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Triangulation is a method used in research to validate findings through cross-verification from multiple sources. It involves using multiple data sources, researchers, theoretical perspectives, or research methods. The main purpose of triangulation is to increase the credibility and validity of research results. There are four main types of triangulation: data triangulation, investigator triangulation, theory triangulation, and methodological triangulation. Triangulation helps provide a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomena under study but can be time consuming and expensive.
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Triangulation
The document discusses triangulation as a research method where multiple data sources, theories, investigators, and methods are used to study a research topic. It provides examples of different types of triangulation including data triangulation, investigator triangulation, methodological triangulation, theory triangulation, and multiple triangulation. Triangulation is used to cross-check findings and increase confidence in results by integrating perspectives from different approaches. While it provides more reliable answers, triangulation can also be time consuming and expensive to implement.
Triangulation
This document discusses different types of triangulation that can be used in research to increase validity and credibility. It defines triangulation as using multiple methods, data sources, investigators, theories or research contexts to check results. Specifically, it outlines data triangulation, investigator triangulation, theory triangulation, methodological triangulation and environmental triangulation. For each type, it provides an example of how it could be applied in practice to strengthen research findings.
Triangulation
Triangulation refers to using multiple methods or data sources in a study to increase validity and credibility. It originated in ancient Greek mathematics and is now used widely in fields like navigation, education, and social science research. There are different types of triangulation including data, investigator, theory, and methodological triangulation. The main purpose of triangulation is to provide a richer and more comprehensive understanding of the topic being studied by examining it from multiple perspectives. While it can be time consuming and expensive, triangulation offers advantages like increased confidence in results, unique findings, and a clearer understanding by challenging or integrating existing theories.
Mixed method
This document provides an overview of mixed-methods research. It defines mixed-methods research as involving both quantitative and qualitative research methods in a single study to provide a more complete understanding than either method alone. It discusses the history and examples of mixed-methods research in education. Key aspects covered include different research designs like exploratory, explanatory, and triangulation; sampling strategies; steps in conducting mixed-methods research; and evaluating and ensuring ethics in mixed-methods studies. The document aims to explain what mixed-methods research entails at a high-level.
Qualitative Research Method
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
Triangulation
This document discusses triangulation in qualitative research. It defines triangulation as collecting data from different sources to provide a more comprehensive understanding. There are various forms of triangulation, including data triangulation which involves collecting data across different times, locations, or people, methodological triangulation which uses multiple research methods, and theory triangulation which uses multiple perspectives or theories. The rationale for triangulation is that it reduces bias and enriches findings by providing different viewpoints on the topic.
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Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
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Triangulation
The document discusses triangulation as a research method where multiple data sources, theories, investigators, and methods are used to study a research topic. It provides examples of different types of triangulation including data triangulation, investigator triangulation, methodological triangulation, theory triangulation, and multiple triangulation. Triangulation is used to cross-check findings and increase confidence in results by integrating perspectives from different approaches. While it provides more reliable answers, triangulation can also be time consuming and expensive to implement.
Triangulation
This document discusses different types of triangulation that can be used in research to increase validity and credibility. It defines triangulation as using multiple methods, data sources, investigators, theories or research contexts to check results. Specifically, it outlines data triangulation, investigator triangulation, theory triangulation, methodological triangulation and environmental triangulation. For each type, it provides an example of how it could be applied in practice to strengthen research findings.
Triangulation
Triangulation refers to using multiple methods or data sources in a study to increase validity and credibility. It originated in ancient Greek mathematics and is now used widely in fields like navigation, education, and social science research. There are different types of triangulation including data, investigator, theory, and methodological triangulation. The main purpose of triangulation is to provide a richer and more comprehensive understanding of the topic being studied by examining it from multiple perspectives. While it can be time consuming and expensive, triangulation offers advantages like increased confidence in results, unique findings, and a clearer understanding by challenging or integrating existing theories.
Mixed method
This document provides an overview of mixed-methods research. It defines mixed-methods research as involving both quantitative and qualitative research methods in a single study to provide a more complete understanding than either method alone. It discusses the history and examples of mixed-methods research in education. Key aspects covered include different research designs like exploratory, explanatory, and triangulation; sampling strategies; steps in conducting mixed-methods research; and evaluating and ensuring ethics in mixed-methods studies. The document aims to explain what mixed-methods research entails at a high-level.
