This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including what it is, how it spreads, testing and treatment. TB is a bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs. It spreads through air when people with active TB cough, sneeze or spit. Most people who are exposed develop latent TB but do not feel sick; they can develop active TB later. Testing identifies active TB or latent infection. Treatment of latent TB prevents active disease, while treatment of active TB requires multiple antibiotics for at least 6 months to cure the infection. Public health efforts focus on testing and treatment to eliminate TB in the United States.
Pulmonary TB (PTB) refers to any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving the lung parenchyma or the tracheobronchial tree. Miliary TB is classified as PTB because there are lesions in the lungs. Tuberculous intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (mediastinal and/or hilar) or tuberculous pleural effusion, without radiographic abnormalities in the lungs, constitutes a case of extrapulmonary TB. A patient with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB should be classified as a case of PTB.
Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) refers to any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving organs other than the lungs, e.g. pleura, lymph nodes, abdomen, genitourinary tract, skin, joints and bones, meninges.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) covering what it is, how it spreads, testing, treatment, and elimination efforts. Key points include:
- TB is an airborne disease that spreads through coughs/sneezes and can affect the lungs or other parts of the body.
- It can lie dormant as a latent infection or become an active disease depending on immune system strength.
- Testing identifies infections and disease which are treated to prevent spread and illness.
- While curable, TB disproportionately impacts foreign-born and socially vulnerable groups in the US. Maintaining control programs is important for elimination.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most commonly infects the lungs. It can be treated with a combination of anti-TB drugs. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While latent TB means the immune system has contained the infection, active TB means the person is sick and can spread the infection. Treatment involves a combination of first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most commonly infects the lungs. It can be treated with antibiotics. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While latent TB means the immune system has contained the infection and the person is not infectious, active TB means the person is sick and can spread the disease. Standard TB treatment involves a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a serious chronic pulmonary and systemic disease caused most often by M. tuberculosis. The source of transmission is humans with active tuberculosis who release mycobacteria present in sputum. Oropharyngeal and intestinal tuberculosis contracted by drinking milk contaminated with M. bovis is rare in countries where milk is routinely pasteurized, but it is still seen in countries that have tuberculous dairy cows and unpasteurized milk.
Epidemiology
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis is estimated to affect more than a billion individuals worldwide, with 8.7 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths each year. But there is significant progress toward WHO targets for reduction in cases of tuberculosis. Globally, between 2010 and 2011, new cases of tuberculosis fell at a rate of 2.2%, and mortality has decreased by 41% since 1990. Infection with HIV makes people susceptible to rapidly progressive tuberculosis; 13% of the people who developed tuberculosis in 2011 were HIV-positive. In 2011 there were 10,528 new cases of tuberculosis in the United States, 62% of which occurred in foreign-born people.
Tuberculosis flourishes wherever there is poverty, crowding, and chronic debilitating illness. In the United States, tuberculosis is mainly a disease of older adults, immigrants from high-burden countries, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with AIDS. Certain disease states also increase the risk: diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lung disease (particularly silicosis), chronic renal failure, malnutrition, alcoholism, and immunosuppression.
It is important that infection with M. tuberculosis be differentiated from active disease. Most infections are acquired by person-to-person transmission of airborne organisms from an active case to a susceptible host. In most healthy people primary tuberculosis is asymptomatic, although it may cause fever and pleural effusion. Generally, the only evidence of infection, if any remains, is a tiny, fibrocalcific pulmonary nodule at the site of the infection. Viable organisms may remain dormant in such lesions for decades. If immune defenses are lowered, the infection may be reactivated, producing communicable and potentially life-threatening disease.
Causative Organism
Tubercle bacillus or Koch’s bacillus (named after discovery of the organism by Robert Koch in 1882) called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in the lungs and other tissues of the human body. The organism is a strict aerobe and thrives best in tissues with high oxygen tension such as in the apex of the lung. Out of various pathogenic strains for human disease included in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, currently most common is M. tuberculosis hominis (human strain), while M. tuberculosis bovis (bovine strain) used to be common pathogen to human beings during the era of consumption of unpasteurised milk but presently constitutes a small number of human cases.
WORLD TUBERCULOSIS DAY MARCH 24 2021.pptxanjalatchi
The document discusses World Tuberculosis Day which occurs on March 24th each year. It notes that the 2021 theme is "The Clock is Ticking" to convey the urgency of acting to end TB. Some key facts about TB are provided, such as that 1.4 million people died from the disease in 2019, 10 million fell ill worldwide, and the 30 highest burden countries account for 87% of new cases. The document outlines definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of TB as well as prevention strategies and challenges in eliminating the disease by 2030.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including its definition, causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis and treatments. Key points include:
- TB is a potentially fatal contagious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria which usually affects the lungs.
- It can be spread through the air when a person with active pulmonary TB coughs or sneezes. Those at highest risk include people with compromised immune systems.
- Symptoms of active TB disease include coughing, chest pain, fever and weight loss. There are also latent and active forms of TB infection.
- Types of TB include pulmonary TB of the lungs as well as extra-pulmonary TB which can affect other organs. Diagn
Pulmonary TB (PTB) refers to any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving the lung parenchyma or the tracheobronchial tree. Miliary TB is classified as PTB because there are lesions in the lungs. Tuberculous intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (mediastinal and/or hilar) or tuberculous pleural effusion, without radiographic abnormalities in the lungs, constitutes a case of extrapulmonary TB. A patient with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB should be classified as a case of PTB.
Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) refers to any bacteriologically confirmed or clinically diagnosed case of TB involving organs other than the lungs, e.g. pleura, lymph nodes, abdomen, genitourinary tract, skin, joints and bones, meninges.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) covering what it is, how it spreads, testing, treatment, and elimination efforts. Key points include:
- TB is an airborne disease that spreads through coughs/sneezes and can affect the lungs or other parts of the body.
- It can lie dormant as a latent infection or become an active disease depending on immune system strength.
