This presentation was held in the context of DCCI Capacity Development Workshop December 2013 in Nepal. For further information go to our website.

1. Electrical Energy
Efficiency
& Energy Tariff
Mr. Khem Raj Bhandari
Energy Efficiency Expert
GIZ-Integration
EEC/FNCCI

2. What is Electricity ???
Electricity >> Flow of Current
Current >> Flow of Electron
- All matters are made up of atoms that have electric charges.
ATOM
ATOM
-e
-e
+p
n
+p
-e
-e
n
+p
+p
Materials that allow many electrons to move freely are called Conductors.
Materials that allow few free electrons to move are called Insulators.

3. Current and electron flow in the opposite direction.
Current flows from positive to negative and electron flows from negative to positive.

4. DIFFERENT METHOD : ELECTRIC GENERATION BY BATTERY
ELECTRONE FLOW, CURRENT FLOW
Battery

5. Current (I): Electrons
move through a
conductor when electric
current flows.
Voltage (V): The force
required to make current
flow through a conductor is
called voltage.
Resistance (R):
Materials that
Oppose the flow of
electric current
Voltage = Current * Resistance
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Multi-meter, Ω Meter

6. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPAL OF ELECTRIC GENERATION BY ELECTRIC GENERATOR
1.WHEN COIL ROTATES IN MAGNETIC FIELD CURENT IS GENERATED IN THE COIL
2. COIL IS ROTATED BY PRIME MOVER - TURBINE, BOILER
3. PRIME MOVER IS OPERATED BY WATER, STEAM, COAL, GAS, NUCLEAR, TIDAL, WIND ETC.
MAGNET NORTH
ROTATING
COIL
MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNET SOUTH

7. WATER TURBINE
TURBINE
PRINCIPAL OF HYDRO ELECTRIC
GENERATOR
TO LOAD
TURBINE

8. HOW WATER IS CONVERTED TO ELECTRICITY ??
Electric Energy
Potential
energy
Kinetic Energy

9. Big Problem of Electricity !!
• Gas – can be stored in cylinder
• Diesel/Petrol – can be stored in a tank
• Coal – can be stored
• Electricity – can’t be stored except for small
demand in the battery storage.

10. MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS USED IN INDUSTRY

11. Transformer

12. 3-Phase Panels

13. Electric Motors

14. Air Compressor Unit
FD Fan

15. Capacitor Bank
Variable Speed Drive

16. HOW MUCH DOES ELECTRICITY COST TO ME
?

17. Electricity pricing
• There are different price structures for electricity users
• Two Part Tariff: Demand (kVA)and Consumption (kWh)
• Time of the Day (TOD) meters for effective utilization of the energy – by NEA

20. Tariff
Demand Rate per Energy
Rate
Consumer Classification
KVA per month
(NRs. Per unit)
High Voltage (66 KV or above)
Industrial
220
6.25
Medium Voltage (33 KV)
Industrial
230
7
Commercial
285
9
Non Commercial
220
9.5
Medium Low Voltage (11 KV)
Industrial
230
7.2
Commercial
285
9.2
Non Commercial
220
9.6
Source: NEA 2012

21. Other Consumers
230/400 Volts:
Rate
Demand Rate
Particulars
Rural and cottage industries
Small Industries
Commercial
Non commercial
Irrigation
Source: NEA 2012
Energy Charges
Nrs per KVA per
Month
Per Unit
Industry:
55
100
295
195
6.5
8
9.35
10
3.6

22. Time of Day (TOD) Meter:
Energy Charge (NRs/unit)
Monthly
Peak
Off
Demand
Time
Peak
Normal
Consumer Category and
Charge
17:00 23:005:00Supply Level
(Rs/KVA)
23:00
5:00
17:00
High Voltage (66KV and Above)
Industrial
220
7.75
3.3
6.25
Medium Voltage (33 KV)
Industrial
230
8.5
4.2
7
Commercial
285
10.25
5.4
9
Industrial
Commercial
Non Commercial
Source: NEA 2012
Medium Voltage (11 KV)
230
8.75
285
10.5
220
11.25
4.3
5.5
5.7
7.1
9.25
10.2

23. Where are we in Terms of
Electricity Use ?

24. Energy Situation of Nepal – Background
(Energy Supply and Demand of 2009)
Traditional energy
(87.3%)
Fuel
Wood
89.2%
Agri.
Residue
4.2%
Renewable energy
(0.7%)
Commercial Energy
(12%)
Animal
Dung
6.6%
Solar
1.1%
Petroleum
65.8%
Electricity
18 %
Biogas
95.6%
MHP
3.3%
Coal
16.3%
1 toe = 42.6217 GJ
(Source: MoF Nepal, Economic Survey FY 2009/10, p-152)
24

25. Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh), 2010, of
Selected Countries
16,000
14,000
13,395
12,000
10,000
8,000
7,215
5,732
6,000
4,000
2,944
2,335
2,000
103
274
626
2,977
2,907
1,915
1,035
639
641
258
299
155
0
(Source: The World Bank Database, 2011)
25

