Tuberclosis
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A 40-year-old woman presented with a 3-week history of cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Physical examination revealed decreased breath sounds and rales in the lungs. Chest x-ray showed dense opacities in the right middle and lower lobes, consistent with pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary TB based on clinical presentation, chest x-ray findings, and positive PCR test for M. tuberculosis. She was started on a standard 4-drug antituberculosis treatment regimen for 6-12 months to treat her active pulmonary TB infection.
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BRONCHIECTASIS 2018
The document summarizes key points from new guidelines on the management of adult bronchiectasis. It discusses recommendations for diagnostic testing, treatment of exacerbations and infections like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, long-term antibiotic therapy, airway clearance techniques, and surgical options. The guidelines aim to optimize management of bronchiectasis, a chronic respiratory disease associated with poor quality of life and frequent exacerbations. More research is still needed on optimal treatment durations and strategies to improve patient outcomes for this neglected disease.
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Pneumonia is an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma that is commonly caused by infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, or due to aspiration. It is classified based on its causes and the areas of lung involvement. Common symptoms include fever, cough with purulent sputum, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical examination, chest x-ray, and tests of sputum or blood samples. Treatment depends on the causative agent but generally involves antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and chest physiotherapy. Nursing care focuses on preventing infection spread, maintaining nutrition, clearing secretions, and providing patient education.
Empyema
Empyema is a collection of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, or chest trauma. It progresses through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages as inflammation worsens and fibrin and pus accumulate. Patients experience fever, pleural pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves physical exam, labs, chest x-ray, and CT scan. Treatment includes antibiotics, drainage of pleural fluid via thoracentesis or chest tube, and possible decortication surgery to remove thickened pleura restricting lung expansion.
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Bronchiectasis
This document provides information on bronchiectasis, including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management, treatment and prognosis. Key points include:
- Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent bronchial dilation and impaired mucociliary clearance due to recurrent infections.
- Common causes include infection, obstruction, immune deficiencies and inflammatory conditions.
- Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production and recurrent infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging showing bronchial dilation.
- Treatment focuses on airway clearance, controlling infections with antibiotics, reversing airflow obstruction and addressing underlying causes if possible. Prognosis depends on associated conditions but the disease is generally progressive.
Infectious Dirorder
TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria affecting the lungs. It is spread through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or spit. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing or sputum smear and culture. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics for 6-12 months.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi. It can be caused by airway obstruction, pulmonary infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or idiopathic factors. Symptoms include persistent cough with large amounts of sputum, hemoptysis, and clubbing of the fingers. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like HRCT. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and smoking cessation. Nursing management centers on helping patients perform breathing exercises and techniques to clear pulmonary secretions.
Pulmonary Abscess in Children .. Dr Padmesh
This document discusses pulmonary abscesses in children. It defines a lung abscess as a localized collection of thick-walled purulent material within the lung parenchyma caused by infection and tissue destruction. Lung abscesses can be primary, occurring in previously healthy patients, or secondary, occurring in patients with underlying conditions. Common predisposing factors include aspiration, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and immunosuppression. Symptoms include cough, fever, dyspnea, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest X-ray and CT scan identifying a cavity containing air-fluid levels. Treatment consists of antibiotics for 2-3 weeks, with surgical drainage for severe or unimproving cases. Prognosis is generally excellent.
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This document provides information on bronchiectasis, including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management, treatment and prognosis. Key points include:
- Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent bronchial dilation and impaired mucociliary clearance due to recurrent infections.
- Common causes include infection, obstruction, immune deficiencies and inflammatory conditions.
- Symptoms include chronic cough, sputum production and recurrent infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging showing bronchial dilation.
- Treatment focuses on airway clearance, controlling infections with antibiotics, reversing airflow obstruction and addressing underlying causes if possible. Prognosis depends on associated conditions but the disease is generally progressive.
Infectious Dirorder
TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria affecting the lungs. It is spread through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or spit. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing or sputum smear and culture. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics for 6-12 months.
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition characterized by abnormal dilation of the bronchi. It can be caused by airway obstruction, pulmonary infections, genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, or idiopathic factors. Symptoms include persistent cough with large amounts of sputum, hemoptysis, and clubbing of the fingers. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like HRCT. Treatment focuses on clearing secretions through postural drainage, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and smoking cessation. Nursing management centers on helping patients perform breathing exercises and techniques to clear pulmonary secretions.
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1) Tuberculous pleural effusion, a common extra-pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis, results from the rupture of sub-pleural caseous foci into the pleural space or hematogenous spread.
