- TB cases in the US decreased from 1953 to 1984 but increased 20% from 1985 to 1992, with 25,313 cases reported in 1993. Since then, cases have declined steadily.
- Factors contributing to the increase included the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, transmission in congregate settings like prisons and nursing homes, and deterioration of public health infrastructure.
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and is spread through airborne particles inhaled by an uninfected person during prolonged contact with an active case.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, including key facts about the disease:
- Reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992 before declining again.
- Factors contributing to the increase included the HIV epidemic, immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings.
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne particles expelled from the lungs of infected individuals.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in the United States. It notes that reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992 before declining again since 1993. Factors contributing to the rise in cases included the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmitted through airborne particles. While 10% of infected persons will develop active TB, targeted testing focuses on those at highest risk like close contacts and those with conditions increasing risk of progression. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological examination. Treatment includes antibiotics and directly observed
The document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, including key points:
- Reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992, peaking at 25,313 cases in 1993 before declining again.
- Factors contributing to the rise in cases include the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings such as prisons.
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through airborne particles inhaled by an uninfected person during prolonged contact with an active case.
- Testing and treatment strategies aim to identify latent TB infections and ensure completion of treatment to prevent active
M. tuberculosis bacteria cause tuberculosis (TB), which is spread through airborne particles when an infectious person coughs or sneezes. While only 10% of infected persons will develop active TB, those with conditions like HIV/AIDS or malnutrition are at higher risk. TB is diagnosed through tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and culture. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent relapse and drug resistance.
This document discusses screening and treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). It defines LTBI as the presence of M. tuberculosis bacteria without symptoms or disease. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) is used to detect LTBI. Persons at high risk for developing active TB from LTBI include recent contacts of infectious TB cases, HIV+ persons, and those with conditions like diabetes. Treatment with 9 months of isoniazid or 4 months of rifampin can prevent latent infections from progressing to active TB disease. Close monitoring is needed during treatment to watch for adverse reactions like hepatitis.
This document discusses screening and treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). It defines LTBI as the presence of M. tuberculosis bacteria without symptoms or disease. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) is used to detect LTBI. Persons at high risk for developing active TB from LTBI include recent contacts of infectious TB cases, HIV+ persons, and those with conditions like diabetes. Treatment with 9 months of isoniazid or 4 months of rifampin can prevent latent infections from progressing to active TB disease. Close monitoring is needed during treatment to watch for adverse reactions like hepatitis.
Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882. TB remains a major global health problem, infecting one third of the world's population and causing millions of deaths each year, primarily in developing countries. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological confirmation through sputum smear and culture. Treatment requires long courses of multiple antibiotics to cure TB disease and prevent drug resistance, with directly observed therapy essential to ensure patient adherence and cure.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, including key facts about the disease:
- Reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992 before declining again.
- Factors contributing to the increase included the HIV epidemic, immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings.
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne particles expelled from the lungs of infected individuals.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in the United States. It notes that reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992 before declining again since 1993. Factors contributing to the rise in cases included the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmitted through airborne particles. While 10% of infected persons will develop active TB, targeted testing focuses on those at highest risk like close contacts and those with conditions increasing risk of progression. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological examination. Treatment includes antibiotics and directly observed
The document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, including key points:
- Reported TB cases decreased from 1953 to 1984 but then increased 20% from 1985 to 1992, peaking at 25,313 cases in 1993 before declining again.
- Factors contributing to the rise in cases include the HIV epidemic, increased immigration from high-prevalence countries, and transmission in congregate settings such as prisons.
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through airborne particles inhaled by an uninfected person during prolonged contact with an active case.
- Testing and treatment strategies aim to identify latent TB infections and ensure completion of treatment to prevent active
M. tuberculosis bacteria cause tuberculosis (TB), which is spread through airborne particles when an infectious person coughs or sneezes. While only 10% of infected persons will develop active TB, those with conditions like HIV/AIDS or malnutrition are at higher risk. TB is diagnosed through tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and culture. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent relapse and drug resistance.
This document discusses screening and treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). It defines LTBI as the presence of M. tuberculosis bacteria without symptoms or disease. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) is used to detect LTBI. Persons at high risk for developing active TB from LTBI include recent contacts of infectious TB cases, HIV+ persons, and those with conditions like diabetes. Treatment with 9 months of isoniazid or 4 months of rifampin can prevent latent infections from progressing to active TB disease. Close monitoring is needed during treatment to watch for adverse reactions like hepatitis.
