This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It notes that TB is transmitted via airborne droplets and its major risk factors include close contact with active TB cases, immunosuppression, poverty, and smoking. Diagnosis involves sputum microscopy, culture, nucleic acid tests, chest imaging, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment follows the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course) strategy to cure TB and prevent drug resistance.
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB) in the Philippines. It states that TB is considered the world's deadliest disease and remains a major public health problem in the Philippines. It is caused by tubercle bacilli and primarily affects the respiratory system but can also affect other organs. It ranks as the 6th leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. The document then provides details on symptoms, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of TB cases according to national policies and guidelines. It also discusses the DOTS strategy for TB control.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Globally in 2011-2016, there were an estimated 8.7 million new TB cases. TB can affect any part of the body but most commonly the lungs. It is treated with a combination of antibiotic drugs over a period of 6-9 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to cure the disease and prevent drug resistance.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
Tuberculosis is a global disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It infects around a third of the world's population and causes millions of deaths each year. Common symptoms include cough, weight loss, and fever. Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy, chest x-ray, and culture. Treatment requires prolonged multi-drug chemotherapy over 6-24 months to prevent drug resistance. Directly observed therapy is recommended to ensure treatment adherence and cure.
1. Tuberculosis is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which usually implant in the lungs. The immune system tries to contain the infection by surrounding it with immune cells.
2. Symptoms of active TB infection include fatigue, weight loss, fever, cough and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and Mantoux skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using DOTS (directly observed therapy), to ensure complete treatment and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on promoting airway clearance, medication adherence, activity, nutrition, and preventing spread.
this presentation is based on national health program in india in relation to tuberculosis and malaria as these are mostly occuring disease in india so national program are organised to irradicate the spread of vector borne disease by various methods like controlling the vector (mosquitos) from spreading
role of community pharmacist in educating and monitoring of patients for infection and counselling and educating them regarding the control of malaria and tb.
This document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and most commonly infects the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when a person with active TB coughs or sneezes.
- In 2017, there were nearly 10 million new TB cases globally, making it one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Rates are highest in Southeast Asia and India.
- Symptoms can include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray,
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. India has the highest TB burden globally, with nearly 20% of global cases. The disease is transmitted via droplets from the lungs of untreated patients and can infect 10-15 people annually. Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy and culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics over 6-9 months. Prevention strategies include case finding, treatment of active cases, and BCG vaccination of infants.
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB) in the Philippines. It states that TB is considered the world's deadliest disease and remains a major public health problem in the Philippines. It is caused by tubercle bacilli and primarily affects the respiratory system but can also affect other organs. It ranks as the 6th leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. The document then provides details on symptoms, transmission, diagnosis and treatment of TB cases according to national policies and guidelines. It also discusses the DOTS strategy for TB control.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal contagious disease that mainly affects the lungs. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Globally in 2011-2016, there were an estimated 8.7 million new TB cases. TB can affect any part of the body but most commonly the lungs. It is treated with a combination of antibiotic drugs over a period of 6-9 months. Strict adherence to treatment is important to cure the disease and prevent drug resistance.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
Tuberculosis is a global disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It infects around a third of the world's population and causes millions of deaths each year. Common symptoms include cough, weight loss, and fever. Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy, chest x-ray, and culture. Treatment requires prolonged multi-drug chemotherapy over 6-24 months to prevent drug resistance. Directly observed therapy is recommended to ensure treatment adherence and cure.
1. Tuberculosis is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which usually implant in the lungs. The immune system tries to contain the infection by surrounding it with immune cells.
2. Symptoms of active TB infection include fatigue, weight loss, fever, cough and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and Mantoux skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using DOTS (directly observed therapy), to ensure complete treatment and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on promoting airway clearance, medication adherence, activity, nutrition, and preventing spread.
this presentation is based on national health program in india in relation to tuberculosis and malaria as these are mostly occuring disease in india so national program are organised to irradicate the spread of vector borne disease by various methods like controlling the vector (mosquitos) from spreading
role of community pharmacist in educating and monitoring of patients for infection and counselling and educating them regarding the control of malaria and tb.