- Testing identifies infections and disease which are treated to prevent spread and illness.
- While curable, TB disproportionately impacts foreign-born and socially vulnerable groups in the US. Maintaining control programs is important for elimination.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most commonly infects the lungs. It can be treated with a combination of anti-TB drugs. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While latent TB means the immune system has contained the infection, active TB means the person is sick and can spread the infection. Treatment involves a combination of first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that most commonly infects the lungs. It can be treated with antibiotics. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. While latent TB means the immune system has contained the infection and the person is not infectious, active TB means the person is sick and can spread the disease. Standard TB treatment involves a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin and ethambutol over a period of 6-9 months.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a serious chronic pulmonary and systemic disease caused most often by M. tuberculosis. The source of transmission is humans with active tuberculosis who release mycobacteria present in sputum. Oropharyngeal and intestinal tuberculosis contracted by drinking milk contaminated with M. bovis is rare in countries where milk is routinely pasteurized, but it is still seen in countries that have tuberculous dairy cows and unpasteurized milk.
Epidemiology
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tuberculosis is estimated to affect more than a billion individuals worldwide, with 8.7 million new cases and 1.4 million deaths each year. But there is significant progress toward WHO targets for reduction in cases of tuberculosis. Globally, between 2010 and 2011, new cases of tuberculosis fell at a rate of 2.2%, and mortality has decreased by 41% since 1990. Infection with HIV makes people susceptible to rapidly progressive tuberculosis; 13% of the people who developed tuberculosis in 2011 were HIV-positive. In 2011 there were 10,528 new cases of tuberculosis in the United States, 62% of which occurred in foreign-born people.
Tuberculosis flourishes wherever there is poverty, crowding, and chronic debilitating illness. In the United States, tuberculosis is mainly a disease of older adults, immigrants from high-burden countries, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with AIDS. Certain disease states also increase the risk: diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lung disease (particularly silicosis), chronic renal failure, malnutrition, alcoholism, and immunosuppression.
It is important that infection with M. tuberculosis be differentiated from active disease. Most infections are acquired by person-to-person transmission of airborne organisms from an active case to a susceptible host. In most healthy people primary tuberculosis is asymptomatic, although it may cause fever and pleural effusion. Generally, the only evidence of infection, if any remains, is a tiny, fibrocalcific pulmonary nodule at the site of the infection. Viable organisms may remain dormant in such lesions for decades. If immune defenses are lowered, the infection may be reactivated, producing communicable and potentially life-threatening disease.
Causative Organism
Tubercle bacillus or Koch’s bacillus (named after discovery of the organism by Robert Koch in 1882) called Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in the lungs and other tissues of the human body. The organism is a strict aerobe and thrives best in tissues with high oxygen tension such as in the apex of the lung. Out of various pathogenic strains for human disease included in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, currently most common is M. tuberculosis hominis (human strain), while M. tuberculosis bovis (bovine strain) used to be common pathogen to human beings during the era of consumption of unpasteurised milk but presently constitutes a small number of human cases.
WORLD TUBERCULOSIS DAY MARCH 24 2021.pptxanjalatchi
The document discusses World Tuberculosis Day which occurs on March 24th each year. It notes that the 2021 theme is "The Clock is Ticking" to convey the urgency of acting to end TB. Some key facts about TB are provided, such as that 1.4 million people died from the disease in 2019, 10 million fell ill worldwide, and the 30 highest burden countries account for 87% of new cases. The document outlines definitions, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of TB as well as prevention strategies and challenges in eliminating the disease by 2030.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including its definition, causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis and treatments. Key points include:
- TB is a potentially fatal contagious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria which usually affects the lungs.
- It can be spread through the air when a person with active pulmonary TB coughs or sneezes. Those at highest risk include people with compromised immune systems.
- Symptoms of active TB disease include coughing, chest pain, fever and weight loss. There are also latent and active forms of TB infection.
- Types of TB include pulmonary TB of the lungs as well as extra-pulmonary TB which can affect other organs. Diagn
Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882. TB remains a major global health problem, infecting one third of the world's population and causing millions of deaths each year, primarily in developing countries. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological confirmation through sputum smear and culture. Treatment requires long courses of multiple antibiotics to cure TB disease and prevent drug resistance, with directly observed therapy essential to ensure patient adherence and cure.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is spread through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. Symptoms include a prolonged cough, chest pain, and weight loss. While TB can be treated with a combination of antibiotics over 6-9 months, it remains a major global health issue, with approximately 2 million deaths per year. Those at highest risk include the elderly, infants, and people with compromised immune systems. Vaccines and preventative measures like good nutrition can help reduce the spread and impact of this infectious disease.
Tuberculosis, or TB, is caused by bacteria that usually affect the lungs. It can be spread through the air when someone with active TB coughs or sneezes. There are two types of TB infection - latent TB, where the bacteria remain inactive in the body, and active TB, where the bacteria are causing symptoms and can be transmitted. To prevent the spread of TB, it is important to avoid exposure to those with active infections, get tested if exposed, and begin treatment right away if diagnosed with latent TB.
World Tuberculosis Day is observed on March 24th each year to raise awareness about tuberculosis (TB). TB is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs and is caused by bacteria. It is still one of the world's deadliest diseases, with 1.3 million deaths in 2022. The theme for World TB Day 2024 is "Yes! We can end TB" to convey a message of hope that efforts to end the TB epidemic can succeed through leadership, funding, and adoption of new strategies and treatments.
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB) in 5 paragraphs:
1) It describes TB as still a major global killer, infecting 2 billion people worldwide. TB usually infects the lungs and is spread through the air.
2) It notes the increased risk of active TB for HIV+ people and reasons for recent TB increases.
3) Methods of diagnosis and the importance of completing TB treatment to prevent multi-drug resistant strains are covered.
4) Prevention methods such as isolation and BCG vaccination are discussed.
5) The increased risk of active TB and different infection patterns in HIV+ people are summarized.