This document discusses screening and treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). It defines LTBI as the presence of M. tuberculosis bacteria without symptoms or disease. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) is used to detect LTBI. Persons at high risk for developing active TB from LTBI include recent contacts of infectious TB cases, HIV+ persons, and those with conditions like diabetes. Treatment with 9 months of isoniazid or 4 months of rifampin can prevent latent infections from progressing to active TB disease. Close monitoring is needed during treatment to watch for adverse reactions like hepatitis.
Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882. TB remains a major global health problem, infecting one third of the world's population and causing millions of deaths each year, primarily in developing countries. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological confirmation through sputum smear and culture. Treatment requires long courses of multiple antibiotics to cure TB disease and prevent drug resistance, with directly observed therapy essential to ensure patient adherence and cure.
This document provides objectives and information about tuberculosis (TB) for students. It defines TB and identifies risk factors. It explains how TB is transmitted and defines latent TB and drug-resistant TB. It describes the history of TB, scientific discoveries about it, and breakthroughs in treatment. It outlines the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and patient monitoring for TB.
Presentation final 3.0 super latestestestestestest.pptxAkshitRana26
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including:
- Causative agent, symptoms, and modes of transmission
- Disease burden globally and in India
- Diagnostic methods under India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) including sputum smear microscopy, culture-based tests, and molecular tests
- Evolution of TB control in India from early programs to NTEP, which aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect the lungs or other organs. While many infected people do not develop active TB, risk factors like diabetes, smoking, HIV, and malnutrition can increase the risk. In 2020, an estimated 10 million people worldwide fell ill with TB, including 5.6 million men and 3.3 million women. India has a high burden of both TB and diabetes, putting many at increased risk of active TB. Diagnosis involves tests like smear microscopy, culture, and molecular tests. The goals of treatment are cure and preventing transmission and drug resistance. The new guidelines shift to a daily drug regimen for both intensive and continuation phases for new TB cases. Treatment outcomes
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. India has the highest TB burden globally, with nearly 20% of global cases. The disease is transmitted via droplets from the lungs of untreated patients and can infect 10-15 people annually. Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy and culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics over 6-9 months. Prevention strategies include case finding, treatment of active cases, and BCG vaccination of infants.
TB 2013_Diagnosis and clinical presentationRamadan Arafa
This document discusses the clinical presentation and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). It presents 3 case studies and discusses the typical symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic approach for TB. Key points include: 1) TB most commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms like fever, night sweats, and weight loss; 2) diagnostic approach involves sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray and consideration of risk factors; 3) delay in diagnosis can increase transmission and disease severity.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It notes that TB is transmitted via airborne droplets and its major risk factors include close contact with active TB cases, immunosuppression, poverty, and smoking. Diagnosis involves sputum microscopy, culture, nucleic acid tests, chest imaging, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment follows the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course) strategy to cure TB and prevent drug resistance.
1. Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Leptospira interrogans, which is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or tissues. Common symptoms include jaundice, hemorrhage, and acute renal failure. Diagnosis is challenging due to low success of isolation and unreliable direct demonstration. Early antibiotic treatment is important to prevent complications.
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Symptoms include hemoptysis and anorexia. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest radiography, and sputum smear/culture. Standard treatment is a multi-drug
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including its introduction, epidemiology, definition, modes of transmission, clinical presentation, treatment, prevention, and management. Some key points include:
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can spread through the air from one person to another. It affects millions of people worldwide each year.
- Symptoms may include cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis involves tests like the Mantoux skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum microscopy.
- Treatment involves standardized short course chemotherapy over 6-8 months using combinations of front-line antibiotic drugs. Prevention strategies focus on BCG vaccination, screening of contacts
The document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), including its causes, risk factors, transmission, diagnostic testing, treatment, and nursing management. PTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It is transmitted via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Diagnostic testing includes a tuberculin skin test, sputum cultures, chest x-rays, and other tests. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen for 6-12 months to prevent transmission and progression of the disease. Nursing care focuses on isolation precautions, education, and ensuring adherence to the medication regimen.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
The document summarizes guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis in India. It outlines that pulmonary TB is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, and that while many get infected, not all develop active TB disease. The RNTCP program was launched in 1997 using the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy to improve TB control. The program aims to achieve universal access to TB diagnosis and treatment through free government services. It describes diagnostic tools, classifications of TB cases, treatment goals, and categories of new and previously treated cases.