This document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some key points:
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and most commonly infects the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when a person with active TB coughs or sneezes.
- In 2017, there were nearly 10 million new TB cases globally, making it one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Rates are highest in Southeast Asia and India.
- Symptoms can include cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests like sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray,
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. India has the highest TB burden globally, with nearly 20% of global cases. The disease is transmitted via droplets from the lungs of untreated patients and can infect 10-15 people annually. Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy and culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics over 6-9 months. Prevention strategies include case finding, treatment of active cases, and BCG vaccination of infants.
- Childhood tuberculosis is challenging to diagnose due to difficulties in confirming infection status and obtaining bacteriological confirmation.
- Risk of developing active TB is highest in the first two years of life, with disseminated disease and mortality also more common in young children.
- Diagnosis relies on clinical features, radiology, tuberculin skin testing, and bacteriological confirmation through sputum/gastric aspirate sampling and culture.
- Treatment guidelines in India recommend 6 months of chemotherapy for all childhood contacts of active TB cases, and clinically diagnosed cases can now begin treatment if confirmation testing is negative.
1. Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Leptospira interrogans, which is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or tissues. Common symptoms include jaundice, hemorrhage, and acute renal failure. Diagnosis is challenging due to low success of isolation and unreliable direct demonstration. Early antibiotic treatment is important to prevent complications.
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Symptoms include hemoptysis and anorexia. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest radiography, and sputum smear/culture. Standard treatment is a multi-drug
communicable disease topic for Nurses.pptxSagar Masne
- Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. It remains a significant global public health threat despite being preventable and curable. TB is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum smear microscopy, and culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics over at least six months under direct observation to prevent drug resistance. Preventive measures include vaccination, infection control, and addressing social determinants of health.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
Brief idea- tuberculosis, causative agent, epidemiology of disease in world and India, burden in HIV patients, Burden on Indian Economy, disease symptoms, control programmes implemented by government
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It defines TB as an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The document discusses the pathogenesis, stages, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, medical management including drug therapy, and nursing care of patients with pulmonary TB. It also covers complications, education on respiratory hygiene and home care considerations for patients.
Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882. TB remains a major global health problem, infecting one third of the world's population and causing millions of deaths each year, primarily in developing countries. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological confirmation through sputum smear and culture. Treatment requires long courses of multiple antibiotics to cure TB disease and prevent drug resistance, with directly observed therapy essential to ensure patient adherence and cure.
This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
- In high TB burden countries, the rate of drug-resistant TB is higher than in low burden countries. Most DR-TB cases have a history of prior TB treatment. Risk factors include close contact to MDR-TB patients and young age. Poor access to healthcare and alcohol abuse can also increase DR-TB risk.
- DR-TB therapy consists of standard and individualized regimens. The decision depends on previous treatment history, local resistance patterns, patient factors, and proven susceptibility to regimen components. Long treatment durations increase challenges like poor adherence due to side effects and psychosocial issues.
TB 2013_Diagnosis and clinical presentationRamadan Arafa
This document discusses the clinical presentation and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). It presents 3 case studies and discusses the typical symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic approach for TB. Key points include: 1) TB most commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms like fever, night sweats, and weight loss; 2) diagnostic approach involves sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray and consideration of risk factors; 3) delay in diagnosis can increase transmission and disease severity.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) including:
1. TB epidemiology statistics for Pakistan which has a high burden of TB with an estimated 250,000 new cases and 64,000 deaths per year.
2. Definitions of key TB terms such as prevalence, incidence, drug resistant cases, and treatment outcomes.
3. Descriptions of diagnostic tests for TB including the tuberculin skin test and its limitations, as well as the QuantiFERON blood test.
4. Overviews of the WHO recommended DOTS strategy for TB control, which involves direct observation of treatment, and the five elements of effective TB programs.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) including:
1. TB epidemiology statistics for Pakistan which has a high burden of TB with an estimated 250,000 new cases and 64,000 deaths per year.