2) Diagnosis involves analysis of pleural fluid and biopsy showing lymphocyte-dominant exudative fluid and granulomas in most cases. Adenosine deaminase levels greater than 70 U/L also suggest tuberculosis.
3) Treatment involves a standard short course of anti-tubercular therapy, which typically leads to resolution of symptoms and effusion within a few months without need for corticosteroids or surgery in most cases.
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This document provides information on lung abscesses, including:
- Dr. David Smith postulated in the 1920s that aspiration of oral bacteria was the main mechanism of lung abscess infection.
- A lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue destruction greater than 2cm in diameter caused by pyogenic bacterial infection.
- In the pre-antibiotic era, 1/3 of lung abscess patients died, another 1/3 recovered, and the remaining 1/3 developed chronic illnesses.
- Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, gastric issues, and pre-existing lung diseases. Common causative organisms are described.
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A lung abscess is a localized cavity filled with pus in the lung, usually caused by a bacterial infection. Common causes include infections by anaerobic bacteria, aspiration of foreign materials, and complications from conditions like pneumonia or tumors. Symptoms include cough with foul smelling sputum, chest pain, fever, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT scan, and sputum culture. Treatment consists of antibiotics based on culture results, drainage procedures, and surgery if complications develop.
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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory illness characterized by inflammation of the lungs and pulmonary consolidation. It can be caused by various pathogens depending on season and patient characteristics. Common symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia is classified based on location in the lungs, source of infection, and patient risk factors. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and microbiological testing. Treatment focuses on respiratory support, antibiotics, fluids, and prevention of complications.
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2. On examination, she had dullness and decreased breath sounds on the right lung with coarse inspiratory crackles. Laboratory tests showed anemia and leukocytosis. A chest X-ray and CT scan confirmed the presence of a lung abscess.
3. She was treated with IV antibiotics, chest physiotherapy, oxygen supplementation, and chest tube drainage. Her condition improved over the next 2 days though she remained short of breath and kept NPO with IV fluids
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This document defines pneumonia as an inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. It can affect 450 million people annually and is a major cause of death worldwide. Pneumonia has several classifications including bacterial, atypical, fungal, and viral. It also distinguishes between community acquired pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia. Risk factors include age, lung diseases like emphysema, and conditions that weaken the immune system. The document outlines the pathophysiology of pneumonia and discusses some common causes by age group like bacteria in adults and viruses in children.
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Bronchiectasis in children is an irreversible dilation of the airways caused by destructive changes to the airway walls. It has many causes including cystic fibrosis, infections, immunodeficiencies, and anatomical defects. The pathology involves a vicious cycle of impaired mucus clearance leading to recurrent infections, inflammation, and further airway damage. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis is made through imaging like HRCT that shows changes to airway contours. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques and controlling infections with antibiotics. Management of underlying conditions and lung transplantation may be needed in severe cases.
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2) Diagnosis involves analysis of pleural fluid and biopsy showing lymphocyte-dominant exudative fluid and granulomas in most cases. Adenosine deaminase levels greater than 70 U/L also suggest tuberculosis.
3) Treatment involves a standard short course of anti-tubercular therapy, which typically leads to resolution of symptoms and effusion within a few months without need for corticosteroids or surgery in most cases.
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- Dr. David Smith postulated in the 1920s that aspiration of oral bacteria was the main mechanism of lung abscess infection.
- A lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue destruction greater than 2cm in diameter caused by pyogenic bacterial infection.
- In the pre-antibiotic era, 1/3 of lung abscess patients died, another 1/3 recovered, and the remaining 1/3 developed chronic illnesses.
- Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, gastric issues, and pre-existing lung diseases. Common causative organisms are described.
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A lung abscess is a localized cavity filled with pus in the lung, usually caused by a bacterial infection. Common causes include infections by anaerobic bacteria, aspiration of foreign materials, and complications from conditions like pneumonia or tumors. Symptoms include cough with foul smelling sputum, chest pain, fever, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, CT scan, and sputum culture. Treatment consists of antibiotics based on culture results, drainage procedures, and surgery if complications develop.
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This document discusses pneumonia, including different types such as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and pneumonia in immunocompromised patients (ICAP). It covers topics like causes, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prevention of pneumonia. Key points include that Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen in CAP, enteric gram-negative organisms and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes of HAP, and treatment depends on suspected pathogen and includes antibiotics with gram-negative and staphylococcal coverage for HAP.