This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in the country, with nearly 900 new cases and 175 deaths daily. Over 90% of global TB cases occur in developing countries. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem in Bangladesh. TB is defined as an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. Distinctions are made between TB infection and active TB disease. Treatment involves a combination of drugs taken for several months to cure the patient and prevent transmission. Special considerations are provided for treating TB in patients with conditions like hepatitis, renal failure, pregnancy and diabetes. Drug-resistant TB is also discussed.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in the country, with nearly 900 new cases and 175 deaths daily. Over 90% of global TB cases occur in developing countries. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem, and the goal is to reduce morbidity, mortality and transmission. TB is defined as an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually affecting the lungs. Distinctions are made between infection and active disease. Treatment aims to cure patients and prevent transmission, using the right drugs for long enough. Special situations like liver disease and pregnancy are also addressed. Drug-resistant TB is categorized based on resistance to first and second-line drugs.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in Bangladesh and globally. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem in Bangladesh. Key points covered include definitions of TB infection and disease; methods of diagnosis; treatment aims and principles; and special considerations for treatment such as drug-resistant TB, pregnancy, and comorbidities. The standard MDR TB regimen is described as 8 months of an injectable agent plus other drugs followed by 12 months of remaining drugs.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in Bangladesh and globally. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem in Bangladesh. Key points covered include definitions of TB infection and disease; methods of diagnosis; treatment aims and principles; and special considerations for treatment such as drug-resistant TB, pregnancy, and comorbidities. The standard MDR TB regimen is described as 8 months of an injectable agent plus other drugs followed by 12 months of remaining drugs.
This document from the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention discusses targeted testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. It provides an overview of latent TB infection and describes methods for testing, including the tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assays. It also outlines groups at high risk for TB exposure or progression to disease, and recommends several treatment regimens for latent TB infection, including options using isoniazid or rifapentine and isoniazid.
this presentation is based on national health program in india in relation to tuberculosis and malaria as these are mostly occuring disease in india so national program are organised to irradicate the spread of vector borne disease by various methods like controlling the vector (mosquitos) from spreading
role of community pharmacist in educating and monitoring of patients for infection and counselling and educating them regarding the control of malaria and tb.
A presentation was given by Karthik Pasupuleti on the topic of lobar pneumonia. The presentation was guided by Aliya abayevna and was part of a group project for group 21-10b.
This document provides objectives and information about tuberculosis (TB) for students. It defines TB and identifies risk factors. It explains how TB is transmitted and defines latent TB and drug-resistant TB. It describes the history of TB, scientific discoveries about it, and breakthroughs in treatment. It outlines the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic tools, treatment regimens, and patient monitoring for TB.
Presentation final 3.0 super latestestestestestest.pptxAkshitRana26
The document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including:
- Causative agent, symptoms, and modes of transmission
- Disease burden globally and in India
- Diagnostic methods under India's National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) including sputum smear microscopy, culture-based tests, and molecular tests
- Evolution of TB control in India from early programs to NTEP, which aims to eliminate TB in India by 2025
Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect the lungs or other organs. While many infected people do not develop active TB, risk factors like diabetes, smoking, HIV, and malnutrition can increase the risk. In 2020, an estimated 10 million people worldwide fell ill with TB, including 5.6 million men and 3.3 million women. India has a high burden of both TB and diabetes, putting many at increased risk of active TB. Diagnosis involves tests like smear microscopy, culture, and molecular tests. The goals of treatment are cure and preventing transmission and drug resistance. The new guidelines shift to a daily drug regimen for both intensive and continuation phases for new TB cases. Treatment outcomes
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. India has the highest TB burden globally, with nearly 20% of global cases. The disease is transmitted via droplets from the lungs of untreated patients and can infect 10-15 people annually. Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy and culture. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics over 6-9 months. Prevention strategies include case finding, treatment of active cases, and BCG vaccination of infants.