Qualitative Research Method
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
Triangulation
This document discusses triangulation in qualitative research. It defines triangulation as collecting data from different sources to provide a more comprehensive understanding. There are various forms of triangulation, including data triangulation which involves collecting data across different times, locations, or people, methodological triangulation which uses multiple research methods, and theory triangulation which uses multiple perspectives or theories. The rationale for triangulation is that it reduces bias and enriches findings by providing different viewpoints on the topic.
Grounded Theory Presentation
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
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Qualitative research focuses on interpreting people's experiences and the world they live in. There are several main types of qualitative research including case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, and historical research. Qualitative data is typically collected through interactive interviews, written descriptions, and observation. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. Triangulation involves collecting different types of data from multiple sources to enhance validity. Common challenges include small sample sizes and potential for bias.
Grounded theory
The document discusses grounded theory method and provides details on its key aspects:
- It defines grounded theory as a research method that generates or discovers a theory from data systematically obtained from social research.
- The main building blocks of grounded theory are discussed including coding, categories, concepts, theoretical sampling, constant comparison and memo writing.
- Strengths are that it effectively builds new theories and explains new phenomena, while weaknesses include the huge amount of time and data required for analysis.
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Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to develop theories inductively from data. It begins with data collection and analysis to allow concepts and theories to emerge from the data rather than testing a predetermined hypothesis. Grounded theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists Glaser and Strauss and has since split into different paradigms including Straussian, Glaserian, and Constructivist approaches. The key aspects of grounded theory include coding data through open, axial, and selective coding to develop categories and concepts into a theoretical framework or model.
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Grounded theory methodology is a qualitative research method that aims to generate or discover a theory grounded in data from the field. It is an iterative process where the analyst becomes more grounded in the data and develops richer concepts and models. There are two major schools of grounded theory - the Glaserian school emphasizes emerging theory from neutral questions, while the Straussian school structures questions and coding more rigorously. Key aspects of grounded theory include theoretical sampling, validating findings through quotations, and achieving reliability through techniques like triangulation and audit trails.
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Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
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“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
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Characteristics of a good hypothesis
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Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
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This document discusses triangulation, which is an approach used in qualitative research to establish validity and reliability. There are multiple types of triangulation that can be used: data triangulation involves collecting data through different methods, times, locations, or sources; method triangulation uses multiple qualitative or mixed methods designs and data collection techniques; investigator triangulation uses multiple researchers; and theory triangulation analyzes data through multiple theoretical lenses. The purpose of triangulation is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon and confirm findings by overcoming the limitations of a single data collection strategy or theoretical perspective.
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Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
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Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to develop theories inductively from data. It begins with data collection and analysis to allow concepts and theories to emerge from the data rather than testing a predetermined hypothesis. Grounded theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists Glaser and Strauss and has since split into different paradigms including Straussian, Glaserian, and Constructivist approaches. The key aspects of grounded theory include coding data through open, axial, and selective coding to develop categories and concepts into a theoretical framework or model.
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Longitudinal research
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Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
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Characteristics of a good hypothesis
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Should be testable
Should be logical
Should be specific & Clear
Should be simple & understandable
Expressed in present tense
Directly related to the research problem
State relationship between the variables
Stated in declarative statement manner
Should be proved or disproved by the researcher
Mixed Method Research.pptx
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Respond to at least two of your classmates' postings.
BERTHA'S POST:
Greetings, Everyone
The differences in types of data of the three venues of descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative are that the descriptive research method is when no theory exists, this theory lessens the hypotheses. The qualitative research method is when there is an attempt to obtain access to the adjective or personal experience. The quantitative research method is when there is a gain of adjective understanding, feelings, or meaning (Monette, Sullivan, & DeJong, 2017). The anticipated outcome when using the descriptive research method is to make observations to generate a reasonable statement with the given observations. The anticipated outcome for the qualitative research method is not to deny the importance or the existence experience, but to make sure that the interpretations of the method will have descriptive credibility. The quantitative research method is to make sure that people consider their feelings (Monette, Sullivan, & DeJong, 2017).
