Tribal Livelihoods in Odisha, (Biriguda village)
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This presentation is based on the fieldwork that I did in Biriguda village of Koraput district in Odisha
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need for agricultural Policy
Agriculture is the main source of income and employment in rural areas, especially in poorer countries where it is often the principal employer. Agricultural growth is key to reducing both rural and urban poverty. Agricultural policy instruments include government expenditures on infrastructure, price and trade controls, direct management of production and marketing, improving product and factor markets, developing adequate institutions, and establishing legislative frameworks. However, there is skepticism that current policies primarily benefit large corporations and prioritize high-yield technologies over small farmers and more sustainable approaches.
Agriculture price policy
The document discusses India's agricultural price policy and related programs. It provides background on how the policy emerged in response to food scarcity issues. It then describes the objectives of price policy, the need for such a policy, its main features including the institutions involved like CACP and FCI. It also discusses factors considered in price setting, effects of the policy, and shortcomings like limited coverage and ineffective PDS. Suggestions are provided to improve the policy including expanding coverage and improving productivity.
Agro-forestry
This document defines agroforestry as a sustainable land use system that combines trees, crops, and livestock. It discusses several types of agroforestry including silvopasture, alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, and windbreaks/shelterbelts. Silvopasture combines trees, forage, and livestock. Alley cropping grows crops between rows of trees. Forest farming cultivates high-value crops under forest canopy. Riparian buffers protect waterways. Windbreaks shelter crops, livestock, and roads from wind.
Agriculture policy in india
Agriculture is a major part of India's economy, contributing 25% to GDP. However, agricultural production has stagnated in recent years due to small landholdings, dependence on monsoons, lack of infrastructure and technology. The government has implemented various policies and programs to support the agricultural sector, including providing subsidies, developing new crop varieties, expanding irrigation and credit, and creating support systems like agriculture extension services and crop insurance. The Targeted Public Distribution System aims to ensure food security for poor families across India.
Green revolution
The Green Revolution in India refers to the period in the 1960s-70s when agricultural productivity increased dramatically due to the adoption of new technologies and high-yielding varieties of seeds, brought about through initiatives like those of M.S. Swaminathan. This helped increase food grain production, especially in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. However, long term problems arose due to overuse of chemicals, loss of biodiversity, rising costs for farmers, and increased regional disparities between areas that could benefit and those that could not.
History of Agriculture in India
Ancient agriculture in India began as early as 9000 BCE with the cultivation of crops and domestication of animals in northwest India. Settled life followed, along with the development of agricultural implements and techniques. By 8000-4000 BCE, agro-pastoralism was common and included practices like threshing crops, planting in rows, and storing grain. Major innovations in irrigation occurred in the Indus Valley Civilization by 4500 BCE, allowing cities to grow and prosper. Vedic texts from 3000-2500 BCE describe iron tools, cultivation of various crops and fruits, animal husbandry, and the use of manure and irrigation.
Impact of Green Revolution on Indian Agriculture
The document discusses the Green Revolution in India that occurred in the late 1960s. It introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased usage of fertilizers and irrigation, which led to a significant increase in food grain production. However, the Green Revolution also had negative environmental and social impacts. There is now a need for a second Green Revolution that focuses on sustainable agricultural practices to continue feeding India's growing population.
Role of Agriculture in Indian Economy
The document discusses the importance of agriculture in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture accounts for around 17-18% of India's GDP and 50% of employment. It plays a key role by providing food, raw materials to industry, employment, and market for other goods. The agricultural sector is therefore critical to India's growth, development, and food security.
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need for agricultural Policy
Agriculture is the main source of income and employment in rural areas, especially in poorer countries where it is often the principal employer. Agricultural growth is key to reducing both rural and urban poverty. Agricultural policy instruments include government expenditures on infrastructure, price and trade controls, direct management of production and marketing, improving product and factor markets, developing adequate institutions, and establishing legislative frameworks. However, there is skepticism that current policies primarily benefit large corporations and prioritize high-yield technologies over small farmers and more sustainable approaches.