Epidemiology & Control measures for Tuberculosis. AB Rajar
n this Lecture I tried my best to include all essential features about the TB disease. I hope that this will help to undergraduate Medical students for better understanding the Disease.
The mission of the Montgomery County TB Control Program is to identify and treat tuberculosis (TB) disease early and decrease potential TB infections. TB is caused by bacteria that can affect the lungs and other organs. It can lie dormant as a latent infection or develop into active TB disease. The document provides details on latent vs. active TB, epidemiological data on TB cases, and treatment and screening guidelines for shelters.
HOME Conference 2010 - Update on TB TransmissionsMCCHMD
The Montgomery County TB Control Program aims to identify and treat tuberculosis (TB) and latent TB infection in order to protect public health. TB is a bacterial infection that typically affects the lungs. It can be latent with no symptoms or active with symptoms like cough and weight loss. The program provides testing, treatment and monitoring to prevent the spread of TB.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that usually affects the lungs. It can be spread through air when people with active TB disease cough, sneeze or speak. While most people who breathe in the bacteria have latent TB infection without symptoms, the bacteria can reactivate later and cause active TB disease. Active pulmonary TB in the lungs can produce symptoms like cough, fever and weight loss. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen for at least 6 months to cure active TB disease and prevent drug resistance. Public health efforts focus on testing and treating latent TB infection to prevent reactivation and further transmission.
1. The document discusses treating exposure and infection from tuberculosis (TB). If exposed to someone with latent TB infection, testing is not needed as the person cannot spread the infection. However, testing is recommended if exposed to someone with active TB disease or symptoms of TB.
2. A positive TB infection test only indicates exposure to the bacteria, not active TB disease, which requires further tests like a chest x-ray and sputum sample. Treatment for latent TB infection may be recommended for those at higher risk of developing active TB disease, such as people with HIV or recent exposure.
3. Active TB disease is treated with multiple drugs over 6-12 months, and it is important to take the full course as prescribed
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is spread through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. Common symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. While it usually affects the lungs, TB can infect other organs like the kidneys, spine, and brain. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6 months to kill the bacteria and prevent drug resistance.
Tuberculosis is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs and is spread through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. It can lie dormant as latent TB or cause active symptoms. Signs of active TB include coughing for three or more weeks, coughing up blood or mucus, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Treatment requires taking multiple drug medications for several months to eliminate the infection and prevent drug resistance.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are differences between latent TB infection, where the immune system keeps the bacteria dormant, and active TB disease, where symptoms develop. Drug-resistant strains of TB bacteria exist that are harder to treat. Globally in 2019, there were an estimated 10 million new cases of active TB disease and 1.2 million deaths from TB.
Tuberculosis presentation for medical studentsIbrahimKargbo13
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are differences between latent TB infection, where the immune system keeps the bacteria dormant, and active TB disease, where symptoms develop. Drug-resistant strains have emerged that are harder to treat. Globally in 2019, there were an estimated 10 million new cases of active TB disease and 1.2 million deaths.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can affect other parts of the body. While TB can be cured with proper treatment, it is important to complete the full treatment regimen to avoid developing drug-resistant strains. Transmission in healthcare settings is a concern, so facilities implement TB infection control plans including airborne precautions, prompt detection and treatment of infectious patients, and respiratory protection for healthcare workers.
- The document discusses tuberculosis (TB), a serious but treatable lung infection caused by bacteria. Common symptoms include coughing, weight loss, fever and night sweats.
- TB spreads through the air when people with the active infection cough, sneeze or spit. Sharing spaces with an infectious person for prolonged periods increases risk of transmission.
- Treatment involves taking a combination of antibiotics daily for 6-9 months. Failing to take the full course of drugs correctly can allow drug-resistant strains to develop. With proper treatment, TB infections are highly curable.
Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which spreads from person to person through droplets from coughs or sneezes. The bacteria infects the lungs and can spread to other organs. Risk factors for tuberculosis include conditions that weaken the immune system, especially HIV/AIDS. Some strains of the bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics.
This document provides information about breast self-examination. It recommends that all women over age 20 perform monthly breast self-examinations to check for any new lumps or abnormalities. Women ages 20 to 39 should have clinical breast exams every 3 years, while those over 40 should have yearly mammograms and clinical exams. The process of breast self-examination involves visually inspecting each breast and then carefully feeling each breast and lymph nodes for any masses, lumps, distortions, swelling or tenderness. Finding abnormalities should prompt a visit to a healthcare professional.
Nurses play a critical role in managing COVID-19 patients. They are responsible for direct patient care, ensuring quality nursing standards are met, and managing the symptoms of those infected. Nurses provide personalized care for COVID-19 patients, monitor their vital signs and oxygen levels, and help manage symptoms like breathing difficulties. They also engage in planning for potential outbreaks and delegating duties due to lack of staff from treating severe cases. Nurses must receive proper training on infection control practices like sanitization and use of protective equipment. Part of their role includes providing psychological support to patients who are anxious and fearful due to the virus.
Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882. TB remains a major global health problem, infecting one third of the world's population and causing millions of deaths each year, primarily in developing countries. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological confirmation through sputum smear and culture. Treatment requires long courses of multiple antibiotics to cure TB disease and prevent drug resistance, with directly observed therapy essential to ensure patient adherence and cure.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is spread through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. Symptoms include a prolonged cough, chest pain, and weight loss. While TB can be treated with a combination of antibiotics over 6-9 months, it remains a major global health issue, with approximately 2 million deaths per year. Those at highest risk include the elderly, infants, and people with compromised immune systems. Vaccines and preventative measures like good nutrition can help reduce the spread and impact of this infectious disease.
Tuberculosis, or TB, is caused by bacteria that usually affect the lungs. It can be spread through the air when someone with active TB coughs or sneezes. There are two types of TB infection - latent TB, where the bacteria remain inactive in the body, and active TB, where the bacteria are causing symptoms and can be transmitted. To prevent the spread of TB, it is important to avoid exposure to those with active infections, get tested if exposed, and begin treatment right away if diagnosed with latent TB.