TB 2013_Diagnosis and clinical presentationRamadan Arafa
This document discusses the clinical presentation and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). It presents 3 case studies and discusses the typical symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic approach for TB. Key points include: 1) TB most commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms like fever, night sweats, and weight loss; 2) diagnostic approach involves sputum smear, culture, chest x-ray and consideration of risk factors; 3) delay in diagnosis can increase transmission and disease severity.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It notes that TB is transmitted via airborne droplets and its major risk factors include close contact with active TB cases, immunosuppression, poverty, and smoking. Diagnosis involves sputum microscopy, culture, nucleic acid tests, chest imaging, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment follows the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course) strategy to cure TB and prevent drug resistance.
1. Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Leptospira interrogans, which is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or tissues. Common symptoms include jaundice, hemorrhage, and acute renal failure. Diagnosis is challenging due to low success of isolation and unreliable direct demonstration. Early antibiotic treatment is important to prevent complications.
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Symptoms include hemoptysis and anorexia. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest radiography, and sputum smear/culture. Standard treatment is a multi-drug
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including its introduction, epidemiology, definition, modes of transmission, clinical presentation, treatment, prevention, and management. Some key points include:
- TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can spread through the air from one person to another. It affects millions of people worldwide each year.
- Symptoms may include cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis involves tests like the Mantoux skin test, chest x-ray, and sputum microscopy.
- Treatment involves standardized short course chemotherapy over 6-8 months using combinations of front-line antibiotic drugs. Prevention strategies focus on BCG vaccination, screening of contacts
The document provides information on pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), including its causes, risk factors, transmission, diagnostic testing, treatment, and nursing management. PTB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It is transmitted via airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Diagnostic testing includes a tuberculin skin test, sputum cultures, chest x-rays, and other tests. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen for 6-12 months to prevent transmission and progression of the disease. Nursing care focuses on isolation precautions, education, and ensuring adherence to the medication regimen.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in India. It notes that India has the highest TB burden in the world, accounting for nearly 1/5 of global cases. Every year approximately 1.8 million people develop TB in India, of which around 800,000 are new smear-positive cases. India also has the fastest expanding DOTS program for treating TB, which has treated over 7.3 million patients since 1997.
The document summarizes guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis in India. It outlines that pulmonary TB is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, and that while many get infected, not all develop active TB disease. The RNTCP program was launched in 1997 using the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy to improve TB control. The program aims to achieve universal access to TB diagnosis and treatment through free government services. It describes diagnostic tools, classifications of TB cases, treatment goals, and categories of new and previously treated cases.
This document summarizes a review study on tuberculosis conducted by Bashar M. Khazaal. It defines tuberculosis as an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually involves the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. Risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, complications, management, and drug-resistant forms like MDR-TB and XDR-TB are described. Diagnostic tests discussed include tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, bacteriological examination, drug susceptibility testing using phenotypic and molecular methods, Quantiferon-TB, T-Spot TB, and PCR. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over several months and directly observed therapy to prevent drug resistance
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in the country, with nearly 900 new cases and 175 deaths daily. Over 90% of global TB cases occur in developing countries. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem in Bangladesh. TB is defined as an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. Distinctions are made between TB infection and active TB disease. Treatment involves a combination of drugs taken for several months to cure the patient and prevent transmission. Special considerations are provided for treating TB in patients with conditions like hepatitis, renal failure, pregnancy and diabetes. Drug-resistant TB is also discussed.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in the country, with nearly 900 new cases and 175 deaths daily. Over 90% of global TB cases occur in developing countries. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem, and the goal is to reduce morbidity, mortality and transmission. TB is defined as an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually affecting the lungs. Distinctions are made between infection and active disease. Treatment aims to cure patients and prevent transmission, using the right drugs for long enough. Special situations like liver disease and pregnancy are also addressed. Drug-resistant TB is categorized based on resistance to first and second-line drugs.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in Bangladesh and globally. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem in Bangladesh. Key points covered include definitions of TB infection and disease; methods of diagnosis; treatment aims and principles; and special considerations for treatment such as drug-resistant TB, pregnancy, and comorbidities. The standard MDR TB regimen is described as 8 months of an injectable agent plus other drugs followed by 12 months of remaining drugs.
This document provides guidelines for tuberculosis control in Bangladesh. It begins with background on TB as a major public health problem in Bangladesh and globally. The vision is to eliminate TB as a public health problem in Bangladesh. Key points covered include definitions of TB infection and disease; methods of diagnosis; treatment aims and principles; and special considerations for treatment such as drug-resistant TB, pregnancy, and comorbidities. The standard MDR TB regimen is described as 8 months of an injectable agent plus other drugs followed by 12 months of remaining drugs.