Agriculture price policy
The document discusses India's agricultural price policy and related programs. It provides background on how the policy emerged in response to food scarcity issues. It then describes the objectives of price policy, the need for such a policy, its main features including the institutions involved like CACP and FCI. It also discusses factors considered in price setting, effects of the policy, and shortcomings like limited coverage and ineffective PDS. Suggestions are provided to improve the policy including expanding coverage and improving productivity.
Agro-forestry
This document defines agroforestry as a sustainable land use system that combines trees, crops, and livestock. It discusses several types of agroforestry including silvopasture, alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, and windbreaks/shelterbelts. Silvopasture combines trees, forage, and livestock. Alley cropping grows crops between rows of trees. Forest farming cultivates high-value crops under forest canopy. Riparian buffers protect waterways. Windbreaks shelter crops, livestock, and roads from wind.
Agriculture policy in india
Agriculture is a major part of India's economy, contributing 25% to GDP. However, agricultural production has stagnated in recent years due to small landholdings, dependence on monsoons, lack of infrastructure and technology. The government has implemented various policies and programs to support the agricultural sector, including providing subsidies, developing new crop varieties, expanding irrigation and credit, and creating support systems like agriculture extension services and crop insurance. The Targeted Public Distribution System aims to ensure food security for poor families across India.
Green revolution
The Green Revolution in India refers to the period in the 1960s-70s when agricultural productivity increased dramatically due to the adoption of new technologies and high-yielding varieties of seeds, brought about through initiatives like those of M.S. Swaminathan. This helped increase food grain production, especially in states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. However, long term problems arose due to overuse of chemicals, loss of biodiversity, rising costs for farmers, and increased regional disparities between areas that could benefit and those that could not.
History of Agriculture in India
Ancient agriculture in India began as early as 9000 BCE with the cultivation of crops and domestication of animals in northwest India. Settled life followed, along with the development of agricultural implements and techniques. By 8000-4000 BCE, agro-pastoralism was common and included practices like threshing crops, planting in rows, and storing grain. Major innovations in irrigation occurred in the Indus Valley Civilization by 4500 BCE, allowing cities to grow and prosper. Vedic texts from 3000-2500 BCE describe iron tools, cultivation of various crops and fruits, animal husbandry, and the use of manure and irrigation.
Impact of Green Revolution on Indian Agriculture
The document discusses the Green Revolution in India that occurred in the late 1960s. It introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased usage of fertilizers and irrigation, which led to a significant increase in food grain production. However, the Green Revolution also had negative environmental and social impacts. There is now a need for a second Green Revolution that focuses on sustainable agricultural practices to continue feeding India's growing population.
Role of Agriculture in Indian Economy
The document discusses the importance of agriculture in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture accounts for around 17-18% of India's GDP and 50% of employment. It plays a key role by providing food, raw materials to industry, employment, and market for other goods. The agricultural sector is therefore critical to India's growth, development, and food security.
agriculture in madhyapradesh
Madhya Pradesh has a primarily agricultural economy, with around 73% of the population relying on agriculture. Major crops include rice, wheat, soybean, sugarcane, and cotton. The state produces large amounts of pulses, soybean, wheat, sugarcane, and rice nationally. Horticulture is also significant, with production of vegetables, fruits, and spices. The government is working to boost food processing industries and agriculture exports. Initiatives include export zones for certain crops and contract farming partnerships between corporations and farmers. Madhya Pradesh achieved the highest agricultural growth in the country in 2013 at 13.33%.
Agricultural labour
The document discusses agricultural labor in India. It notes that around 58% of India's population depends on agriculture and that the number of cultivators has declined from 50% in 1951 to 24% in 2011. It outlines the classification, characteristics, laws, and welfare measures regarding agricultural laborers. Some key challenges faced by agricultural laborers are excess supply, seasonal employment, small land holdings, limited other occupations, indebtedness, and regional variations in issues. Solutions proposed include cooperatives, irrigation development, improved marketing/distribution, and agricultural insurance.