World Tuberculosis Day is observed on March 24th each year to raise awareness about tuberculosis (TB). TB is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs and is caused by bacteria. It is still one of the world's deadliest diseases, with 1.3 million deaths in 2022. The theme for World TB Day 2024 is "Yes! We can end TB" to convey a message of hope that efforts to end the TB epidemic can succeed through leadership, funding, and adoption of new strategies and treatments.
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB) in 5 paragraphs:
1) It describes TB as still a major global killer, infecting 2 billion people worldwide. TB usually infects the lungs and is spread through the air.
2) It notes the increased risk of active TB for HIV+ people and reasons for recent TB increases.
3) Methods of diagnosis and the importance of completing TB treatment to prevent multi-drug resistant strains are covered.
4) Prevention methods such as isolation and BCG vaccination are discussed.
5) The increased risk of active TB and different infection patterns in HIV+ people are summarized.
Epidemiology & Control measures for Tuberculosis. AB Rajar
n this Lecture I tried my best to include all essential features about the TB disease. I hope that this will help to undergraduate Medical students for better understanding the Disease.
The mission of the Montgomery County TB Control Program is to identify and treat tuberculosis (TB) disease early and decrease potential TB infections. TB is caused by bacteria that can affect the lungs and other organs. It can lie dormant as a latent infection or develop into active TB disease. The document provides details on latent vs. active TB, epidemiological data on TB cases, and treatment and screening guidelines for shelters.
HOME Conference 2010 - Update on TB TransmissionsMCCHMD
The Montgomery County TB Control Program aims to identify and treat tuberculosis (TB) and latent TB infection in order to protect public health. TB is a bacterial infection that typically affects the lungs. It can be latent with no symptoms or active with symptoms like cough and weight loss. The program provides testing, treatment and monitoring to prevent the spread of TB.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that usually affects the lungs. It can be spread through air when people with active TB disease cough, sneeze or speak. While most people who breathe in the bacteria have latent TB infection without symptoms, the bacteria can reactivate later and cause active TB disease. Active pulmonary TB in the lungs can produce symptoms like cough, fever and weight loss. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen for at least 6 months to cure active TB disease and prevent drug resistance. Public health efforts focus on testing and treating latent TB infection to prevent reactivation and further transmission.
1. The document discusses treating exposure and infection from tuberculosis (TB). If exposed to someone with latent TB infection, testing is not needed as the person cannot spread the infection. However, testing is recommended if exposed to someone with active TB disease or symptoms of TB.
2. A positive TB infection test only indicates exposure to the bacteria, not active TB disease, which requires further tests like a chest x-ray and sputum sample. Treatment for latent TB infection may be recommended for those at higher risk of developing active TB disease, such as people with HIV or recent exposure.
3. Active TB disease is treated with multiple drugs over 6-12 months, and it is important to take the full course as prescribed
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is spread through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. Common symptoms include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. While it usually affects the lungs, TB can infect other organs like the kidneys, spine, and brain. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6 months to kill the bacteria and prevent drug resistance.
Tuberculosis is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs and is spread through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. It can lie dormant as latent TB or cause active symptoms. Signs of active TB include coughing for three or more weeks, coughing up blood or mucus, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, fever, and night sweats. Treatment requires taking multiple drug medications for several months to eliminate the infection and prevent drug resistance.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are differences between latent TB infection, where the immune system keeps the bacteria dormant, and active TB disease, where symptoms develop. Drug-resistant strains of TB bacteria exist that are harder to treat. Globally in 2019, there were an estimated 10 million new cases of active TB disease and 1.2 million deaths from TB.
Tuberculosis presentation for medical studentsIbrahimKargbo13
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are differences between latent TB infection, where the immune system keeps the bacteria dormant, and active TB disease, where symptoms develop. Drug-resistant strains have emerged that are harder to treat. Globally in 2019, there were an estimated 10 million new cases of active TB disease and 1.2 million deaths.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can affect other parts of the body. While TB can be cured with proper treatment, it is important to complete the full treatment regimen to avoid developing drug-resistant strains. Transmission in healthcare settings is a concern, so facilities implement TB infection control plans including airborne precautions, prompt detection and treatment of infectious patients, and respiratory protection for healthcare workers.
- The document discusses tuberculosis (TB), a serious but treatable lung infection caused by bacteria. Common symptoms include coughing, weight loss, fever and night sweats.
- TB spreads through the air when people with the active infection cough, sneeze or spit. Sharing spaces with an infectious person for prolonged periods increases risk of transmission.
- Treatment involves taking a combination of antibiotics daily for 6-9 months. Failing to take the full course of drugs correctly can allow drug-resistant strains to develop. With proper treatment, TB infections are highly curable.
Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which spreads from person to person through droplets from coughs or sneezes. The bacteria infects the lungs and can spread to other organs. Risk factors for tuberculosis include conditions that weaken the immune system, especially HIV/AIDS. Some strains of the bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics.
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This document provides information about breast self-examination. It recommends that all women over age 20 perform monthly breast self-examinations to check for any new lumps or abnormalities. Women ages 20 to 39 should have clinical breast exams every 3 years, while those over 40 should have yearly mammograms and clinical exams. The process of breast self-examination involves visually inspecting each breast and then carefully feeling each breast and lymph nodes for any masses, lumps, distortions, swelling or tenderness. Finding abnormalities should prompt a visit to a healthcare professional.
Nurses play a critical role in managing COVID-19 patients. They are responsible for direct patient care, ensuring quality nursing standards are met, and managing the symptoms of those infected. Nurses provide personalized care for COVID-19 patients, monitor their vital signs and oxygen levels, and help manage symptoms like breathing difficulties. They also engage in planning for potential outbreaks and delegating duties due to lack of staff from treating severe cases. Nurses must receive proper training on infection control practices like sanitization and use of protective equipment. Part of their role includes providing psychological support to patients who are anxious and fearful due to the virus.