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This document describes a case of pneumonia in a 68-year-old male smoker who presented with cough, fever, and chest pain. On examination, he appeared tired and underweight with decreased breath sounds on the right lung. A chest x-ray showed right middle lobe pneumonia. He was treated as an outpatient with antibiotics, but a follow-up x-ray found a right hilar mass and sputum testing demonstrated atypical cells, indicating a more serious condition. The document provides answers to questions about identifying problems in the history, significant physical findings, likely causative organisms, how the specific diagnosis is established, appropriate treatment, and expected duration of treatment.
Pneumonia
This document provides information about pneumonia, including epidemiology, common causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It notes that pneumonia affects over 3 million people annually in the US, with higher rates in winter and among males and those over 65. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment of symptoms and signs, with chest x-ray and testing to confirm. Treatment depends on location of acquisition and risk factors, starting with broad-spectrum antibiotics and later targeting likely pathogens. Prevention focuses on vaccination, especially for influenza and pneumococcus, and reducing risk factors like smoking.
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The document discusses a case of a patient presenting with left sided chest pain and fever and breathlessness who was found to have a loculated effusion and abscess in the left lower lobe of the lung. It provides differential diagnoses for the condition and discusses the medical and surgical treatment and management of lung abscesses, including appropriate antibiotic therapy over 4-6 weeks, indications for surgery, and generally favorable prognosis with over 90% being cured medically.
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1. Salina Mahato, a 20-year old female, presented with a 15-day history of cough and sputum production and 3 days of fever. She was diagnosed with a right lung abscess and underwent operative thoracotomy.
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3. She was treated with IV antibiotics, chest physiotherapy, oxygen supplementation, and chest tube drainage. Her condition improved over the next 2 days though she remained short of breath and kept NPO with IV fluids
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This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis. It defines each condition and discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, medical management, nursing management, and prevention. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs that can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard treatments and preventative measures are outlined for each condition.
Pneumonia
This document defines pneumonia as an inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. It can affect 450 million people annually and is a major cause of death worldwide. Pneumonia has several classifications including bacterial, atypical, fungal, and viral. It also distinguishes between community acquired pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia. Risk factors include age, lung diseases like emphysema, and conditions that weaken the immune system. The document outlines the pathophysiology of pneumonia and discusses some common causes by age group like bacteria in adults and viruses in children.
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The document describes a case of a 7-month-old male child admitted to the hospital with fever and cough for 2 months, respiratory distress for 7 days, and a history of taking broad-spectrum antibiotics for 14 days. On examination, the baby was dyspneic and mildly pale with increased vocal fremitus and resonance in the right upper and middle lobe of the lung. The presentation and examination are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis based on clinical criteria and history of exposure. A full course of anti-tuberculosis treatment is recommended.
Seminar-1.pptx
The document describes a case of a 7-month-old male child admitted to the hospital with fever and cough for 2 months, respiratory distress for 7 days, and a history of taking broad-spectrum antibiotics for 14 days. On examination, the baby was dyspneic and mildly pale with increased vocal fremitus and resonance in the right upper and middle lobe of the lung. The presentation and examination are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculosis based on clinical criteria and history of exposure. A full course of anti-tuberculosis treatment is recommended.
Early childhood tuberculosis
This presentation is a case based discussion detailing the importance of a high index of suspicion for Tuberculosis based on clinical picture
Tuberculosis 2.pptx
1. Tuberculosis is caused by inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which usually implant in the lungs. The immune system tries to contain the infection by surrounding it with immune cells.
2. Symptoms of active TB infection include fatigue, weight loss, fever, cough and night sweats. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, chest x-rays, and Mantoux skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months using DOTS (directly observed therapy), to ensure complete treatment and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on promoting airway clearance, medication adherence, activity, nutrition, and preventing spread.
Chest Infections
This document discusses various types of chest infections including acute bronchitis, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and community acquired pneumonia. It outlines the typical bacteria that cause these infections and recommends antibiotics for treatment. For most cases of acute bronchitis and community acquired pneumonia in previously healthy individuals, amoxicillin is recommended. Erythromycin is suggested if an atypical bacteria is suspected or for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Antibiotic resistance is a growing issue so they should only be used when clearly needed.
6.TUBERCLOSIS in respiratory part of study..pptx
This document provides information about tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, types, transmission, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, medical management, nursing management, and complications. TB is an infectious disease primarily caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze or speak. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a period of 6-9 months to cure the infection and prevent transmission.
Tuberculosis pharmacotherapy
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including its epidemiology, classification, pathophysiology, treatment, and monitoring. It begins with an introduction to TB as the most prevalent infectious disease worldwide. It then discusses the classification of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB. The pathophysiology involves inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and potential progression to active disease. Treatment involves a combination of anti-TB drugs over an intensive and continuation phase to cure the infection. Monitoring of patients includes clinical and bacteriological evaluation. Drug-resistant TB and the relationship between TB and HIV are also summarized.