Causes of rural indebtedness
Rural indebtedness among Indian farmers has been steadily increasing since 1971 due to various factors. Farmers take loans for both productive and unproductive purposes from money lenders who charge high interest rates, trapping farmers in endless cycles of debt. Common causes of rural indebtedness include ancestral debts, poverty, natural calamities damaging crops, extravagant spending, exploitation by money lenders, small land holdings, expensive legal disputes, desires to increase land holdings, and spending on luxuries. The average debt per rural household rose from Rs. 500 in 1971 to Rs. 7,539 in 2002 according to government data.
ppt green revolution
The document discusses the Green Revolution, which was a period in the 20th century when agricultural productivity dramatically increased through new technologies like chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It began in the 1940s and was spearheaded by Norman Borlaug. In India, the Green Revolution was applied from 1967-1978, focusing on wheat and rice production led by Dr. MS Swaminathan. The Green Revolution led to increased crop yields but also caused issues like soil pollution, water pollution, and health problems from overuse of chemicals. While it prevented famines, more sustainable practices are now needed.
Green revolution
The Green Revolution significantly increased agricultural productivity in India through the introduction of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, increased fertilizer and pesticide use, and improved irrigation techniques. Led by Indian agronomist M.S. Swaminathan and supported by Mexican scientist Norman Borlaug, the Green Revolution transformed India from a food-deficient nation in the 1960s to a major food exporter by the late 1970s through high crop yields that established India as one of the world's largest agricultural producers. However, overuse of chemicals polluted water sources and soils over time. Future agricultural plans need better management of irrigation and controls on pesticide and fertilizer use to minimize environmental impacts.
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Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
Second green revolution for sustainable agriculture development
The document discusses the need for a second green revolution in India to promote sustainable agriculture. It notes that while the first green revolution greatly increased food production, it had several shortcomings like benefiting large farmers more than small farmers. Current issues affecting Indian agriculture include overdependence on monsoons, declining investment, and growing rural poverty. The document argues that the second green revolution should focus on expanding irrigation, increasing coverage of crops beyond rice and wheat, ensuring adequate inputs and credit, improving rural infrastructure and human resources, and boosting agricultural marketing. This will help address issues of sustainability and make agriculture less vulnerable to climate impacts.
Agriculture origin
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This document discusses the need for and sources of credit in Indian agriculture. It notes that agricultural credit is a crucial input, and that the major historical source was private moneylenders who charged high interest rates. To address this, a multi-agency approach using cooperatives, commercial banks, and regional rural banks now provides cheaper and more adequate credit to farmers. It then outlines the various financial needs of Indian farmers and the roles of credit. Finally, it details the major institutional sources of agricultural credit in India, including cooperatives, commercial banks, land development banks, regional rural banks, government loan schemes, and NABARD.
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This document discusses key concepts in agricultural production economics including:
1. It defines input-output relationships and different types of production functions including continuous, discrete, very short run, short run, and long run production functions.
2. It categorizes agricultural resources as fixed, variable, stock, and flow and explains how the distinction between stock and flow resources can be confusing depending on the time period considered.
3. It outlines the three basic types of relationships in production as factor-factor, product-product, and factor-product and describes how production functions model the input-output relationship.
4. It describes the different returns to scale that can exist in production including constant, increasing, and diminishing
Agriculture price policy
This document discusses India's agriculture pricing policy. It outlines the objectives of the policy which include raising farmer productivity and incomes. The key elements are fixing prices for agricultural products, inputs, and balancing consumer and farmer interests. Instruments used include minimum support prices, market intervention schemes, and the public distribution system to ensure stable supplies and prices. The policy aims to incentivize production through stable incomes while protecting consumers.
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The document discusses several schemes and initiatives by the Government of India to support farmers and the agriculture sector. The key schemes mentioned include:
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- It covers yields losses for notified crops as well as some post-harvest losses. Premium rates are 2% for kharif crops, 1% for rabi crops, and 5% for horticulture.
- The government will bear most of the costs, even up to 90% of the premium. Smart technology will be used to assess claims quickly
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It gives an outlook to the position of Indian farmers and indian agriculture . It provides an idea about the measures that can be adopted in order to double thefarmers' income by 2022.