The natural history of disease refers to the progress of a disease process in an individual over time without medical intervention. It begins with exposure to disease factors and ends with recovery, disability, or death. Understanding natural history is important for disease prevention and control. While cohort studies best establish natural history, it is also informed by other epidemiological study designs. The stages include preclinical disease, onset of signs and symptoms, seeking medical care, diagnosis, and treatment outcome. Prevention strategies target different phases and include primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary approaches.
The health care delivery system in India has three main levels: central, state, and district. At the central level, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for policymaking, planning, and coordinating health services. States each have their own health care systems overseen by state health directors. Districts are divided into subdivisions, blocks, municipalities, and villages served by primary health centers, community health centers, and hospitals. The system aims to provide comprehensive, accessible, affordable, and community-participatory health care through primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP), now called the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP). It discusses tuberculosis (TB) symptoms, risk factors, global and national burden. It describes the evolution of TB control in India from the 1950s to present day. Key aspects of the programme include detecting TB cases through laboratory systems and engaging private sectors, treating all diagnosed TB patients according to drug susceptibility testing results, preventing transmission through airborne infection control and contact tracing, and building health system capacity. The national strategic plan aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025 through goals of detecting, treating, preventing, and building under the NTEP.
This document provides an overview of Nikshay 2.0, an integrated information and communication technology system for tuberculosis patient management and care in India. It outlines the key features of Nikshay 2.0, how to access the system, the patient management workflow, how patient status is automatically updated, and how to get technical support.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. This Slide Deck Covers the
Following Topics about
Tuberculosis (TB):
1. What is Tuberculosis (TB)?
2. How TB spreads
3. Latent TB Infection and TB Disease
4. Risk Factors
5. TB Testing
6. Treatment
7. TB Elimination
2
4. Tuberculosis (TB)
• TB is spread from person to person through the air.
• TB is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. The bacteria, or TB germs, usually attack the
lungs. However, TB germs can attack any part of the body such
as the kidney, spine, or brain.
• Pulmonary TB is TB in the lungs.
• Extrapulmonary TB is TB in places other than the lungs, such as the
kidney, spine, or brain.
• Not everyone infected with TB germs becomes sick.
4
5. TB is the World’s Top Cause of
Death due to Infectious Disease
• TB is not a disease of the past.
• Too many people in the United States still suffer from TB.
• In 2019, there were 8,976 cases of TB disease in the United
States, which is the lowest number on record.
• TB is a serious disease that can cause a person to become
very sick if not treated with medicine.
• Treatments are available to prevent and cure TB.
5
10. TB Spreads
Through the Air
TB spreads from person
to person when someone
with contagious TB
coughs, speaks, or sings.
10
11. TB is NOT Spread by
Sharing
toothbrushes
Saliva from
kissing
Shaking
someone’s hand
Touching bed
linens or toilets
Sharing food,
drink, or utensils
11
13. Two TB-Related Conditions
Latent TB Infection (LTBI)
• People with latent TB infection
• Do not feel sick, do not have symptoms, and cannot spread
TB germs to others.
• Can have latent TB infection for years.
• Have a small amount of TB germs in their bodies that are
alive but inactive.
• Latent TB infection can develop into TB disease.
TB Disease
• If TB germs become active and multiply, latent TB infection can
turn into TB disease.
13
14. Not Everyone Who Is Infected with TB Becomes Sick
Person with
Latent TB Infection
Person with
TB Disease
Has a small amount of TB germs in
his/her body that are alive but inactive
Has a large amount of active TB
germs in his/her body
Cannot spread TB germs to others May spread TB germs to others
Does not feel sick, but may become sick if
the germs become active in his/her body
May feel sick and may have symptoms
such as a cough, fever, and/or weight loss
Usually has a positive TB skin test or TB
blood test result indicating TB infection
Usually has a positive TB skin test or TB
blood test result indicating TB infection
Should consider treatment for latent TB
infection to prevent TB disease
Needs treatment for TB disease
14
15. Untreated Latent TB Infection
Can Lead to TB Disease
• If the immune system can’t stop TB germs from growing,
they become active (multiplying in your body); this is called
TB disease.
• Most people diagnosed with TB disease in the United States
become sick after living with latent TB infection for years.
• It is estimated that up to 13 million people in the United
States have latent TB infection.
• Latent TB infection treatment is 90% effective in preventing
the development of TB disease.
15
16. Tuberculosis (TB) Disease: Only the Tip
of the Iceburg
There are two types of TB conditions: latent TB infection and TB disease.
People with TB disease are sick from active TB germs. They usually have
symptoms and may spread TB germs to others.
People with latent TB infection do not feel sick, do not have symptoms, and cannot
spread TB germs to others.
But, if their TB germs become active, they can develop TB disease.
Millions of people in the U.S. have latent TB infection Without treatment, they are
at risk for developing TB disease.
16
17. Possible TB Disease Symptoms
Night Sweats Fever Chills
Weakness
or fatigue
Weight loss No appetite
Cough lasting
longer than
3 weeks
Pain in
the chest
Coughing up
blood or sputum
(phlegm from inside
the lungs)
17
18. People with TB Disease Are Sick
and Can Spread TB Germs
• TB disease is a serious condition and can lead to death if
not treated.
• TB disease can almost always be treated and cured with medicine.
• A person with TB disease typically requires the following:
X-rays 180 days of medicine
Lab tests Follow up and testing of close contacts
18
19. Public Health Workers are
Responsible for Finding TB Contacts
• A TB contact is persons exposed to someone with contagious
TB disease
• Contacts can include family members, roommates or
housemates, close friends, coworkers, classmates, and others
• People with TB disease can spread TB germs to those around
them
• The local health department will conduct a contact
investigation by following up and testing those who have been
close to someone with TB
19
21. Who Is at Higher Risk For Becoming
Infected with TB Germs?
