This document provides information on electrical energy and ways to save power. It defines different types of energy and classifies energy as primary, commercial, renewable, and non-renewable. It then discusses electrical energy in more detail, explaining how it is generated through various power plants. The document outlines India's electrical energy consumption and losses. It emphasizes the importance of energy efficiency and lists some basic principles. Specific tools and strategies for saving energy in industry, lighting, and from electrical motors, air conditioners, and computers are described. The document also addresses plant harmonics, multi-stage pumps, and more efficient equipment like variable frequency drives, energy efficient motors, and LED lighting.

1. Veeral Additives Private Limited – Mahad
ENERGY MANTRA
POWER SAVING PPT

2. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
ENERGY AND ITS CLASSIFICATION :- Energy is define as the ability to do work .
Energy comes different forms namely ,heat , light , electrical , motion ,
chemical , nuclear energy .
ENERGY
Primary Energy:-
Energy store in
Nature Eg. Coal ,
petroleum .
Primary Energy
converted using
industrial utilities
Eg. Coal , steam.
ENERGY
Commercial Energy:-
Available in market
for price Eg.
Electricity
ENERGY
Renewable :- Available
in abundance in
nature , not likely to
run out Eg. Solar wind
Non-Commercial
Energy:- Available in
nature free of cost Eg.
Solar ,firewood etc.
Non Renewable :-
Scarce in Availability.
Continuous usages will
lead to extinction Eg.
Coal , petroleum .

3. ABOUT ELECTRICAL ENERGY
ELECTRICAL ENERGY:- Electrical energy is a form of energy that is absorbed and
delivered by electrical circuits . It was discovered by British
scientist Micheal faraday in mid 1830s .
He came up with a method to generate electricity by moving
a coil of wire in magnetic field . This method still in use .
LAW ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRICAL ENERGY :- Energy is governed by law of
conversion of energy which states that ‘’ energy can nighter
be created nor be destroyed . It can only be transferred one
form to another form .
Faraday law of electromagnetic induction . When there is
relative motion between magnetic lines of forces cutting a coil
of wire , electro motive force induced in the coil.
This is the fundamental principle used to power plants to
Generate Electricity .

4. ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENRATION
THERMAL POWER PLANT :- Thermal Power plant where heat is converted into Electrical Energy . Heat Energy is usually
obtained from coal , petrol etc. The source material is non- renewable from nature . Has a heavy negative impact
on environment due to its carbon emission .
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT :- Energy released during atomic fission reaction is converted into electrical energy .
Radioactive material like uranium is used to initiate fission chain reaction . Carbon emission is very less .
Radioactive waste is produced which has to be properly disposed off.
HYDRO POWER PLANT :- Potential energy of water is stored in dam is converted in electrical energy . Enviourment friendly
but seasonal in nature .
SOLAR POWER PLANT :- Solar energy is converted into electrical energy by utilizing solar cells . Solar cells are semiconductor
which emit electrons by absorbing photons . But generation is not possible 24x7 due to unavailability of sunlight.
WIND POWER PLANT :- Kinetic energy of wind is converted into electrical energy . Enviourment friendly but seasonal in
nature .
GEO- THERMAL POWER PLANT :- Heat Obtained from beneath the earth is converted into electrical energy .
It is a form of clean energy . It is highly location specified .

5. ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
65%
22%
3% 10%
THERMAL
HYDRO
NUCLEAR
India is the 6th largest energy consumer in the world accounting for 3.4%
of global energy consumption , with Maharashtra as the leading
electricity generator among Indian states .
Due to India economy rise , the demand of energy has grown at an
average of 3.6% per annum over the past 30 years .
India is the sixth largest in terms of power generation . About 65%
Energy consumed in India is generated by thermal plant ,22% of Hydro
Plant , 3% of nuclear power plants and 10% of solar and wind power
generation . 53.7% of India energy commercial demand is met through
The country vast coal reserve .
Electricity losses in India during transmission and distribution are
extremely high 23% . The total demand of electricity in India is expected
to cross 950000 MW by 2030 . Due to shortage of electricity power cuts
are common through out India and this is adversely effected to India economic growth .

6. BASICS OF ENERGY EFFICENCNY
Efficient
Purchasing
Efficient
Equipment
Efficient
Operation
The basis of energy efficiency activities:-
● To stop…… wastage
● To Decrease…… consumption
● To separate……intensity
● To look……over again and again and again.....
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is using
less energy to provide the same level of energy service.
Energy efficiency and renewable energy are said to be the twin pillars
of sustainable energy policy.