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- Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, with around 58% of the population depending on it. India is a major global producer of crops like wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- Agriculture contributes 18% to total exports and 23% to India's GDP. The sector provides food for over 1 billion people and raw materials to many industries.
- Major crops grown in India include rice, wheat, maize, millets, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tea, coffee, coconut and rubber.
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Madhya Pradesh has a primarily agricultural economy, with around 73% of the population relying on agriculture. Major crops include rice, wheat, soybean, sugarcane, and cotton. The state produces large amounts of pulses, soybean, wheat, sugarcane, and rice nationally. Horticulture is also significant, with production of vegetables, fruits, and spices. The government is working to boost food processing industries and agriculture exports. Initiatives include export zones for certain crops and contract farming partnerships between corporations and farmers. Madhya Pradesh achieved the highest agricultural growth in the country in 2013 at 13.33%.
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The document discusses agricultural labor in India. It notes that around 58% of India's population depends on agriculture and that the number of cultivators has declined from 50% in 1951 to 24% in 2011. It outlines the classification, characteristics, laws, and welfare measures regarding agricultural laborers. Some key challenges faced by agricultural laborers are excess supply, seasonal employment, small land holdings, limited other occupations, indebtedness, and regional variations in issues. Solutions proposed include cooperatives, irrigation development, improved marketing/distribution, and agricultural insurance.
Causes of rural indebtedness
Rural indebtedness among Indian farmers has been steadily increasing since 1971 due to various factors. Farmers take loans for both productive and unproductive purposes from money lenders who charge high interest rates, trapping farmers in endless cycles of debt. Common causes of rural indebtedness include ancestral debts, poverty, natural calamities damaging crops, extravagant spending, exploitation by money lenders, small land holdings, expensive legal disputes, desires to increase land holdings, and spending on luxuries. The average debt per rural household rose from Rs. 500 in 1971 to Rs. 7,539 in 2002 according to government data.
ppt green revolution
The document discusses the Green Revolution, which was a period in the 20th century when agricultural productivity dramatically increased through new technologies like chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It began in the 1940s and was spearheaded by Norman Borlaug. In India, the Green Revolution was applied from 1967-1978, focusing on wheat and rice production led by Dr. MS Swaminathan. The Green Revolution led to increased crop yields but also caused issues like soil pollution, water pollution, and health problems from overuse of chemicals. While it prevented famines, more sustainable practices are now needed.
Green revolution
The Green Revolution significantly increased agricultural productivity in India through the introduction of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, increased fertilizer and pesticide use, and improved irrigation techniques. Led by Indian agronomist M.S. Swaminathan and supported by Mexican scientist Norman Borlaug, the Green Revolution transformed India from a food-deficient nation in the 1960s to a major food exporter by the late 1970s through high crop yields that established India as one of the world's largest agricultural producers. However, overuse of chemicals polluted water sources and soils over time. Future agricultural plans need better management of irrigation and controls on pesticide and fertilizer use to minimize environmental impacts.
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Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
Second green revolution for sustainable agriculture development
The document discusses the need for a second green revolution in India to promote sustainable agriculture. It notes that while the first green revolution greatly increased food production, it had several shortcomings like benefiting large farmers more than small farmers. Current issues affecting Indian agriculture include overdependence on monsoons, declining investment, and growing rural poverty. The document argues that the second green revolution should focus on expanding irrigation, increasing coverage of crops beyond rice and wheat, ensuring adequate inputs and credit, improving rural infrastructure and human resources, and boosting agricultural marketing. This will help address issues of sustainability and make agriculture less vulnerable to climate impacts.
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The development of agriculture around 10,000 years ago, known as the Neolithic Revolution, significantly changed how humans lived. People began domesticating plants and animals, developing new tools for farming, and settling into permanent villages. This led to more complex societies with specialized roles, increased trade, and the growth of towns. The reliable food supply supported larger populations and allowed people to pursue activities other than hunting and gathering.