Anyone can get TB
Some people have a higher risk of getting infected
with TB:
• People who have contact with someone who has infectious TB disease
• People who were born in or who frequently travel to countries where TB
disease is common, including Mexico, the Philippines, Vietnam, India,
China, Haiti, Guatemala, and other countries with high rates of TB
• Health care workers and others who work or live in places at high risk for
TB transmission, such as homeless shelters, jails, and nursing homes
21
22. Since 2010, the Majority of U.S. TB Cases Occur in
Persons Born Outside of the United States*
*Percentages are rounded; data from 2019 22
23. Countries of Birth Among Non-U.S.-born
Persons with TB, United States 2019*
*Percentages are rounded 23
24. Reported TB Cases by Race/Ethnicity,*
United States, 2019 (N=8,868)†
* All races are non-Hispanic; multiple race indicates two or more races reported for a person but does not include persons of Hispanic/Latino origin.
† Excludes unknown/missing values 24
25. Who Is at Risk for Developing TB Disease?
People at high risk for developing TB disease generally fall into two categories:
• Those who have been recently infected with TB germs
• Those with medical conditions that weaken the immune system, such as:
HIV infection Substance abuse Specialized treatment for rheumatoid
arthritis or Crohn’s disease
Organ transplants Severe kidney
disease
Head or neck cancer Diabetes Medical treatments such
as corticosteroids
Silicosis Low body weight
25
27. Two Types of Tests Can Be Used
to Diagnose TB Infection
• TB blood test or
• TB skin test
OR
If either test is positive,
further tests are done to
confirm a diagnosis of
TB disease:
• Medical examination
• Chest x-ray
27
28. TB Blood Test
Blood is drawn and sent to a lab for analysis.
• Positive blood test: A person likely has been infected with
TB germs. Additional tests are needed to determine if the
person has latent TB infection or TB disease.
• Negative blood test: A person’s blood did not react to the test
and latent TB infection or TB disease is not likely.
The TB blood test is also known as an Interferon-Gamma Release
Assay (IGRA).
28
29. TB Skin Test
The TB skin test, also called the Mantoux tuberculin skin test
(TST), requires two visits with a healthcare provider.
On the first visit, a test is placed. On the second visit, the test is read.
29
30. People Vaccinated with BCG
Can Still Get TB Disease
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
• Is a vaccine for TB disease.
• Is often given to infants and small children in countries
where TB is more common.
• Protects against severe forms of TB in children.
The TB vaccine is not widely used in the United States.
30
31. TB Blood Tests Are Preferred for People
Who have Received the TB Vaccine (BCG)
• The TB vaccine (BCG) may make a TB skin test hard
to interpret.
• The TB vaccine does not affect TB blood tests results.
• TB blood tests give more accurate results in people
who have received the TB vaccine.
31
33. Treatment for Latent TB Infection Can
Prevent the Development of TB Disease
• TB germs in the body of someone with latent TB infection
are inactive, so they will not feel sick.
• As long as TB germs remain in the body, they can become active,
multiply, and make someone sick with TB disease.
• People with latent TB infection
• Should take medicine to prevent the development of TB disease,
even though they don’t feel sick.
33
34. Treatment for Latent TB Infection
Compared to treatment for TB disease, latent TB infection treatment
Is shorter.
Is less costly.
Has fewer side effects.
34
35. Treating TB Disease Protects Your
Health and the Health of Others
• People with TB disease can pass TB germs to their family,
friends, and others around them if they don’t take TB
medicine the right way.
• People with TB disease need to take several medicines when
they start treatment.
• After taking TB medicine for several weeks, a doctor will be
able to tell TB patients when they are no longer able to
spread TB germs to others.
• Most people take TB medicine for at least 6 months to
be cured.
35
37. Together We Can Work Toward
TB Elimination in the United States
1. Strengthen current TB programs to
diagnose and treat TB disease.
2. Increase efforts to identify and treat
latent TB infection.
37
38. Health Care Providers and
Communities Need to “Think TB!”
Protect the health and well-being of community members
at higher risk for TB:
• Know who is most at risk for TB
• Recognize the signs and symptoms of TB
• Test and treat patients who are at high risk for TB
• Be aware of latest TB research and shortest treatment
options
• Encourage conversations about TB and how it affects the
community to reduce stigma
38
39. Key
Partners
in TB
Elimination
• Health care workers in doctors’
offices and hospitals, community
health centers, and academic
institutions
• State and local health
departments
• Communities at higher risk for TB
39
40. Resources
CDC TB website:
www.cdc.gov/tb/
State & Local TB Control Offices:
www.cdc.gov/tb/links/tboffices.htm
Find TB Resources:
https://findtbresources.cdc.gov
Facebook:
www.facebook.com/CDCTB/
Twitter:
www.twitter.com/cdc_tb
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 40
Editor's Notes
This slide set is an introduction on the basics of tuberculosis, often referred to as TB.
TB is an airborne disease that spreads from person to person through the air. When a person breathes in TB germs, the germs can settle in the lungs and begin to grow. From there, the germs can move through the blood to other parts of the body, like the kidney, spine, or brain. Pulmonary TB is TB in the lungs. Extrapulmonary TB is TB disease that occurs in places other than the lungs.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/default.htm
Tuberculosis is preventable and treatable but remains the world’s deadliest infectious-disease killer. 2019 saw the United States’ lowest number of TB cases on record, but too many people still suffer from TB.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/default.htm
This graph shows the number of TB cases for each year from 1982 to 2019 (the most recent year for which TB data are available). In 1992, the U.S. had the highest number of reported TB cases during this period.
2019 saw the lowest number of US TB cases and lowest incidence rate on record, continuing a trend of declining cases and incidence since 1992.