2. Definitions of key TB terms like prevalence, incidence, drug resistant cases, and treatment outcomes.
3. Descriptions of diagnostic tests for TB like the tuberculin skin test and Quantiferon blood test which can have false negative or positive results.
4. Overviews of the WHO recommended DOTS strategy for TB control, which has 5 elements including government commitment, quality case detection and treatment supervision.
The CDC guidelines outline 6 groups at higher risk for active TB: those with HIV/immunosuppression, immigrants from high prevalence countries, individuals exposed in high-risk environments like homeless shelters or prisons, those with drug resistant TB, babies/young children/elderly/low weight individuals, and substance abusers. Active TB is treated with a multi-drug regimen for 6-9 months while latent TB infection requires treatment to prevent progression to active disease.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its epidemiology, causative agent, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when infected individuals cough, sneeze, talk or spit. It can infect the lungs (pulmonary TB) or other organs (extra-pulmonary TB).
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of sputum samples for acid-fast bacilli, culture testing, and more recently PCR and gene-based tests. India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) is based on the WHO DOTS strategy to improve cure rates and case detection.
Presentation final 3.0 super latestestestestestest.pptxAkshitRana26
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including:
- Causative agent, symptoms, and modes of transmission
- Disease burden globally and in India
- Diagnostic methods under India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) including sputum smear microscopy, culture-based tests, and molecular tests
- Evolution of TB control in India from early programs to NTEP, which aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) presented by several individuals from NIPER Kolkata. It discusses the history, biology, pathogenesis, stages of infection, virulent mechanisms, prevalence, current scenario, WHO recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and preventive measures for TB. The WHO aims to reduce global TB incidence rate by 2035 through its End TB Strategy which focuses on early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and monitoring & evaluation of programs.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) presented by several individuals from NIPER Kolkata. It discusses the history, biology, pathogenesis, stages of infection, virulent mechanisms, prevalence, current scenario, WHO recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and preventive measures for TB. The WHO aims to reduce global TB incidence rate by 2035 through its End TB Strategy which focuses on early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and monitoring programs.
This is about tuberculosis , features, diagnosis and management. With reference to Uganda Clinical Guidelines
By Okeke Gloria, Kasule Steven, Sengooba Dennis Nyanzi
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Childhood tuberculosis is challenging to diagnose due to difficulties in confirming infection status and obtaining bacteriological confirmation.
- Risk of developing active TB is highest in the first two years of life, with disseminated disease and mortality also more common in young children.
- Diagnosis relies on clinical features, radiology, tuberculin skin testing, and bacteriological confirmation through sputum/gastric aspirate sampling and culture.
- Treatment guidelines in India recommend 6 months of chemotherapy for all childhood contacts of active TB cases, and clinically diagnosed cases can now begin treatment if confirmation testing is negative.
1. Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Leptospira interrogans, which is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or tissues. Common symptoms include jaundice, hemorrhage, and acute renal failure. Diagnosis is challenging due to low success of isolation and unreliable direct demonstration. Early antibiotic treatment is important to prevent complications.
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Symptoms include hemoptysis and anorexia. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest radiography, and sputum smear/culture. Standard treatment is a multi-drug
communicable disease topic for Nurses.pptxSagar Masne
- Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. It remains a significant global public health threat despite being preventable and curable. TB is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum smear microscopy, and culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics over at least six months under direct observation to prevent drug resistance. Preventive measures include vaccination, infection control, and addressing social determinants of health.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
Brief idea- tuberculosis, causative agent, epidemiology of disease in world and India, burden in HIV patients, Burden on Indian Economy, disease symptoms, control programmes implemented by government
This document provides an overview of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). It defines TB as an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. TB is spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The document discusses the pathogenesis, stages, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, medical management including drug therapy, and nursing care of patients with pulmonary TB. It also covers complications, education on respiratory hygiene and home care considerations for patients.
Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882. TB remains a major global health problem, infecting one third of the world's population and causing millions of deaths each year, primarily in developing countries. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological confirmation through sputum smear and culture. Treatment requires long courses of multiple antibiotics to cure TB disease and prevent drug resistance, with directly observed therapy essential to ensure patient adherence and cure.
