install.
One problem is with the growth of
algae.
9. OVERHEAD SPRINKLERS
• Used on ground beds.
• Nozzles are mounted on risers
whose height depends on the
mature height of the Crop.
• For plants on benches, sprinkler
nozzles suspended above the
plants.
• Watering should be done in the
morning.
10. DRIP IRRIGATION
Water is delivered to plants at
frequent intervals through small holes
or emitters located along the tube.
Best means of Water Conservation.
Assures optimum production with
minimal uses of water.
Plant foliage diseases may be reduced
since foliage is not wetted during
irrigation.