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This document discusses the need for and sources of credit in Indian agriculture. It notes that agricultural credit is a crucial input, and that the major historical source was private moneylenders who charged high interest rates. To address this, a multi-agency approach using cooperatives, commercial banks, and regional rural banks now provides cheaper and more adequate credit to farmers. It then outlines the various financial needs of Indian farmers and the roles of credit. Finally, it details the major institutional sources of agricultural credit in India, including cooperatives, commercial banks, land development banks, regional rural banks, government loan schemes, and NABARD.
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This document discusses key concepts in agricultural production economics including:
1. It defines input-output relationships and different types of production functions including continuous, discrete, very short run, short run, and long run production functions.
2. It categorizes agricultural resources as fixed, variable, stock, and flow and explains how the distinction between stock and flow resources can be confusing depending on the time period considered.
3. It outlines the three basic types of relationships in production as factor-factor, product-product, and factor-product and describes how production functions model the input-output relationship.
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Agriculture price policy
This document discusses India's agriculture pricing policy. It outlines the objectives of the policy which include raising farmer productivity and incomes. The key elements are fixing prices for agricultural products, inputs, and balancing consumer and farmer interests. Instruments used include minimum support prices, market intervention schemes, and the public distribution system to ensure stable supplies and prices. The policy aims to incentivize production through stable incomes while protecting consumers.
Public private partnership in agriculture in india
The document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) in agriculture in India. It defines PPPs as contractual agreements between public and private entities to deliver a service, where both parties share risks and rewards. Common PPP models in India include Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) models for infrastructure projects. PPPs in agriculture are needed due to India's growing population and food demands, slow agricultural growth rate, and need for private sector investment in seeds, mechanization, and irrigation to boost the sector.
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The document discusses several schemes and initiatives by the Government of India to support farmers and the agriculture sector. The key schemes mentioned include:
1. Soil Health Card Scheme which provides soil testing information and recommendations to farmers.
2. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture which focuses on conservation agriculture and location-specific farming systems.
3. Neem Coated Urea which slows fertilizer release and improves soil health.
4. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana for irrigation solutions to provide "water to every field."
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India has done well since independence in Agriculture. But the potential for further growth is immense . By adopting the strategies in the paper , the growth can be taken to 6% p.a.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) crop insurance scheme launched in India in 2016. Some key points:
- PMFBY aims to provide insurance coverage and financial support to farmers against crop failures from natural calamities at lower premium rates than previous schemes.
- It covers yields losses for notified crops as well as some post-harvest losses. Premium rates are 2% for kharif crops, 1% for rabi crops, and 5% for horticulture.
- The government will bear most of the costs, even up to 90% of the premium. Smart technology will be used to assess claims quickly
Doubling Farmers' Income By 2022
It gives an outlook to the position of Indian farmers and indian agriculture . It provides an idea about the measures that can be adopted in order to double thefarmers' income by 2022.
Agriculture sector in india
The document discusses the agriculture sector in India. Some key points:
- Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, with around 58% of the population depending on it. India is a major global producer of crops like wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables.
- Agriculture contributes 18% to total exports and 23% to India's GDP. The sector provides food for over 1 billion people and raw materials to many industries.
- Major crops grown in India include rice, wheat, maize, millets, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tea, coffee, coconut and rubber.
- The agriculture sector plays a crucial role in employment, international trade, rural
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Jhum cultivation or shifting swidden cultivation is prevalent since ancient time. It plays an important role for providing livelihood and food security to many people in hilly areas where the other opportunity of cultivation is not feasible. For Jhumias Jhum cultivators the importance of shifting cultivation goes beyond mere economic concerns. Jhum crops are adjusted to local condition and chemical for pests diseases control is not required. Traditionally, Jhumias specially belong to hilly region are totally dependent on Jhum cultivation because Jhum fields are source for many food and non-food crops which helps farmer to maintain their livelihood. Earlier Jhum was only for subsistence purpose, even in present era the output from Jhum is extremely limited and various programmes and policies implemented by Government is unsatisfactory, but Jhumias are sustaining its livelihood by changing its cropping pattern and land use management. Shifting cultivation is connected to local and regional commodity where cultivator are increasingly integrated to cash crops that are traded locally, regionally which provide resources to themselves and to the society. In the current era deforestation is a challenging one and Jhum cultivation is prevalent in study area. But we cannot incriminate such practice as a sole responsible for deforestation. Margum Ado | Marpi Bagra "An Empirical Study of Shifting Cultivation in Kombo Jinyo Village under West Siang Region of Arunachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19014.pdf
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This document discusses shifting agriculture and livelihoods of upland communities in Laos. It describes two forms of shifting cultivation - rotational and pioneering - and provides details on the swidden calendar and inputs/outputs of swidden versus paddy land. While shifting cultivation can cause temporary deforestation, it also allows for forest regrowth. There is debate around its environmental impacts and whether it condemns rural people to poverty or provides a form of diversified agroforestry.