This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
- In high TB burden countries, the rate of drug-resistant TB is higher than in low burden countries. Most DR-TB cases have a history of prior TB treatment. Risk factors include close contact to MDR-TB patients and young age. Poor access to healthcare and alcohol abuse can also increase DR-TB risk.
- DR-TB therapy consists of standard and individualized regimens. The decision depends on previous treatment history, local resistance patterns, patient factors, and proven susceptibility to regimen components. Long treatment durations increase challenges like poor adherence due to side effects and psychosocial issues.
TB 2013_Diagnosis and clinical presentationRamadan Arafa
This document discusses the clinical presentation and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). It presents 3 case studies and discusses the typical symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic approach for TB. Key points include: 1) TB most commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms like fever, night sweats, and weight loss; 2) diagnostic approach involves sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray and consideration of risk factors; 3) delay in diagnosis can increase transmission and disease severity.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) including:
1. TB epidemiology statistics for Pakistan which has a high burden of TB with an estimated 250,000 new cases and 64,000 deaths per year.
2. Definitions of key TB terms such as prevalence, incidence, drug resistant cases, and treatment outcomes.
3. Descriptions of diagnostic tests for TB including the tuberculin skin test and its limitations, as well as the QuantiFERON blood test.
4. Overviews of the WHO recommended DOTS strategy for TB control, which involves direct observation of treatment, and the five elements of effective TB programs.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) including:
1. TB epidemiology statistics for Pakistan which has a high burden of TB with an estimated 250,000 new cases and 64,000 deaths per year.
2. Definitions of key TB terms like prevalence, incidence, drug resistant cases, and treatment outcomes.
3. Descriptions of diagnostic tests for TB like the tuberculin skin test and Quantiferon blood test which can have false negative or positive results.
4. Overviews of the WHO recommended DOTS strategy for TB control, which has 5 elements including government commitment, quality case detection and treatment supervision.
The CDC guidelines outline 6 groups at higher risk for active TB: those with HIV/immunosuppression, immigrants from high prevalence countries, individuals exposed in high-risk environments like homeless shelters or prisons, those with drug resistant TB, babies/young children/elderly/low weight individuals, and substance abusers. Active TB is treated with a multi-drug regimen for 6-9 months while latent TB infection requires treatment to prevent progression to active disease.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its epidemiology, causative agent, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when infected individuals cough, sneeze, talk or spit. It can infect the lungs (pulmonary TB) or other organs (extra-pulmonary TB).
- Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of sputum samples for acid-fast bacilli, culture testing, and more recently PCR and gene-based tests. India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) is based on the WHO DOTS strategy to improve cure rates and case detection.
Presentation final 3.0 super latestestestestestest.pptxAkshitRana26
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including:
- Causative agent, symptoms, and modes of transmission
- Disease burden globally and in India
- Diagnostic methods under India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) including sputum smear microscopy, culture-based tests, and molecular tests
- Evolution of TB control in India from early programs to NTEP, which aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) presented by several individuals from NIPER Kolkata. It discusses the history, biology, pathogenesis, stages of infection, virulent mechanisms, prevalence, current scenario, WHO recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and preventive measures for TB. The WHO aims to reduce global TB incidence rate by 2035 through its End TB Strategy which focuses on early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and monitoring & evaluation of programs.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) presented by several individuals from NIPER Kolkata. It discusses the history, biology, pathogenesis, stages of infection, virulent mechanisms, prevalence, current scenario, WHO recommendations for diagnosis and treatment, and preventive measures for TB. The WHO aims to reduce global TB incidence rate by 2035 through its End TB Strategy which focuses on early detection, accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and monitoring programs.
This is about tuberculosis , features, diagnosis and management. With reference to Uganda Clinical Guidelines
By Okeke Gloria, Kasule Steven, Sengooba Dennis Nyanzi
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
2. RISK FACTORS
Close contact with someone who have active TB
Immunocompromised status
Drug abuse and alcoholism
Cigarette smoking
Poorly controlled diabetes
Poverty , Overcrowding
Healthcare personnel
Immigrants from countries with higher incidence of TB
9. 1. Elimination Of the Reservoir
Early detection of the cases.