Reaching the goal of TB elimination in the United States requires maintaining and strengthening current TB control priorities, while increasing efforts to identify and treat latent TB infection (LTBI) among high-risk populations. The TB elimination threshold is <1 case per 1,000,000 population, which is approximately 330 cases per year for the current U.S. population.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/default.htm
TB is still a life-threatening problem in this country, and it impacts people across the United States. TB knows no borders, and people in the United States are suffering from TB. Anyone can get TB. CDC has worked with the We Are TB Survivors Network and the National TB Controllers Association to highlight the personal experiences of people who have been diagnosed with and treated for TB disease, as well as the work of TB control professionals. These stories provide insight into some of the challenges TB survivors have had to overcome regarding their diagnosis and treatment of TB.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/personalstories.htm
This video shares a personal story of a TB survivor in the United States.
Tenzin’s treatment for multidrug-resistant TB lasted for over 2 years. With the help of his local and state TB programs, Tenzin began the long and challenging treatment process.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/personalstories.htm
This image shows how TB germs spread through the air. The TB germs are put into the air when a person with TB disease (on the left) of the lungs or throat coughs, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these germs (illustrated by the person on the right) and become infected. The person on the left has TB disease and is putting TB germs into the air. The person on the right is breathing in the TB germs into their lungs.
The best way to stop TB spread is to
Identify people who have TB.
Isolate those who are contagious.
Provide treatment as soon as possible to anyone who is contagious.
People with TB disease are most likely to spread it to people they spend time with every day, including family members, friends, coworkers, or schoolmates.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/howtbspreads.htm
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/exposed.htm
Not everyone infected with TB germs becomes sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection (sometimes called LTBI) and TB disease.
TB germs can live in the body without making you sick. This is called latent TB infection, or LTBI. People with latent TB infection have TB germs in their bodies, but do not have TB disease and cannot spread the infection to other people.
TB germs become active if the immune system can’t stop them from growing. When TB germs are active (multiplying in your body), this is called TB disease.
On this slide, the lung with latent TB infection (top) has a small amount of TB due to the immune system controlling the germs. The lung with TB disease (bottom) is full of TB because the immune system cannot stop the TB germs from growing and multiplying.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/tbinfectiondisease.htm
This table compares latent TB infection and TB disease.
Both latent TB infection and TB disease usually result in a positive TB skin test or TB blood test.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/tbinfectiondisease.htm
Progression from untreated latent TB infection to TB disease accounts for approximately 80% of U.S. TB cases. People can have latent TB infection for years and not know it.
Many people who have latent TB infection never develop TB disease. Some people develop TB disease soon after becoming infected (within weeks), before their immune system can fight the TB germs. Other people may get sick years later when their immune system becomes weak for another reason.
While not everyone with latent TB infection will develop TB disease, about 5–10% will develop TB disease over their lifetimes if not treated. The progression from latent TB infection to TB disease may occur at any time, but it is most common within the first two years of infection.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/tbinfectiondisease.htm
This graphic helps summarize TB disease and latent TB infection in the United States. TB disease is just the tip of the iceberg that is visible above the water. TB disease can be seen because of the active germs in a person’s body and the symptoms they experience. People with TB disease can spread TB to others.
However, the larger part of the iceberg that is hidden underwater represents latent TB infection. Like the iceberg, latent TB infection can be easily hidden because TB germs are inactive and people with latent TB germs do not feel sick. Many people with latent TB infection do not know they are infected with TB. There are up to 13 million people in the U.S. with latent TB infection. Without treatment for latent TB infection, they could develop TB disease.
Pulmonary TB disease develops in the lungs while extrapulmonary TB disease can develop in other parts of the body. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of TB Disease.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/signsandsymptoms.htm
People with TB disease feel sick and can spread TB germs, especially to people they spend time with every day.
A person with TB disease typically requires 180 days of medication plus X-rays, lab tests, and follow-up and testing of contacts.
TB disease is a serious condition and can lead to death if not treated. TB disease can almost always be treated and cured with medicine.
TB germs become active if the immune system can’t stop them from growing. When TB germs are active (multiplying in your body), this is called TB disease.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/ltbiandactivetb.htm
Conducting contact investigations is a priority for tuberculosis (TB) programs in the United States. The goals of a contact investigation are to successfully stop the spread of TB and prevent future cases and outbreaks of TB disease.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/ssmodules/pdfs/Module8.pdf
Others at higher risk include
Employees of high-risk congregate settings
Health care workers who serve patients with TB disease
Populations defined locally as having an increased incidence of latent TB infection or TB disease, including medically underserved populations, low-income populations, or people who abuse drugs or alcohol
Infants, children, and adolescents exposed to adults who are at increased risk for latent TB infection or TB disease
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/risk.htm
TB disease in the United States is most common among people who were born in countries with high rates of TB.
Demographic characteristics of TB patients have remained fairly consistent over the last several years. For example, since 2010, the majority of reported TB disease cases in the U.S. occur among non-U.S.-born persons. The data on this slide is from 2019.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2019/default.htm
As seen on the previous slide, TB disease in the United States is most common among people who were born in countries outside the U.S., usually countries with high rates of TB.
This pie chart shows the most common countries of birth among non-U.S.-born persons with TB disease reported in the U.S.
The most common countries of birth among non-U.S.-born TB patients remained fairly consistent over the last several years. This slide shows data from 2019 with Mexico (18.6%) the most frequently reported country of birth, followed by the Philippines (12.5%), India (9.1%), Vietnam (7.9%), and China (6.1%).
There are countries other than those you see here (grouped as Other Countries for this chart) with much higher rates of TB (i.e., cases per 100,000 people) for people who now live in the U.S., but a smaller number of people born in those countries now live in the U.S.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2019/table6A.htm and https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2019/table6B.htm
In 2019, non-Hispanic Asian persons continue to represent the largest proportion of TB patients (35.3%), followed by Hispanic persons (30.2%), non-Hispanic Black persons (19.7%), non-Hispanic White persons (11.4%), Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander persons (1.2%), American Indian/Alaska Native persons (0.9%), and persons of multiple races (0.8%).