7. ENERGY EFFICENCY BENEFITS
Today 85% of primary energy comes from non-renewable and fossil sources (coal , oil etc. ) . These reserve are
continually diminishing with increasing consumption and will not exit for future generation .
INDUSTRY NATION GLOBE
● Reduce energy bills .
● Increased competitiveness .
● Increased Productivity .
● Improve Quality .
● Increased Benefits .
● Reduces Energy imports .
● Avoided costs can be used for
poverty reduction.
● Conservation of limited resources .
● Improve energy security.
● Reduces GHG and other emission .
● Maintain a suitable Enviourment .

8. ELECTRICAL POWER
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

9. ENERGY MEASURMENT UNIT EXPLAINED
DEFINATION :- Power is define as the rate at which energy is consumed . In other words ,
power is define as the rate of work done .
● While energy is measured in joules (J) .
● Power is measured in joules / seconds ( J/S) .
Power = Energy consumed / Time
● Electricity is measured in units called watts . ( Named to honor James watt ,the inventor of steam engine )
● A watt is the unit of electrical power equal to one ampere under the pressure of one volt .
● One watt is a small amount of power , some device required few watts to operate and other required larger amounts .
● The Power consumption of small devices measured in watts and larger device in KW or 1000Watts .
● Electricity generated in KW= 1000 Watts.
MW = 1000 KW
GW = 1000 MW
● A Watt Hour( WH) is equal to the energy of one watt steadily supplied to , or taken from an electric
circuit from one hour.
● The amount of electricity generated and consumer uses over a period of time is typically measured
in kilowatt hours . ( KWH )

10. HOW TO CALCULATE ELECTRICAL POWER
EXAMPLE :- If you use 40 watt , electric bulbs light for 5 Hours.
● You have consumed 0.04kw x 5 = 200wh
Single Phase Power Calculation :-
P = V X I
w = V X I
Three Phase Power Calculation :-
P (watt) = 1.732 X V X I X COSØ

11. TOOLS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
IN INDUSTRY
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES ( VFD ) :- A variable frequency drive is a type of adjustable
speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive system to control AC motor speed and torque
by varying motor input frequency and voltage .
VFDs are used in applications ranging from small appliances to large compressors . About 25%
Of the world electrical energy is consumed by electrical motors in industrial application , which
Can be more efficient when using VFDs in centrifugal load services .
Energy cost saving are especially pronounced in variable torque centrifugal fan and pump
Applications , where the load’s torque and power vary with the square and cube , respectively
Of the speed .
This changes gives a large power reduction compare to fixed speed operation for a relatively
Small reduction in speed .

12. ENERGY EFFICENT MOTOR
Motor efficiency is a factor of a variety of mechanical and electrical
imperfection within the motor .
Resistance ( I²R ) losses in the stator winding and rotor bars can constitute
Up to a 15 percent loss in efficiency in three phase motors . I²R losses
in a single Phase fractional horsepower motors may be high as 30% losses.
Magnetization losses in the stator and rotor cores cause about a 1% to
7% efficiency loss .
Friction losses in the bearings and inefficiency in the cooling fan result in
0.5 % to 1.5% loss in motor efficiency . These losses are depend on motor
Size and design . The remaining losses are referred to as stray load losses .
Always prefer higher efficiency motors for power saving .

13. ELECTRICAL POWER FACTOR
POWER FACTOR :- The ratio of the actual power dissipated by an AC electrical circuit to the
product of the r.m.s values of the current and voltage . The difference between the two caused
by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work .
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT :- Power factor comes into picture in AC circuit only .
Mathematically it is cosine of phase difference between source voltage and current .
it refers to the friction of total power ( apparent power ) which is utilized to do the useful work called active
power .
● Real Power is given by P=VI cosØ to transfer a given amount of power at certain voltage , the
electrical current is inversely proportional to cosØ . Hence higher the Pf lower will be the current
following . A small current flow require less cross section area of conductor and thus it saves conductor and
money .
● From above relation we saw having poor power factor increases the current flowing in conductor
and thus copper loss increases . Further large voltage drop occurs in alternator , Transformer and
transmission and distribution lines which gives very poor voltage regulation .
● Further the KVA ratting of machines is also reduced by having higher power factor as , hence the size
and the cost of the machine will reduced .
● So Electrical power factor should be maintained close to unity for power saving .

14. AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CONTROLLER
Various Types of power factor controls are variable with relay / microprocessor logic . Two of the most
common controls are voltage control and KVAr control voltage .
Voltage Control :- Control Voltage alone can be used as a source of intelligence when the
switched capacitor are applied at point where the circuit voltage decreases as circuit load increases .
● Generally , where they are applied the voltage should decreases as circuit
load increases and the drop in voltage should be around 4-5% with increases load .
● Voltage is the most common type of intelligence used in substation applications , when
maintaining a particular voltage is of prime importance . This Type of control is independent of load cycle .
KVAR CONTROL :- Kvar sensitive controls are used at locations where the voltage level is closely regulated and not
available as a control variable .
● The capacitor can be switched to response to a decreasing power factor as a result of change in system loading .
● This type of control used to avoid penalty on low power factor by adding capacitor in steps as the system power factor
begins to lag behind the desired value .
● Kvar control requires two inputs- current and voltage from the incoming feeder , which are fed to the pf correction
mechanism , either the microprocessor or the relay .

15. ENERGY EFFICENT LIGHTING CONTROL
OCCUPANCY SANSOR :- Occupancy-linked control can be achieved using infra-red , acoustic , ultra sonic or microwave
sensors , which detect either movement or noise in room spaces .
● These sensors switch lighting on when occupancy is detected and off again when no occupancy movement detected .
● They are designed to override manual switches and to prevent a situation where lighting is left on in unoccupied spaces.
● This is best suitable for bathrooms , rooms , offices etc. for power saving and to stop excess running of lights .
TIMED BASED CONTROL :- Timed –turnoff switches are the least expensive type of automatic lighting controls.
● In some cases their low cost and ease of installation makes it desirable to use them where more efficient controls
would be too expensive .
● This is best suitable for time delay circuits , lighting , motor controls for power saving .
LOCALIZED SWITCHING :- Localized switching should be used in applications which contain large spaces.
● Local switches give individual occupants control over their visual Enviourment and also facilitate energy savings .
● By using localized switching it is possible to turn off artificial lighting in specific areas , while still operating it in
other areas where it is required , a situation which is impossible if the lighting for an entire space

16. LED LIGHT
The lighting –emitting diode (LED) is one of today’s most energy efficient and rapidly – developing lighting
technologies . Quality Led light bulbs last longer, are more durable and offer comparable or better light quality
than other type of lighting .
Energy Saving :- LED light is highly energy efficient lighting technology and has the potential to
Fundamentally change the future of light in the united states . Residential LEDs- especially ENERGY
Star rated product – use at least 75% less energy , and last 25 times longer than incandescent lighting .
How LEDs are different :- LED Lighting is very different from other lighting sources such as incandescent bubs
and CFLs .
● Lighting Source:- LEDs are the size of a fleck of pepper and a mix of red , green and blue LEDs is typically used
to make while light .
● Direction :- LEDs emit light in a specific direction , reducing the need of reflectors and diffusers that can trap light .
This feature makes LEDs more efficient for many uses such as recessed downlights and task lighting . With other
types of lighting, the light must be reflected to the desired direction and more than half may never leave the fixture .
● Heat :- LEDs emit very little heat . In comparison to incandescent bulbs release 90% of their energy as heat and
CFLs release about 80% of their energy as heat .

17. LED LIGHT COMPARISION

18. AIR CONDITIONER TEMPERATURE SAVE
ELECTRICITY
Air Conditioner temperature and its impact on electricity consumption .
Ideal Temperature for thermal comfort
24 °C
Raising AC temperature saves electricity
Formula to Find How Much
Percentage Saving = ( New temperature- Old temperature) X 100
( Outside temperature – old temperature )
= ( 25-20)/ (45-20) X100 = 20% saving
On a day when outside temperature is 45°C increasing temperature from 20 °C to
25°C will save:-
● Do not set temperature setting too
low as costs you additional power.
● 24°C is comfortable for human body
and is recommended.

19. AIR CONDITIONER LABELING
The key measure of energy performance for labeling of air conditioners is the product's EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio).
EER is the cooling capacity versus the power consumed. Thus higher the EER, better the energy efficiency of an air
conditioner
RATING BAND MIN MAX
1 STAR * 2.50 2.69
2 STAR** 2.70 2.89
3 STAR *** 2.90 3.09
4 STAR **** 3.10 3.29
5 STAR ***** 3.30 3.49
EER (W/W) EER (W/W)STAR
COOLING CAPACITY REQUIRED = 1.5 Ton = 5.25 KW
(cooling capacity in kw)
Single star, Total power required = 5.25 / 2.5 =2.1 Kw
Five star, Total power required = 5.25/3.3 = 1.59 Kw
Total Power Saving = 0.51Kw/Hours

20. HOW TO SAVE POWER FROM COMPUTER
Turn OFF your computer when not in use.
If computer must be left ‘ON’ then turn ‘OFF’ the monitor. This device alone uses more than
half the system’s energy.
Set computers to use sleep mode when not in use. It will save approximate 40% energy.
Battery chargers for laptop, cell phone and digital camera itself draw power whenever they
are plugged. Unplug them and save the energy.
Turn on the computer, monitor, printer only when you need.
More than half of the power consumed by a desktop PC is wasted as heat. Even servers, that are
typically more efficient than desktops, waste 30-40% of the power that they utilize.
Purchase flat-screen LED monitors . Power saving 20% to 30% as compare to LCD monitor .