Prompt treatment by effective medications as per the national
guidelines.
10. 2. Breaking the chain of transmission
Careful collection and management of patient sputum.
Isolation of the patient till sputum is free of bacilli.
Use of handkerchief while sneezing and coughing.
11. 3. Protecting the susceptible
Clean housing
Personal hygiene
Nutritious diet
Regular exercise and healthy lifestyle
No smoking and alcohol
Vaccination
Controlling diabetes
12. Vaccination
◦ BCG (Bacillius Calmette –Guerin) Vaccine
Live attenuated vaccine(M.bovis)
Given intradermally
Immunity lasts for 10-15 years
Given to children and adults with high risk of TB
Contraindications :HIV or immunocompromised patients
13. Vaccination in Nepal
BCG vaccine campaign started in Nepal in 1979.
Given to neonate immediately after birth
Route: Intradermal
Site: left upper arm in deltoid region
Dose : 1 (0.05ml)
15. What is DOTS therapy?
◦ DOTS (directly-observed therapy, short-course) chemotherapy means that the patient taking
the medicine should be observed by a nominated person, and the taking of the medicine
should be recorded. This ensures that the patient takes the medication regularly, which is
essential for the medicines to be effective – and to prevent the bacteria from becoming
resistant and the drug from becoming ineffective.
◦ It is a strategy to ensure cure by providing the most effective medicine and confirming that
is taken. This can be at the TB clinic, patient’s home or place of work, or any other
convenient location.
◦ DOTS plus: It refers to a DOT program that adds components for MDR-TB diagnosis,
management and treatment.
◦ Started in Nepal in September, 2005.
16. DOTS therapy
Phases of DOTS THERAPY:
1. Intensive Phase:
In DOTS, during the intensive phase of treatment a health worker or other trained
person watches as patient swallows drug in her/his presence.
2. Continuation phase:
During continuation phase, patient is issued medicine for one week in a multiblister
combipack of which the first dose is swallowed by the patient in the presence of health
worker or trained person.
The consumption of medicine in the continuation phase is also checked by return of
empty multiblister combipack, when the patient comes to collect medicine the next
week.
17. Community based DOTS
◦ Community based DOTS is an approach taken for patients who cannot attend TB
treatment centre regularly due to various reasons.
◦ Such patient will be treated in the community close to a community volunteers.
◦ Objectives of DOTS program:
◦ To increase the tubercular treatment accessibility to the patient.
◦ Treatment adherence.
◦ To raise awareness regarding disease condition in the community and decrease social
stigma.
18. Five elements of DOTS
Political commitment with increased and sustained financing.
Case detection through quality assured bacteriology.
Standardized treatment with supervision and patient support.
An effective drug supply and management system.
Monitoring and evaluation system and impact measurement system.
19. Advantages of DOTS
Increase cure rate by providing most effective drugs. Treatment success rate is upto
95%.
Cure is rapid with short course.
Decrease transmission of TB.
Decrease chance of resistance.
It is successful and effective strategy
It helps in reduction of poverty by rapid cure.
20. Disadvantages of DOTS
This isn’t rapid and reliable method of all TB treatment.
Patient compliance has to be ensured.
There is no single regimen of treatment.
Difficult in remote areas.
Spreading of MDR-PTB if volunteers don’t take precautions.
21.
22. Host factors(human)
i. Age- In developing countries, more common in young age group.
In developed countries, more common in elderly.
ii. Sex- More prevalent in males.
iii. Heredity- It is not a hereditary disease but study shows that inherited
susceptibility is important risk factor.
23. iv. Nutrition- Malnutrition is widely believed to predispose to
tuberculosis.
v. Immunity- Man has no inherited immunity against
tuberculosis. It is acquired as a result of natural infection or
BCG vaccination.
vi. Alcoholism
vii. Diabetes mellitus
viii. HIV infection
24. HIV and TB Co-infection
HIV virus damages the immune system and accelerates the progression of TB
from being a harmless infection to a life threatening condition.
patients with HIV infection are 25-30 times more likely to develop active tb.