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2019/table2.htm
While not everyone with latent TB infection will develop TB disease, about 5–10% will develop TB disease over their lifetimes if not treated. Progression from untreated latent TB infection to TB disease is estimated to account for approximately 80% of U.S. TB cases.
Babies and young children are also at higher risk because they often have weak immune systems.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/risk
Health care providers are encouraged to use newer TB blood tests to screen for TB infection. A positive TB skin test or TB blood test only tells that a person has been infected with TB germs. It does not tell whether the person has latent TB infection or has progressed to TB disease. Other tests, such as a chest x-ray and a sample of sputum, are needed to see whether the person has TB disease.
Generally, it is not recommended to test a person with both a TB skin test and a TB blood test.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/tbtesttypes.htm
Blood tests measure a person’s immune reactivity to TB germs. White blood cells from most people that have been infected with TB germs will release interferon-gamma (IFN-g) when mixed with antigens (substances that can produce an immune response) derived from TB germs.
Results for blood tests can be read as positive or negative. If the result is not a clear positive or negative, the test can be repeated.
Positive: Latent TB infection likely
Negative: Latent TB infection unlikely, but cannot be excluded, especially if
Patient has signs and symptoms consistent with TB disease
Patient has a high risk for developing TB disease once infected with TB germs
Blood tests are the preferred test for people who have received the bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. See slides 30 and 31 for more info on BCG.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/igra.htm
The image on the left shows a TB skin test being administered into a patient’s arm. The image on the right shows the test being read by measuring the reaction at the test injection site.
A skin test is NOT a vaccine for TB disease.
A TB skin test requires two visits with a health care provider.
On the first visit, the skin test is placed by injecting a small amount of fluid (called tuberculin) into the skin on the lower part of the arm. The skin will react if there are TB germs in the body.
A person given the tuberculin skin test must return within 48–72 hours to have a trained health care worker look for a reaction on the arm. The result depends on the size of the raised, hard area where the skin reacted.
The result depends on the size of the raised, hard area or swelling.
Positive skin test: This means the person’s body is infected with TB germs. Additional tests are needed to determine if the person has latent TB infection (LTBI) or TB disease.
Negative skin test: This means the person’s body did not react to the test, and that latent TB infection or TB disease is not likely.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/skintesting.htm
BCG is a vaccine for preventing TB disease. It is a weak form of bacteria that is closely related to the germs that cause TB. This vaccine is not widely used in the United States, but it is often given to infants and small children in other countries where TB is common. BCG vaccine does not always protect people from getting TB.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/vaccines.htm
Many people born outside of the United States have received the TB vaccine.
The TB vaccine may cause a false-positive reaction to the TB skin test, which can complicate decisions about treatment. The presence or size of a TB skin test reaction in those who have been vaccinated with BCG does not predict whether the vaccine will provide protection against TB disease.
TB blood tests, unlike the TB skin test, are not affected by prior TB vaccination and are easier to interpret in people who have received the TB vaccine.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/prevention/BCG.pdf
People with latent TB infection do not have symptoms, and they cannot spread TB germs to others. However, if latent TB germs become active in the body and multiply, the person will go from having latent TB infection to being sick with TB disease. For this reason, people with latent TB infection should be treated to prevent them from developing TB disease. Treatment of latent TB infection is essential to controlling TB in the United States because it substantially reduces the risk that latent TB infection will progress to TB disease.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/treatment/decideltbi.htm
Treating latent TB infection is effective in preventing TB disease. There are several options for the treatment of latent TB infection. There have been advances in shortening the length of latent TB infection treatment from 6–9 months to 3–4 months. Short-course latent TB infection treatments are effective, are safe, and have higher completion rates than longer treatments. Shorter regimens help patients finish treatment.
Treating latent TB infection is less costly than treating TB disease: $400-$600 to treat latent TB infection vs. $19,000 to treat TB disease.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ltbi/pdf/CDC-USPSTF-LTBI-Testing-Treatment-Recommendations-508.pdf
It is very important that people who have TB disease are treated, take the medicine exactly as prescribed, and finish all the medicine. If they stop taking the medicine too soon, they can become sick again; if they do not take the medicine correctly, the TB germs that are still alive may become resistant to those drugs. Resistance means that the drug can no longer kill the TB germs. Drug-resistant TB can occur when the drugs used to treat TB are misused or mismanaged. Examples of misuse or mismanagement include when
People do not complete a full course of TB treatment.
Health care providers prescribe the wrong treatment (the wrong dose or length of time).
Drugs for proper treatment are not available.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/treatment/tbdisease.htm
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/drtb/default.htm
Current TB control measures, including early identification of TB disease, prompt and appropriate treatment for persons with TB disease, and ensuring that TB patients complete treatment, continue to be critical. Identifying and treating persons with latent TB infection is also paramount to TB elimination. Eliminating TB in the U.S. will require this dual approach which includes strengthening existing systems to track and stop transmission of infectious TB disease and expanding efforts to address latent TB infection.
It’s Time to End TB, meaning
It’s time to test for and treat latent TB infection.
It’s time to strengthen TB education and awareness among health care providers.
It’s time to find, cure, and prevent all forms of TB in the United States and around the world.
It’s time to end stigma.
It’s time to speak up.
The key to diagnosing TB is for clinicians to “think TB” when they see a patient with signs and symptoms of TB disease. Because TB is not as common as it was years ago in the United States, many clinicians do not consider the possibility of TB when evaluating patients who have symptoms of TB. When this happens, the diagnosis of TB may be delayed or even overlooked, and the patient will remain ill and possibly infectious.
For more information: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/posters/thinktb.htm
TB control and prevention is a complex undertaking that requires the collaborative efforts of a broad range of individuals, organizations, and institutions in both the public and private health sectors.
State and local health departments have the primary responsibility for preventing and controlling TB. This includes the essential role of planning, coordinating, and evaluating program activities.
Health care workers in doctors’ offices and hospitals, community health centers, and academic institutions implement TB control efforts such as testing, treating, and reporting to health departments.