26. Electricity Consumption Trend by Sector
1600
1400
Industry: 37%
1200
1000
Domestic
800
Industrial
Others
Commercial
600
Non-Commercial
Linear (Industrial)
400
200
0
2009
2010
2011
2012
(Source: NEA Annual Report, 2012/13)
2013
26

27. The Problem: National Electricity Crisis
TSO
Generation
Consumption
(Source: http://ghampower.com)
27

28. Diesel or Petrol Price Hike Trend
140
Petrol
Diese
120
100
80
60
40
20
http://www.nepaloil.com.np/main/?opt1=sellingprice&opt2=previoussellingprice
Jul-13
May-13
Mar-13
Jan-13
Nov-12
Sep-12
Jul-12
May-12
Mar-12
Jan-12
Nov-11
Sep-11
Jul-11
May-11
Mar-11
Jan-11
Nov-10
Sep-10
Jul-10
May-10
Mar-10
Jan-10
0
28

29. DG Power Vs NEA Hydro-Power Cost
NEA Average Cost:
NRs 7 to 13 per Unit (or kWh)
Diesel Generator Average Cost:
NRs 35 to 40 per Unit (or kWh)

30. Group Work: PROBLEM 1
A desktop computer uses a 150 Watt power when it is plugged in. NEA
Electricity costs NRs 8/kWh. Calculate how much it would cost to
operate 10 computers for 1 year for 7 hours per day.
Given:
Power = 150 W * 10 (converted to kW = 10 x150W/1000 = 1.50 kW)
Time = 7 hours per day for 300 days = 2,100 hours
Cost of electricity = NRs 8/kWh
Annual cost to operate laptop = power used x time x cost of
electricity
Hence, cost to operate = 1.50 * 2,100 * 8 = NRs 25,200
It would cost NRs 25,000 to operate 10 computers for 7 hours per day
for 300 days.

31. Group Work: PROBLEM 2
A Lap computer uses a 50 Watt power when it is plugged in. NEA
Electricity costs NRs 8/kWh. Calculate how much it would cost to
operate 10 Laptops for 1 year for 7 hours per day.
Given:
Power = 50 W * 10 (converted to kW = 10 x50W/1000 = 0.50 kW)
Time = 7 hours per day for 300 days = 2,100 hours
Cost of electricity = NRs 8/kWh
Annual cost to operate laptop = power used x time x cost of
electricity
Hence, cost to operate = 0.50 * 2,100 * 8 = NRs 8,400
It would cost NRs 8,400 to operate 10 Laptop computers for 7 hours
per day for 300 days.

32. Energy Efficiency in Electrical
System
Mr. Rajeeb Thapa
Energy Efficiency Expert
GIZ-Integration
EEC/FNCCI

33. Electrical Power
Power
• The rate at which work is done
Types
• True power(active power)
• Reactive power
• Apparent power

34. Electrical Power (Contd.)
•True power(active power)
It is the power that actually powers the
equipment and performs useful work.
It is the actual power used by the load.
True power
=VICOSØ

35. Power Factor
• Power factor (pf) is the ratio between true
power and apparent power.
• True power is the power consumed by an AC
circuit
• Reactive power is the power that is stored in
an AC circuit.

36. Power Factor

37. Alternate Current & Voltage

38. Nature of load on different
parameter
• Resistor
• Inductor
• Capacitor

39. Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards
• Introduction
An average of one worker is electrocuted on the job
every day
There are four main types of electrical injuries:
– Electrocution (death due to electrical shock)
– Electrical shock
– Burns
– Falls

40. Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards
Electrical Shock
• Received when current passes through the body
• Severity of the shock depends on:
– Path of current through the body
– Amount of current flowing through the body
– Length of time the body is in the circuit
• LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD

41. Fundamentals of Electrical Hazards
• To flow electricity must have a complete path.
• Electricity flows through conductors
– water, metal, the human body
• Insulators are non-conductors
• The human body is a conductor.

42. Basic Rules of Electrical Action
• Electricity isn’t live until current flows
• Electrical current won’t flow until there is a
complete loop, out from and back to the
power source.

43. Preventing Accidental Electrical Contact
Electrocution
Prevention
Time
GFCI
ground-fault circuit-interrupters

45. Energy Efficiency

46. Energy Efficiency
The use of energy at the
Right Place
at the
Right Time
with
Optimal Utilization.

47. Why Energy Efficiency?
• Energy prices are rising and becoming
increasingly Unstable
• Energy brings prosperity and gives us a
comfortable life
• In developed countries energy is needed to
improve the quality of life and reduce
costs, whereas for us it is a matter of survival
• Use of energy also has disadvantages like;
environmental pollution, climate change

48. Why Energy Efficiency?
• It is difficult for existing energy resources to meet
the increasing energy demand
• New constructions for generation of power are
cost intensive
• What can be done then?
• We must reduce the energy demand, by using
energy as efficiently as possible
• We must use fossil fuels in the cleanest possible
way

49. Measures Carried Out In Electrical System
Installation of Capacitor Bank to improve Power
Factor
Reduce Peak Load / Load management
Use efficient Motors
Replace Old and Rewound Motors
Install optimal capacity of Equipments
i.e. Transformer, Generator, Motors etc.