Increased risk of recurrences and reactivation of Latent infection.
Diagnosis becomes more difficult because:
a. Co-infected people may have higher frequency of negative sputum smears and confirmation
may require sputum culture.
b. As the response of immune system is damaged in HIV, the tuberculin skin test often fails to
work.
c. In the absence of fully functioning immune system, there is less lung cavitation and Chest
radiography becomes less useful.
d. Cases of extra-pulmonary TB are more common.
25. Agent- M. tuberculosis
Non motile, non sporing, non capulated bacillus
Size- 2-3 x 0.2- 0.4 micrometers.
Is present singly or in groups
Gram staining- weakly gram positive.
Zeihl- Neel’s stain- acid fast- appears bright red.
27. Environmental factors-
D
Poor quality of life
Poor housing
Overcrowding
Population explosion
Under nutrition
Lack of education, lack of awareness of illness
Large families
Early marriages
32. Pathogenesis of TB
• Inhalation of airborne droplet containing MTB
• ↓
• Travel through respiratory tract to the alveoli/ distal airways
↓
• Engulfment by activated alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells
↓
• Replication of MTB inside macrophages
↓
• Brusting of cells, Release of bacilli and entry into other cells
↓
33. • Local pro-inflammatory response
↓
• Recruitment of mononuclear and Dendritic cells
↓
• Infected macrophages, dendritic cells spreads to lymph nodes
↓
• T cell activation in Lymph nodes
↓
• Initiation of cell mediated immunity
↓
34. • Migration of activated T cells
↓
• Formation of granulomas → containment of MTB(Dormant bacilli)
and leads to Latent TB
↓
• Liquefaction of granuloma
• Neutrophils influx
• Leads to Primary TB
35. Control of TB
• TB control:
• Reduction in prevalence and incidence of disease in the
community.
• WHO definition:
• TB control is achieved when prevalence of natural infection in the
age group 0-14 years is in order of 1%
36. Curative component of TB
A. Case findings
• Case : sputum positive cases
• Target group:
Ptx with one or more symptoms referable to chest
1. Persistent cough
2. fever
3. Hemoptysis
4. Chest pain
Ptx seeking medical advice
37. Case finding Tools
• AFB Microscopy
• Fluorescence microscopy with auramine rhodamine stain
• LED ( Fluorescent Light Emitting Diode) microscopy
38. AFB Microscopy
• Collection of sample:
• National TB Program recommends taking 2 samples on same day
with 2 hours interval.
• Previously,
• Spot sample followed by early morning sample on next day
39. Slide Reporting
• It is based on no. of bacilli seen under 1000x magnification in a
smear.
• Reflects
disease severity
patients’ infectivity
40. Slide Interpretation
No. of bacilli under ZN stain Result reported
No bacilli per 100 OIF 0
1-9 bacilli per 100 OIF Scanty
10-99 bacilli per 100 OIF +
1-10 bacilli per OIF ++
> 10 bacilli per OIF +++
41. Results:
• Smear positive:
1 out of 2 smears is positive
• Smear negative:
both the smear tested are negative
Symptomatic treatment given
Broad spectrum antibiotics except FQ, Rifampicin or streptomycin
for 10-14 days.
42. • If no improvement,
• Case I
• Repeat sputum examination
↓
if one of 2 smear +ve
↓
smear positive patient
43. • If no improvement,
• Case II
Repeat sputum examination
↓
if none of the smear +ve
↓
chest X-ray taken
↓
X-ray finding consistent with Pulmonary TB
↓
patient k/a sputum –ve pulmonary TB
44. False positive and false negative results:
• False positive results:
Technical errors
Contamination
Other acid fast particles
• False negative results:
Problem in collecting, processing or interpreting
Technical errors
45. Other tools
• Fluoresence microscopy with auramine rhodamine stain
Routinely not done → expensive
• LED ( Fluorescent Light Emitting Diode) microscopy
recommended by WHO as microscopy tool of choice.