This document from the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention discusses targeted testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. It provides an overview of latent TB infection and describes methods for testing, including the tuberculin skin test and interferon-gamma release assays. It also outlines groups at high risk for TB exposure or progression to disease, and recommends several treatment regimens for latent TB infection, including options using isoniazid or rifapentine and isoniazid.
this presentation is based on national health program in india in relation to tuberculosis and malaria as these are mostly occuring disease in india so national program are organised to irradicate the spread of vector borne disease by various methods like controlling the vector (mosquitos) from spreading
role of community pharmacist in educating and monitoring of patients for infection and counselling and educating them regarding the control of malaria and tb.
A presentation was given by Karthik Pasupuleti on the topic of lobar pneumonia. The presentation was guided by Aliya abayevna and was part of a group project for group 21-10b.
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that is spread through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough or sneeze. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. Symptoms include cough, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears and TB skin tests. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics daily for 6-12 months to prevent drug resistance and cure the infection. Strict treatment adherence is important to reduce the spread of this globally prevalent disease.
Lobar pneumonia involves the consolidation of an entire lung lobe or portion of a lobe. It typically results from bacterial infection, most commonly by streptococcus pneumoniae. The disease progresses through four stages: congestion, red hepatization, grey hepatization, and resolution. In the congestion stage, the lung is heavy and red with fluid in the alveoli containing bacteria and white blood cells. The red hepatization stage features a firm, liver-like lobe due to inflammatory exudate of red blood cells, white blood cells, and fibrin. Grey hepatization has a grey-brown surface and a fibrino-suppurative exudate composed of fibrin and white blood cells. Resolution involves enzymatic digestion of the ex
This document discusses the different types of visual examinations used in medicine. It describes five main types: 1) palpation, which uses touch to feel structures below the skin's surface, 2) percussion, which uses tapping to determine the density of underlying tissues, 3) auscultation, which listens to internal sounds using a stethoscope, 4) laboratory studies, which analyzes samples of blood, urine or tissues, and 5) instrumental studies, which use medical devices like ultrasounds or electrocardiograms to examine the body. The document provides details on how each examination is performed and what kinds of information they are used to evaluate.
Cartilage is a semi-rigid connective tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded in an extracellular matrix. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline cartilage found in joints, elastic cartilage in the ear and larynx, and fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs. Cartilage grows through interstitial and appositional growth of chondrocytes and develops templates for bone growth in newborns that ossify into adulthood.
The document discusses the alimentary canal and digestive diseases. It was written by Aslam Muhammed for group 21-10B, guided by Aliya Abayeva. The document thanks the reader.
This document discusses an outpatient department. It was written by Sai Kireeti Raja for Foreign Language Aliya Abayeva's group GM21-10(B). The document expresses gratitude at the end.
The document discusses polyclinics, which are healthcare facilities that provide both general and specialist outpatient care for a variety of diseases and injuries. A polyclinic treats acute and chronic illnesses through examinations, treatments, preventative measures, and helps coordinate patient care. It maintains patient cards that contain medical history and test results. Polyclinics aim to provide subsidized primary care services like outpatient treatment, health screenings, and immunizations.
Western phılosophy ın modern culture.pptxDishaBansod1
Western philosophy began with the ancient Greeks and encompasses philosophical thought from Western cultures. Some key developments include pre-Socratic philosophers who were interested in cosmology and the natural world, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who established foundations of Western thought. Major periods include Hellenistic/Roman philosophy, medieval philosophy influenced by Christianity, and modern philosophy beginning in the 17th century which established more secular and empirical approaches. German idealism in the 18th-19th centuries responded to Kant and established absolute idealism. Late 19th century philosophy included utilitarianism, Marxism, and existentialism. Pragmatism emerged in the US emphasizing practical consequences over absolute truths.
Bones can be classified based on their position in the body as either the axial skeleton which forms the axis of the body or the appendicular skeleton which forms the appendages. Bones can also be classified by their shape as either long bones, short bones, flat bones, or irregular bones. The microstructure of adult bone consists of collagen fibers, hydroxyapatite crystals, and cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and bone lining cells which are involved in bone formation and resorption.