21. POWER SAVING FROM ELECTRICAL MOTORS
Energy-efficient electric motors reduce energy losses through improved design, better materials,
and improved manufacturing techniques.
Replacing a motor may be justifiable solely on the electricity cost savings derived from an energy-
efficient replacement.
Convert delta to star connection for lightly loaded motors .
Install soft start-cum-energy saver for lightly loaded motors.
Install multi speed motor.
Provide interlock for electric motor to avoid idle running .
Carry out preventive maintenance and condition monitoring schedule regularly.

22. PLANT HARMONICS LEVEL
The presence of harmonics in electrical systems means that current and voltage
are distorted and deviate from sinusoidal waveforms.
Plant Harmonics level should be lower for power saving and smooth system .
Plant Total Harmonics distortion level should be less then (THD) 5% .
Lower the level of Plant harmonics helps to Maintain Plant power factor .
Lower the level of Plant Harmonics helps to improve equipment's efficiency and performance .
Lower the level of Plant Harmonics helps to reduce plant losses .
Lower the level of Plant Harmonics helps to prevent Govt electricity bill penalty ( P.F) .

23. MULTISTAGE PUMPS
Various trade organization have presented data suggesting that pumping systems accounting for roughly
20% of the world electrical energy demand . Steps taken to improve the efficiency of these pumping
Systems would result not only in operating cost saving , but in reduced energy consumption and
reduced load on electrical energy supply sources . One step that should be considered when
evaluating the efficiency of a traditional single- stage pump installation is the use of multi-stage
technology .
Multistage pumps use multiple impellers and volutes in series to achieve pressure . The pumped fluid is
Discharged from an impeller and volute ( called a stage ) and immediately enters the next impeller and
volute . 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
B
D
A
Example multi stage:-
A= 25 gpm at 180 feet TDH , 2882 rpm , bhp = 2.3
B = 25 gpm at 266 feet TDH , 3500 rpm , bhp = 3.9
Example single stage:-
A= 25 gpm at 180 feet TDH , 3319 rpm , bhp = 3.7
B = 25 gpm at 200 feet TDH , 3500 rpm , bhp = 4.2
Head
(ft.)
● D to B part is saving potential if VFD
drive using for multistage Pumps .
● A to D part is saving potential if VFD
drive using for single stage Pumps .
Multistage Pumps Depends on the diameter of the impellers , the number of
stages used and the speed of the impeller are turning .The tight clearance
between impeller and volute is that each impeller operate close to its best
hydraulic efficiency .
Multistage pumps are not recommended for applications pumping liquids
Containing solids , abrasives or stringy material .
As suitable applications multistage pumps are best solution for power Saving .

24. HOW TO SAVE POWER FROM PUMPS
Select a pump of the right capacity in accordance with the requirement. Improper selection of
pumps can lead to large wastage of energy. A pump with 85% efficiency at rated flow may
have only 65% efficiency at half the flow.
Matching of the motor with the appropriate-sized pump.
Proper installation of the pump system, including shaft alignment, coupling of motor and
pump is a must. Drive transmission between pumps and motors is very important. it can
cause energy loss up to 15-20%.
Use automatic start control or manually turn off a pump that is used intermittently or
occasionally.
Use adjustable speed drives or parallel pumps to meet variable flow requirements.
Trim impellers, use slower speed motors and/or gear reducers or replace it with a properly
sized pump where pumps are dramatically oversized.

25. POWER SAVING FROM COOLING TOWERS
Replacement of inefficient aluminum or fabricated steel fans with molded FRP
fans with aero foil designs results in electricity savings in the range of 15 percent
to 40 per cent.
Control cooling tower fans operation should be based on leaving water
temperatures.
Install automatic ON-OFF switches on cooling tower fans and save up to 40
per cent on electricity costs.
Centralize utilities by providing a common chilled water line, chilled brine line,
cooling water line and compressed air line.
Reduce scaling in cooling towers by adopting proper water quality management.