46. Diagnostic Tools
• Nucleic Acid Amplification Test
• Mycobacterial culture
• Drug Susceptibility Testing
• Radiography
47. Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology
I. Gene X-pert MTB/ RIF (Resistance to Rifampicin)
integrates
sputum processing
DNA extraction & DNA amplification
leads to TB and MDR-TB diagnosis
Sensitivity similar to culture
Target mycobacterium Tuberculosis specifically
Enable simultaneous detection of Rifampicin resistance
Can be used as marker for MDR-TB with high accuracy
48. • Xpert MTB/RIF started in Nepal in 2011/2012
• 55 Xpert MTB/RIF centers
• 58 Gene Xpert machines
II. Xpert MTB/ RIF ultra assay
III. TB-LAMP ( Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification)
49. Mycobacterial Culture
• Gold standard for both diagnosis and drug susceptibility testing
• Method of choice for drug resistant TB treatment monitoring
Conventional culture methods:
• Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) media
• Takes 8 wks for –ve results
• Takes 4-6 wks after initial culture for drug susceptibility testing.
• Disadvantage: takes long duration to isolate the organism
50. Culture
Commercial Liquid Culture System:
• Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT)
• Recommended by WHO as reference standard for culture
• Culture become +ve after 10 days to 2-3 weeks
• Tubes are read on weekly basis until 8th week of incubation before
result is declared to be –ve.
51. Drug Susceptibility Testing
• Recommended as current standard of care by WHO for all TB
patients
• Should consist
At least rifampicin for all initial isolates of MTB as rifampicin
resistance is excellent proxy for MDR-TB
One or more risk factors for drug resistance are identified or if
patient either fails to respond to initial therapy or has a relapse
after completion of treatment
52. expanded and rapid susceptibility for isoniazid
Rapid susceptibility test for second line anti- TB drugs especially
FQs and injectable drugs when RR-TB is found.
I. Gene Xpert MTB/RIF: detects rifampicin resistance
II. Line Probe Assay:
• PCR based test for diagnosis and determining susceptibility to anti
TB drugs
53. • 1st line LPA: isoniazid and rifampicin susceptibility
• 2nd line LPA: FQ and injectable anti TB drugs ( Aminoglycosides and
polypeptides susceptibility
• Disadvantages:
Needs higher bacterial load in sample than Xpert for +ve result
• Preferred smear +ve sample and culture over LPA.
54. • Patient eligible for LPA:
1. All previously treated patients presenting with TB should be
tested with LPA (1st line) at start of treatment.
2. All RR-TB cases should be tested with LPA (1st and 2nd line) and
culture, DST at start of treatment.
3. All treatment non- responders
III. Culture
56. Diagnosis of Latent TB infection
• Tuberculin test
• Interferon-γ Release Assay
i. Quantiferon
ii. T.spot TB test
57. Tuberculin test
• Provides evidence of past or present infection i.e. prevalence of
TB.
• Tuberculin: PPD-S and PPD-RT 23
(PPD- Purified Protein Derivatives)
• Note: 1 TU(Tuberculin Unit) of PPD-RT 23 equivalent to 5 TU of
PPD-S
58. Mantoux Test
• 1 TU of PPD in 0.1 ml taken
↓
• injected (using 26 gauge needle and tuberculin syringe)
intradermally on flexor surface of left forearm midway between elbow
and wrist
↓
• Reading taken after 72 hours (48-96 hrs)
↓
• Measured the induration transversely to the long axis of forearm
(Note: Don’t measure erythema)
↓
• Induration suggest infection not the disease
59. Interpretation
Induration in mm Significance
>20 mm Positive and high chance of disease
>10 mm Positive
6-9 mm Doubtful
<6 mm Negative
60. False positive and false negative results
• False positive results:
Caused by infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria or by BCG
vaccination
• False negative results:
common in immunocompromised patients and in those with
overwhelming TB
61.
62. Booster Effect of Tuberculin Test
• Tuberculin sensitivity ↓es with time
• But repeated test exerts a booster effect so another tuberculin
test 1-2 weeks later gives a strong positive test (>20 mm)