This document summarizes asthma, including its types, symptoms, causes, and treatments. Asthma causes airways to narrow and produce extra mucus, making breathing difficult. It is classified as intermittent or persistent based on severity. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing. Asthma is triggered by allergens, infections, pollution, and other environmental factors. Prevention focuses on avoiding triggers while medications are used to treat acute symptoms and reduce future attacks.
The veins of the brain can be divided into superficial and deep veins. Superficial veins drain the outer structures of the brain while deep veins drain the inner structures. Major veins include the superior and inferior cerebral veins, superficial middle cerebral veins, great cerebral vein, internal cerebral veins, and superior and inferior cerebellar veins. These veins drain into dural venous sinuses, which then drain into the internal jugular veins. The unique venous drainage system of the brain differs from other body regions where venous drainage typically follows arterial supply.
Cytogenetics deals with the study of chromosomes and sex chromatin. It was established in 1956 that the normal human chromosome complement is 46. Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins and contain genes. They reside in the cell nucleus and are coiled during interphase but extended during mitosis. The human chromosome complement consists of 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes, which are either XX or XY. Cytogenetic techniques like karyotyping and banding patterns are used to study chromosomes and diagnose chromosomal abnormalities. These include aneuploidies like Trisomy 21, 18, and 13 as well as structural abnormalities such as deletions, translocations, inversions, and ring chromosomes. Sex
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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2. TB in the United States
• From 1953 to 1984, reported cases
decreased by approximately 5.6% each
year
• From 1985 to 1992, reported cases
increased by 20%
• 25,313 cases reported in 1993
• Since 1993, cases are steadily declining
2
3. Factors Contributing to the
Increase in TB Cases
• HIV epidemic
• Increased immigration from high-
prevalence countries
• Transmission of TB in congregate settings
(e.g., correctional facilities, long term care)
• Deterioration of the public health care
infrastructure
3
4. Transmission and
Pathogenesis of TB
• Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
tuberculosis)
• Spread person to person through airborne particles
that contain M. tuberculosis, called droplet nuclei
• Transmission occurs when an infectious person
coughs, sneezes, laughs, or sings
• Prolonged contact needed for transmission
• 10% of infected persons will develop TB disease at
some point in their lives
4
5. Sites of TB Disease
• Pulmonary TB occurs in the lungs
– 85% of all TB cases are pulmonary
• Extrapulmonary TB occurs in places other than the
lungs, including the:
– Larynx
– Lymph nodes
– Brain and spine
– Kidneys
– Bones and joints
• Miliary TB occurs when tubercle bacilli enter the
bloodstream and are carried to all parts of the body
5
6. Not Everyone Exposed
Becomes Infected
• Probability of transmission depends
on:
– Infectiousness
– Type of environment
– Length of exposure
• 10% of infected persons will develop
TB disease at some point in their lives
– 5% within 1-2 years
– 5% at some point in their lives
6
7. Persons at Risk for Developing
TB Disease
• Persons at high risk for developing TB
disease fall into 2 categories
– Those who have been recently infected
– Those with clinical conditions that increase
their risk of progressing from LTBI to TB
disease
7
8. Recent Infection as a
Risk Factor
Persons more likely to have been recently
infected include
• Close contacts to persons with infectious TB
• Skin test converters (within past 2 years)
• Recent immigrants from TB-endemic areas
(within 5 years of arrival to the U.S.)
