Triangulation is a method used in research to validate findings through cross-verification from multiple sources. It involves using multiple data sources, researchers, theoretical perspectives, or research methods. The main purpose of triangulation is to increase the credibility and validity of research results. There are four main types of triangulation: data triangulation, investigator triangulation, theory triangulation, and methodological triangulation. Triangulation helps provide a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomena under study but can be time consuming and expensive.

1. TRIANGULATION IN
RESEARCH
ATHIRA VM
NSS TRAINING COLLEGE

2. TRIANGULATION -MEANING
 Triangulation is a powerful technique that
facilitates validation of data through cross
verification from two or more sources.

3. TRIANGULATION-DEFINITION
 According to O’ Donoghue and Punch (2003),
triangulation is a “method of cross- checking
data from multiple sources to search for
regularities in the research data”.
 According to Schuh (2009), define
triangulation as “using multiple sources of
data, data collection method or both and
multiple investigators to collect data”.

4. PURPOSE OFTRIANGULATION
 Main purpose of triangulation in educational
and social science research is to increase the
credibility and validity of the results.

5. TYPES OFTRIANGULATION
 Data triangulation
 Investigator triangulation
 Theory triangulation
 Methodological triangulation

6. Data triangulation
 Use of variety of sources of data in a study. Eg:
compare observational data with interview
data, compare what people say in public with
what they say in private.

7. Investigator triangulation
 Using multiple observer rather than single
observer. This reduce personal biases of the
investigator.

8. Methodological triangulation
 Use of multiple method to study a single
problem. Eg: In survey, various subscale can
be used in one questionnaire, assessing
different aspects of a phenomenon .
with -in method, between method -Two or more researchers using same research
technique: One researcher using two or more research techniques:Two or more
researchers using two or more research techniques.

9. Theory triangulation
 Use multiple perspective to interpret a single
set of data.

10. TRIANGULATION
 ADVANTAGES
 Confidence
 Innovation
 Unique finding
 Clear innovations
 DISADVANTAGES
 Realism
 Time consuming
 Expensive

11. CONCLUSION
 Triangulation is a strategy that enhances the
quality of the research thereby ensuring that
the findings are reliable, dependable and valid.
 It helps to unveil the complexities of
phenomena under study and understand them
in depth rather than generalizing the findings