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Tribal Livelihoods in Odisha, (Biriguda village)
- 2. Objectives To understand the traditional pattern of livelihood of tribal communities in the village To find out the changing pattern of livelihoods and their coping mechanism
- 3. LOCATION Located under Odiapentha gram panchayat in Laxmipur block of Koraput district. 54 kms from Koraput and 373 kms from Bhubaneshwar. Koraput district in Odisha Laxmipur block in Koraput district
- 5. 30 HH Biriguda village 10 HH Pardiguda 10 HH Biriguda colony 10 HH Sampling 9 landless s
- 6. Traditional Pattern of Livelihood People totally dependent on forests for their livelihood Traditional livelihood system was based on shifting cultivation and collection of edible forest produce Shifting cultivation was widely practiced. It was done collectively by the villagers. Hunting was also prevalent. When shifting cultivation began to decline, tribals took to settled agriculture mainly on the uplands In social terms, the traditional livelihood system was based on customary rights of tribal communities over land and forests. People did not have any sort of legal documents for their land. They considered the entire village to be their land. Changes came about during the 1970’s. The incident that marked the transition was when the Biriguda colony was established in 1976 from the Biriguda village. 45 villagers of the village got houses under the Integrated Tribal Housing Development scheme, along with 2 acres of land. Shifting cultivation was still practiced though , but it gradually decreased in the coming decades with people moving to settled agriculture. It finally came to an end in the year 2005.
- 7. Reasons for decrease in shifting cultivation: •Growth of population •Restricted government policies •Deforestation & land degradation •Availability of viable livelihood alternatives Present situation 5 major livelihood patterns: Farm ForestWage Business/ Service Migration
- 8. 55%28% 7% 5% 5% Livelihood patterns Farm based Wage based Forest based Migration based Business/ Service based Source-Sample survey Distribution of primary activities
- 9. S.N Primary livelihoo d Farming Wage Forest Service/ Business Migration 1 A B 2 3 4 5 Secondar y Livelihood Farming Crop Productio n Animal Husbandr y Wage Forest Service/ Business Migration - - - 98 31 83 31 46.8 93 - 49 0 54 17.47 2 2 - 17 15 15.22 5 12.5 - 0 12.96 7.5 - Distribution of secondary activities Source-Sample survey
- 10. Vulnerability A large number of families are landless, espicially in Biriguda colony where only 45 HHs out of total 106 HHs have “patta” land or legal documents for their land Land acquisition by Aditya Birla group 23, 16% 95, 65% 13, 9% 14, 10% Vulnerability Women HH Landless Old Men HH Handicap Source-NGO records
- 11. Landless • Labourer • Sharecropper • Skill based work like masonry, carpentry, driving, etc. • Seasonal migration • Diversification • Goat rearing Women HH • Labourer • Small business like selling bangles, dry fish,etc • Goat rearing • Pension/ compensation Old Man HH • Pension • Lease their land • Goat rearing Coping strategies of the vulnerable
- 12. Reflections Widespread poverty in terms of food , income as well as a deprivation of facilities. Alcoholism eating into significant portion of income, reducing overall consumption of HH & impacting health Encroachment of forest land Education not given adequate importance NTFP and tribal tourism can be good alternative sources of livelihood Government presence has been minimal in terms of providing employment opportunities