• Children ≤ 5 years with a positive TST
• Residents and employees of high-risk
congregate settings (e.g. correctional facilities,
homeless shelters, healthcare facilities)
8
9. Increased Risk for Progression to
TB Disease
Persons more likely to progress from LTBI to TB
disease include
• HIV infected persons
• Those with history of prior, untreated TB
• Underweight or malnourished persons
• Injection drug use
• Those receiving TNF-α antagonists for treatment
of rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn’s disease
• Certain medical conditions
9
10. Latent TB Infection (LTBI)
• Occurs when person breathes in bacteria
and it reaches the air sacs (alveoli) of lung
• Immune system keeps bacilli contained
and under control
• Person is not infectious and has no
symptoms
10
11. TB Disease
• Occurs when immune system cannot
keep bacilli contained
• Bacilli begin to multiply rapidly
• Person develops TB symptoms
11
12. LTBI vs. TB Disease
LTBI TB Disease
Tubercle bacilli in the body
TST or QFT-Gold® result usually positive
Chest x-ray usually normal Chest x-ray usually abnormal
Sputum smears and cultures
negative
Symptoms smears and cultures
positive
No symptoms Symptoms such as cough, fever,
weight, loss
Not infectious Often infectious before treatment
Not a case of TB A case of TB
12
13. Targeted Testing
• Detects persons with LTBI who would
benefit from treatment
• De-emphasize testing of groups of people
who are not at risk (mass screening)
• Consider using a risk assessment tool
• Testing should be done only if there is an
intent to treat
• Can help reduce the waste of resources
and prevent unnecessary treatment
13
14. Groups to Target with the
Tuberculin Skin Test
• Persons with or at risk for HIV infection
• Close contacts of persons with infectious TB
• Persons with certain medical conditions
• Injection drug users
• Foreign-born persons from areas where TB is common
• Medically underserved, low-income populations
• Residents of high-risk congregate settings
• Locally identified high-prevalence groups
14
15. Administering the TST
• Use Mantoux tuberculin skin test
• 0.1 mL of 5-TU of purified protein derivative
(PPD) solution injected intradermally
• Use a 27 gauge needle
• Produce a wheal that is 6-10mm in
diameter
15
16. Reading the TST
• Read within 48-72 hours
• Measure induration, not erythema
• Positive reactions can be measured
accurately for up to 7 days
• Negative reactions can be read
accurately for only 72 hours
16
17. TST Interpretation - 1
5 mm of induration is positive in:
– HIV-infected persons
– Close contacts to an infectious TB case
– Persons who have chest x-ray findings
consistent with prior untreated TB
– Organ transplant recipients
– Persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g.,
those taking the equivalent of >15 mg/d of
prednisone for 1 month or those taking TNF-α
antagonists)
17
18. TST Interpretation - 2
10 mm induration is positive in:
– Recent immigrants (within last 5 years) from a
high-prevalence country
– Injection drug users
– Persons with other high-risk medical conditions
– Residents or employees of high-risk congregate
settings
– Mycobacteriology laboratory personnel
– Children < 4 years of age; infants, children, and
adolescents exposed to adults at high risk
18
19. TST Interpretation - 3
15 mm induration is positive in:
• Persons with no known risk factors for
TB
19
20. Recording TST Results
• Record results in millimeters of induration,
not “negative” or “positive”
• Only trained healthcare professionals
should read and interpret TST results
20
21. False Positive TST Reactions
• Nontuberculous mycobacteria
– Reactions are usually ≤10mm of induration
• BCG vaccination
– Reactivity in BCG vaccine recipients generally wanes
over time
– Positive TST results is likely due to TB infection if risk
factors are present
– BCG-vaccinated persons with positive TST result
should be evaluated for treatment of LTBI
– QFT is able to distinguish M.tb from other
mycobacteria and BCG vaccine
21
22. False Negative TST Reactions
• Anergy, or inability to react to TST
because of weakened immune system
• Recent TB infection (2-10 weeks after
exposure)
• Very young age (newborns)
• Recent live-virus vaccination can
temporarily suppress TST reactivity
• Poor TST administration technique (too
shallow or too deep, or wheal is too small)
22
23. Boosting
• Some people with history of LTBI lose their
ability to react to tuberculin (immune
system “forgets” how to react to TB-like
substance, i.e., PPD)
• Initial TST may stimulate (boost) the ability
to react to tuberculin
• Positive reactions to subsequent tests may
be misinterpreted as new infections rather
than “boosted” reactions
23
24. Two-Step Testing - 1
• A strategy for differentiating between
boosted reactions and reactions caused
by recent TB infection
• Use two-step testing for initial (baseline)
skin testing of adults who will be re-tested
periodically
• 2nd skin test given 1-3 weeks after
baseline
24
25. Two-Step Testing - 2