26. POWER SAVING FROM BOILER
Install economizer in Boiler for preheating feed water where in the temperature is raised
from 70 Degrees to 120 Degrees. This results in 3% saving in fuel and power .
Improve the efficiency of boiler by soot blowing and controlling excess air. This results in
2% increase in boiler efficiency. Always monitor the exit flue gas temperature, it should
be in the range of 170 degrees to 190 degrees.
Use variable speed drives on large boiler combustion air fans with variable flows .
Boiler steam condense water recovery system reduce water consumption .
Inspect oil heaters for proper oil temperature , Clean burners, nozzles, strainers, etc.
Improve oxygen trim control (e.g. -- limit excess air to less than 10% on clean fuels).
(5% reduction in excess air increases boiler efficiency by 1% or: 1% reduction of residual oxygen in
stack gas increases boiler efficiency by 1%.)

27. POWER SAVING FROM CHILLER
Increase the evaporator temperature (5.5ºC increase in evaporator temperature
reduces compressor power consumption by 20 – 25%).
Use the lowest temperature condenser water available that the chiller can handle.
(Reducing condensing temperature by 5.5ºC, results in a 20 – 25% decrease in
compressor power consumption).
Clean heat exchangers when fouled. (1mm scale build-up on condenser
tubes can increase energy consumption by 40%).
Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation.
Run the chillers with the lowest energy consumption. It saves energy cost, fuels a base load.
Avoid oversizing -- match the connected load.

28. POWER SAVING FROM AIR COMPRESSOR
Minimize purges, leaks, excessive pressure drops, and condensation accumulation.
(Compressed air leak from 1 mm hole size at 7 kg/cm2 pressure would mean power
loss equivalent to 0.5 kW)
Reduce air compressor discharge pressure to the lowest acceptable setting.
(Reduction of 1 kg/cm2 air pressure (8 kg/cm2 to 7 kg/cm2) would result in 9% input
power savings. This will also reduce compressed air leakage rates by 10%)
Take air compressor intake air from the coolest (but not air conditioned) location.
(Every 50C reduction in intake air temperature would result in 1% reduction in
compressor power consumption)
Install air control system to coordinate multiple air compressors
Monitor pressure drops across suction and discharge filters and clean or replace
filters promptly upon alarm.

29. SAVE ENERGY SAVE MONEY
Save on energy and money, just
snuggle up to your honey….
Save one unit a day, keep power cut
away …..
Save today enjoy tomorrow; waste
today cry tomorrow….
Saving energy today for a brighter
tomorrow……
Save Energy…….
Save Money…….
Save Earth……….

30. STOP EXCESS RUNNING OF COOLING WATER
PUMPS
Power Saving From Cooling Water Pumps :-
● If Cooling Tower Two pump Runs for one extra Hours , it consumes = 400Units
● Which is approximate equivalent to Rs. 4200/-
● If Cooling Tower Two pump Runs for one extra Hours
for 300 days of year, it consumes = 120000 Units
● Which is approximate equivalent to Rs. 12.6Lakh/-
******STOP EXCESS RUNNING OF COOLING WATER PUMPS******
SAVE ENERGY , SAVE MONEY

31. Power Saving from Chiller :-
● If Chiller Runs for one extra Hours , it consumes = 300Units
● Which is approximate equivalent to Rs. 3150/-
● If Chiller Runs for one extra Hours for 300 days of year, it
consumes = 90000 Units
● Which is approximate equivalent to Rs. 9.45Lakh/-
******STOP EXCESS RUNNING OF COOLING WATER PUMPS******
STOP EXCESS RUNNING OF CHILLIER
SAVE ENERGY , SAVE MONEY

32. STOP EXCESS RUNNING OF AIR COMPRESSOR
Power Saving from Air Compressor :-
● If Air Compressor Runs for one extra Hours , it consumes = 160Units
● Which is approximate equivalent to Rs. 1680/-
● If Air compressor Runs for one extra Hours
for 300 days of year, it consumes = 48000 Units
● Which is approximate equivalent to Rs. 5.04Lakh/-
******STOP EXCESS RUNNING OF COOLING WATER PUMPS******
SAVE ENERGY , SAVE MONEY

33. STOP EXCESS RUNNING OF BRINE UNIT
Power Saving from Brine Unit :-
● If Brine Unit Runs for one extra Hours , it consumes = 400Units
● Which is approximate equivalent to Rs. 4200/-
● If Brine unit Runs for one extra Hours
for 300 days of year, it consumes = 120000 Units
● Which is approximate equivalent to Rs. 12.6 Lakh/-
******STOP EXCESS RUNNING OF COOLING WATER PUMPS******
SAVE ENERGY , SAVE MONEY

34. ELECTRICITY BILL INCENTIVE
( KWH )² + ( KVAH (LAG) + KVAH (LEAD) ) ²
KWH

35. Thank you
DEEPAK SINGH
9634844138