50. Measures Carried Out In Electrical System
Reduction in compressor pressure settings
Arresting the compressed air leakage‘s
Replacing low efficient pumps with high
efficient pumps
Replacement of Metal blades with FRP
blades in CT fan
 Use Efficient Lighting

51. Specific Electrical Energy consumption for
Various Sectors
S. No. Sector
1
Cement
Sub-sector / Product
Limestone based
Clinker based
2
3
Electrical Energy
105 kWh/ T of
cement
35 kWh / T of cement
Pulp & Paper
Bleached Paper
1175 kWh/MT
Food
Beverage Non-alcoholic
Alcoholic
Dairy
60 kWh/100 cases
480 kWh/100 cases
10 kWh/kL

52. Specific Electric Energy consumption for
Various Sectors
S. No. Sector
4
Metal
5
Hotel
Sub-sector / Product
Iron Rods/ Bars
Electrical Energy
120-200 kWh/MT
116 for luxury
Room (kWh/room/day) 57 for budget, &
40 for classified

53. Energy Cost and Energy Saving Potential
(TERI)
Cement Sector:
Energy cost is 34.5% of cost of production
Saving potentials is 10 – 15%
Iron & Steel Sector:
Energy cost is 15.8% of the cost of production
Saving potentials is 8 – 10%
Pulp & Paper :
Energy Cost is 22.8% of the cost of production
Saving potential is 20 - 25%

54. Energy Cost and Energy Saving Potential
(TERI)
Sugar:
Energy Cost is 3.4% of the cost of production
Saving potential is 25 – 30%
Fruit & Vegetable Processing Units :
Energy Cost is 5 – 7% of the cost of production
Energy Saving potential around 10%
Milk Product:
Energy Cost is 5 – 7% of the cost of production
Energy Saving potentials is above 15%

55. Potential Energy Saving for Various sector (ESPS)
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sector
Pulp & paper
Food
Metal
Soap & Chemical
Hotel
Cold storage
Potential energy Saving in %
Electrical
Thermal
2.49
22.52
5.54
15.6
6.17
22.97
9.71
39.46
45.24
16.18
5.93

56. Potential Energy Saving for Food Sub-sectors (ESPS)
S. No.
Sub-sector
Potential energy Saving in %
Electrical
29.47
9.09
6.31
Thermal
15.38
19.25
13.91
1
2
3
Biscuit
Brewery
Dairy
4
Vegetable Oil, ghee
5.49
11.07
5
Instant Noodle
6.15
11.38
6
Sugar
14.55
20.73

57. Baseline study of 200 industries
Saving Potential = 83,660 kWh

58. Case Study in Electrical System
• Power Factor Improvement
• Replacing Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTL) with
CFL

59. Power Factor Improvement
S. No.
Parameter
Units
Value
1
Present Power Factor
0.8
2
Proposed Power Factor
0.95
3
Present Max. Demand
KVA
4,375
4
Ref. connected load
KW
3,500
5
Envisaged Max. Demand
KVA
3,685
6
Potential Reduction in Max
KVA
690
demand

60. Power Factor Improvement
S. No.
Parameter
Units
Value
7
Demand Charge
KVA
220
8
Annual Demand Saving by
NRs
1,821,600
Improving P.F
9
Additional kVAr Required
KVAR
1,505
10
Envisaged Investment for
NRs
2,257,500
Months
14.87
Capacitors and APFC Panel
11
Simple Payback Period

61. Replacing Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTL) with CFL
No. of 40 watts FTLs
65
Nos
Total connected load of FTL
3.575
kW
Envisaged load after replacement by 20watt CFL
1.3
kW
Reduction in load
2.275
kW
Annual energy savings (300days & 12hrs)
8,190
kWh
Annual monetary savings (NRs10/kWh)
81,900
NRs/yr
Estimated investment (NRs 400/CFL)
26,000
NRs
Simple payback period
5
Months

62. Lighting

63. Case Study
Lighting
Option-1
60 watts -11 watts
Net saving: 49 watts per day
Operation: 5 hours/day
No. of bulbs : 10
Total power saving per year = 735 units
Cost saving: Rs. 7350
Investment: Rs.2000
Pay back Period: 5 Month

64. Case Study
Lighting
Option -2
60 watts -5 watts
Net saving: 55 watts per day
Operation: 5 hours/day
No. of bulbs : 10
Total power saving per year = 825 units
Cost saving: Rs. 8250
Investment: Rs.8000
Pay back Period: 12 Month

65. Electrical Panel Board
Cost
• 45 watts
• 1080 watts/days
• 394 units/year

66. Insulated heaters
30% cost saving in Electricity bill

67. Thank you