• If the 1st TST is positive, consider the
person infected
• If the 1st TST is negative, administer 2nd
TST in 1-3 weeks
• If the 2nd TST is positive, consider the
person infected
• If the 2nd TST is negative, consider the
person uninfected at baseline
25
26. Infectiousness - 1
• Patients should be considered infectious if they:
– Are undergoing cough-inducing procedures
– Have sputum smears positive for acid-fast bacilli
(AFB) and:
• Are not receiving treatment
• Have just started treatment, or
• Have a poor clinical or bacterial response to
treatment
– Have cavitary disease
• Extrapulmonary TB patients are not infectious
26
27. Infectiousness - 2
• Patients are not considered infectious if
they meet all these criteria:
– Received adequate treatment for 2-3 weeks
– Favorable clinical response to treatment
– 3 consecutive negative sputum smears results
from sputum collected on different days
27
28. Techniques to Decrease TB
Transmission
• Instruct patient to:
– Cover mouth when coughing or sneezing
– Wear mask as instructed
– Open windows to assure proper ventilation
– Do not go to work or school until instructed by
physician
– Avoid public places
– Limit visitors
– Maintain home or hospital isolation as ordered
28
29. Evaluation for TB
• Medical history
• Physical examination
• Mantoux tuberculin skin test
• Chest x-ray
• Bacteriologic exam (smear and culture)
29
30. Symptoms of TB
• Productive prolonged cough*
• Chest pain*
• Hemoptysis*
• Fever and chills
• Night sweats
• Fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
*Commonly seen in cases of pulmonary TB
30
31. Chest x-Ray
• Obtain chest x-ray for patients with
positive TST results or with symptoms
suggestive of TB
• Abnormal chest x-ray, by itself, cannot
confirm the diagnosis of TB but can be
used in conjunction with other diagnostic
indicators
31
32. Sputum Collection
• Sputum specimens are essential to
confirm TB
– Specimens should be from lung secretions,
not saliva
• Collect 3 specimens on 3 different days
• Spontaneous morning sputum more
desirable than induced specimens
• Collect sputum before treatment is
initiated
32
33. Smear Examination
• Strongly consider TB in patients with
smears containing acid-fast bacilli (AFB)
• Use subsequent smear examinations to
assess patient’s infectiousness and
response to treatment
33
34. Culture
• Used to confirm diagnosis of TB
• Culture all specimens, even if smear
is negative
• Initial drug isolate should be used to
determine drug susceptibility
34
35. Treatment of Latent TB Infection
• Daily Isoniazid therapy for 9 months
– Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of
hepatitis and peripheral neuropathy
• Alternate regimen – Rifampin for 4 months
35
36. Treatment of TB Disease
• Include four 1st-line drugs in initial regimen
– Isoniazid (INH)
– Rifampin (RIF)
– Pyrazinamide (PZA)
– Ethambutol (EMB)
• Adjust regimen when drug susceptibility
results become available or if patient has
difficulty with any of the medications
• Never add a single drug to a failing regimen
• Promote adherence and ensure treatment
completion
36
37. Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)
• Health care worker watches patient
swallow each dose of medication
• DOT is the best way to ensure adherence
• Should be used with all intermittent
regimens
• Reduces relapse of TB disease and
acquired drug resistance
37
38. Clinical Monitoring
Instruct patients taking TB medications to
immediately report the following:
– Rash
– Nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal
pain
– Persistently dark urine
– Fatigue or weakness
– Persistent numbness in hands or feet
38
39. Drug Resistance
• Primary - infection with a strain of M.
tuberculosis that is already resistant to one
or more drugs
• Acquired - infection with a strain of M.
tuberculosis that becomes drug resistant
due to inappropriate or inadequate
treatment
39
40. Barriers to Adherence
• Stigma
• Extensive duration of treatment
• Adverse reactions to medications
• Concerns of toxicity
• Lack of knowledge about TB and its
treatment
40
41. Improving Adherence
• Adherence is the responsibility of the
provider, not the patient and can be
ensured by:
– Patient education
– Directly observed therapy (DOT)
– Case management
– Incentives/enablers
41
42. Measures to Promote Adherence
• Develop an individualized treatment plan for
each patient
• Provide culturally and linguistically
appropriate care to patient
• Educate patient about TB, medication dosage,
and possible adverse reactions
• Use incentives and enablers to address
barriers
• Facilitate access to health and social services
42
43. Completion of Therapy
• Based on total number of doses
administered, not duration of treatment
• Extend or re-start if there were frequent or
prolonged interruptions
43
44. Meeting the Challenge
• Prevent TB by assessing risk factors
• If risk is present, perform TST
• If TST is positive, rule out active disease
• If active disease is ruled out, initiate
treatment for LTBI
• If treatment is initiated, ensure completion
44