The document discusses tube frame structures for tall buildings. Tube frame structures were introduced by Fazlur Khan and involve a hollow cantilever tube perpendicular to the ground. They allow for buildings over 40 stories tall with configurations including framed tubes, braced tubes, tube-in-tube, and bundled tubes. Tube frame structures provide benefits like increased structural rigidity and regular column placement but also have disadvantages like reduced window size and occurrence of shear lag effects.

2. TUBE FRAME
STRUCTURES
SUBMITTED BY
ZAFRIN MOHAMED
ROLL.NO:77
S7 CE B
GUIDED BY
Mrs. VARNA K THANKAPPAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
IIET,NELLIKUZI

3. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Need for high rise buildings
• Different configurations
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Brief explanation of shear lag
• Conclusion
• References
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4. INTRODUCTION
• Introduced by Fazalur Khan,Dhaka
Bangladesh
• Hollow cantilever perpendicular to
the ground
• Buildings in excess of 40 stories
• A 43-story Khan-designed De-Witt
Chestnut Apartment in Chicago
• Steel, concrete, or composite
construction
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De-Witt Chestnut Apartment,
Chicago

6. Need for tall structure
• Increase in building height
• Slenderness
• Building weight reduction
• Limited availability of land
• Rapid increase in cost of land
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7. CONCEPT OF TUBULAR
SYSTEM
• Design of strength, rigid and stable
structures
• Largely economic solution
• Building designed for resisting lateral loads
• Hollow cantilever perpendicular to ground
• Incarnation of the tubes
• Exterior-Columns and beams forms a rigid
frame
• Interior-simply framed for gravity loads
• 50% of windows on exterior wall surface 5/26
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8. Defining tube frame
• Predict the structural behavior
• Replace 3D system by equivalent
plane frame
• Analysed by conventional methods
• Comparison of results- 15 story
Perspex model of the building
• Deciding the type of configuration
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TUBE FRAME STRUCTURES
Configuration of Tubes
• Framed or box tube
• Braced tube
• Tube in tube
• Bundled tube

10. The Framed Tube
• The frames consist of closely spaced
columns,
2 - 4 m between centers, joined by deep
girder .
• Act as perforated chimney or stack
• Lateral resistance is by the stiff moment
resisting frames
• Gravity load shared by interior and
exterior columns
• Appropriate for buildings having 40-100
storeys
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11. Tube frame structures
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Cont..
• Grid like facade structures and is repetious
• Use of prefabrication possible
• Larger distance of exterior column from
NA resists bending moment
• Economically attractive and possess
torsional rigidity
• Greater flexibility in space planning
• A well known example-World Trade Centre

12. CASE STUDY OF WORLD TRADE CENTRE
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TUBE FRAME STRUCTURES
• Architect:-Minoru
Yamasaki
• 110 story tower
• 415m in height
• 50,000 employees
and 80,000 visitors
daily
• Twin tower in
diagonal
juxtaposition

13. Cont…
• vertical extrusions of square plans
• The framed tube consist of 56 box steel
columns joint by moment resisting
connections
• The overall dimensions of framed tube
column are constant
• Wall thickness increases from top to
bottom to increse response to loads
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TUBE FRAME STRUCTURES
Braced Tube Structures
• Further improvement of framed tube
• Cross bracing frame with x braces over
many stories-(fig)
• First used in John Hancock building,
Chicago-(fig)
• Diagonals of a braced tube connect
columns at each intersections
• Shear lag is virtually eliminated
• Spacing for columns are increased
• Depth of girders are small

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John Hancock Building, Chicago

16. Cont…
• Large sized windows are allowed
• Braces transfer axial load from highly
stressed column to low stressed
column
• Hence eliminates difference between
load stress
• Large scope of architecture .uses a
structural-architectural concept
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TUBE FRAME STRUCTURES

17. Tube-in Tube Structures
• Consist of outer framed tube together with
an internal elevator and a service core
• Inner tube would be braced frames
• Outer tube has greater structural depth, so
plays dominant role
• Outer tube-hull (fig)
• Inner tube –core
• Inner tube holds elevator and other
services
• Another tube around the exterior
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18. Cont…
• 780 third avanue,Metro Manhattan
office space is the first work
• Concrete shear wall for bracing in the
hull(fig)
• Off centre core allowing column free
interiors
• Accuracy,reliability and simplicity are
verified
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core
hull

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TUBE FRAME STRUCTURES
Metro Manhattan Office
Space

21. Bundled Tube
• Consists of multiple tubes instead of
1.
• Several tubes tied up to resist lateral
forces
• Interior columns on the parameters
of the tube (fig)
• Willis Tower, Burj Khalifa are best
examples
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TUBE FRAME STRUCTURES

22. Cont..
• Highly efficient in
economic terms
• Bundled together
in different sorts of
grouping
• Not necesserily
box shaped
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23. Willis Tower
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Burj Khalifa

24. Advantages of TFS
• Allows greater flexibility in planning of
interior space
• Regularity in the column schedule allows
off-site fabrication and welding
• maximum advantage is taken of the total
width of the building to resist overturning
moment
• Identical framing for all floors
• When well designed, tubular forms uses
same amount of material as in a half large
structure
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25. Criticism of TFS
• Reduces the size of the opening in
the building .
• At greater heights,view of outer
world is obstructed
• Shear lag
• Linear distribution of axial forces
across flange and web varies
• closely spaced columns are not
encouraged and undesirable
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26. Shear lag
• Occurrence of non uniform
axial stress distribution
Features:-
• Positive shear lag
• Negative shear lag
• Negative shear lag-buckling
on the compression side
&cracking on tension side.
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27. Conclusion
• The provision of adequate, stiffness,
particularly lateral stiffness is a major
consideration In the design of a tall
building hence TFS are engineers favorite
• But structural cost of the TFS may be high
with respect to conventional shear wall
structure
• so necessary to do research for cost
comparison between TFS and conventional
shear wall
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28. References
1. Er. Nahant Rana,et.al.” Structural Forms Systems for Tall Building
Structures,SSRJ”, International Journal Of Civil Engineering (SSRG IJCE),
September 2014volume issued4
2. Hardin J. Patel,et,al. “Braced Tube Structural System: A review”
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, December-2015, ,
Volume 6, Issue 12.
3. R. Mahjoub,et,al, “Simple Analysis of Tube Frame System of Tall Building by
Using Deformation Functions”. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, February 2011. [324-332]
4. Reza Mahjoub,et.al“Analysis of Tube Frame System of Tall Building by
Using of Deformation Functions”. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, 5(8): 1475-1482, 2011.
5. Sharadrao Patil,et.al, “Shear Lag in Tube Structures”. IJISET - International
Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, March (2015), Vol.
2 Issue 3,
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