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Tuberclosis
- 1. TUBERCLOSIS Madeeha Farooq MID 4th year University of Lahore Case A 40-year-women was admitted to the hospital from home after 3 week of cough, profuse nocturnal,fever, a 30-poundweight loss, chills, loss of appetiteand night sweats. He was seen by an emergency room physician who noted signs of depression. The patient has a history of HIV. Patienthistory Patient name xxx Age 40years
- 2. Sex female 30-poundweight loss Suffering from cough since 3 weeks Night sweats Human immune deficiency viruse (HIV) Physical examination Physical examination findings associated with TB depend on the organs involved. Patients with pulmonary TB have abnormal breath sounds. Appearanceof the Patient Cachexia Pallor Vitals Tachypnea Tachycardia Fever Lungs Decreased breath sounds Rales Rhonchi
- 3. Bronchial breath sounds Differential Diagnosis lung cancer pleural indentation pulmonarytuberculosis pneumonia investigations chest x ray Dense homogenous opacity in right, middle and lower lobe of primary pulmonaryTB. Microbiologicalexamination
- 4. The polymerasechain reaction (PCR) The TB-PCR test is ordered to diagnose and detects M. Tuberculosis from other mycobacteria. It also helps monitor treatment for TB. Serologictests
- 5. Tuberculosis skin test The tuberculinskin test ---M. tuberculosis Purified protein derivative (PPD) 0.1 mL (5 TU) of standard PPD is injected on the volar surface of the forearm recorded after 48 to 72 hours
- 6. BRONCHOSCOPY Bronchoscopyis commonly used for investigating patients with possible pulmonarytuberculosis (TB) when spontaneoussputumis smear negative. CT scan Diagnosis Pulmonary tuberculosis
- 7. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis(TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage otherparts of the body. TB spreads through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks. PulmonaryTB PulmonaryTB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, includingchest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. systemic tuberculosis systemic tuberculosis is a potentiallylife-threateningtype of tuberculosisthat occurs when a large number of the bacteria travel through the bloodstreamand spread throughoutthe body.
- 8. sign and symptoms of tuberculosis Coughing for three or more weeks. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing. Unintentional weight loss. Fatigue.
- 9. Fever. Night sweats. Chills. Etiology Tuberculosis(TB) is caused by a type of bacteriumcalled Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- 10. Pathophysiology Complications Spinal pain. Back pain and stiffness are common complicationsof tuberculosis. Joint damage. ... Swelling of the membranes that cover your brain (meningitis). ...
- 11. Liver or kidney problems. ... Heart disorders. Treatment If you have an active TB disease you will probablybe treated with a combination of antibacterial medications for a period of six to 12 months. The most common treatment for active TB is isoniazid INH in combination with three other drugs rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol.
- 12. Antituberculosisdrugs Isoniazid (INH) peripheral neuritis Rifampin (RFP) Pyrazinamide (PZA) Ethambutol(EMB) Streptomycin (SM) Initial chemotherapy both adults and children consist of a 6-month regimen that is based on an initial 2-month bactericidal phase of INH and RFP and PZA and either EMB or SM. • Patients with cavitary pulmonarytuberculosis and delayed sputum-culture conversion should have their treatment extended by 3 months for a total course of 9 months. • For patients with sputumculture-negative pulmonary tuberculosis, the durationof treatment may be reduced to 4 months Recurrent chemotherapy • Recurrencerefers to the circumstance in which a patient becomes and remains culture-negative while receiving antituberculosis drugs
- 13. • at some point after completion of therapy either becomes culturepositive again or experiences clinical or radiographic deteriorationconsistent with active tuberculosis • Recurrenceof pulmonarytuberculosis, due to inadequateinitial chemotherapy, brings about secondary drug-resistance, persistent positive sputum smear, and delay recurrence • Usual agents would includeEMB, a fluoroquinolone, and an injectableagent such as SM, alizarin, kanamycin or capreoraycin, • at least two to three susceptibleor never used drugs added to the regimens. • A five-drug combination in intensive phase and three in consolidationphase are suitable. • Continuousadministration of 18 to 24 months after conversion of sputumis necessary.
- 14. Surgery • Indications of surgery noneffective and multidrug-resistant cavities large caseous lesions tuberculousempyema bronchial fistula and uncontrolledmassive hemoptysis. The recommendation was for the use of partial lung resection (lobectomy or wedge resection) alongside the provision of medication. A lobectomy is a type of surgery, mostly used for lung cancer, in which one
- 15. lobe of a lung is removed. A lobe may be removed to prevent the spread of TB to anotherlobe.