The descriptive research method venue utilizes the narrative and observation as a data source by using the meaning of the data to build a theory. This will allow the making of theory and allowing the theory to be testable. This is the key within the chain of the scientific process (Monette, Sullivan & DeJong, 2017). The advantages and disadvantages of each research venues are the advantage of the descriptive research method venue to be able to obtain probable theorem based on the observations without a remaining theory. The disadvantage of the qualitative research methods venue is that the researcher gains the opportunity to put themselves in the other person's shoes and attain the perspective and experience of the research.
Bert
References
Monette, D., Sullivan, T. & DeJong, C. (2017). Applied social research (9th ed). Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu
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Research is prominent to the delivery of human services and to the people who are responsible for carrying out those services. There are different types of research. One of the frequently used researchers in human service is descriptive research. Descriptive Research is the discovery of facts or to describe reality. Descriptive Research focuses on questions like “How widespread is substance abuse”. Descriptive Research questions can be very extensive of the massive amount of information. Another research is quantitative research which is the scientific method of observation to gather non numerical data. Qualitative Research refers to meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics symbols, and metaphors. Some examples of Qualitative research can be a diary account, any open ended questions, and documents. Qualitative Research s methods using objective measurements, statistical mathematical or numerical, analysis of data, polls and questionnaires.
The differences in the types of data is the type of informati.
Teresa Swain 4 postsReTopic 7 DQ 1The GCU dissertation te.docx
Teresa Swain
4 posts
Re:Topic 7 DQ 1
The GCU dissertation template describes several ways to establish reliability research studies. A researcher increases the statistical power of a quantitative study by increasing the sample size. This reduces the chance that a real effect (rather than an apparent effect brought about by sampling variability) will be overlooked.
Does triangulation offer the qualitative methodologist a similar reduction in the likelihood of overlooking important results? Why or why not?
Statistical power is a term used is studies that employ quantitative method of research as it is concerned with measuring events with objective observations and numerical assignments of data especially when a causal relationship is the focus (Golafshani, 2003). However, qualitative inquiry seeks to understand rather than point to cause or reason. The focus of this approach is to allow the discovery of phenomenon to unfold naturally so that information uncovered in the process can illuminate other, similar concerns where information may be extrapolated to other scenarios (Golafshani, 2003).
Since the researcher is the “instrument” of measure in this type of inquiry, triangulation of data by using a variety of collection sources such as observations, archives, focus groups, documents, and interviews can help strengthen the integrity of the study (Hatch, 2002). Additionally, the researcher can collect diverse views by collaboration with other researchers, peers, colleagues, and/or those with particular expertise so that alternate explanations can be generated using multiple sources, multiple people to find where ideas converge and diverge. Therefore, qualitative research demands more than adequate sample-size, it flourishes in inquiry and depth of probe.
References
Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-607. Retrieved from http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR8-4/golafshani.pdf
Hatch, J. A. (2002). Doing Qualitative Research in Education Settings. Albany: State University of New York Press
Gina Anderson
1 posts
Re:Topic 7 DQ 1
Triangulation is the use of several methods and/or data sources to have a robust understanding of the phenomenon one is studying (Carter, Bryant-Lukosius, DiCenso, Blythe, & Neville, 2014). Triangulation can confirm data and ensure data is complete by using multiple methods for one study, comparing data from various sources (Houghton, Casey, Shaw, & Murphy, 2013). Leung (2015) argues that qualitative research is an important part of psycho-social studies but notes that qualitative research is often criticized for lack of quality valuation and strength. Further, Leung (2015) explains that qualitative research’s equivalent to reliability is consistency. Silverman (as cited in Leung, 2015) proposed five approaches in improving the reliability in qualitative research with the following: “Refutational analysis, constant data comparison, comprehen ...
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Triangulation refers to using multiple research methods, data sources, investigators, or theoretical perspectives to study a phenomenon and increase the validity and reliability of research findings. It involves looking at something from several different angles to gain a more complete understanding. While triangulation aims to overcome bias and validity issues, it is most effective when methods, data sources, and perspectives share the same underlying assumptions and are analyzed consistently within a single paradigm or theoretical framework. Simply combining qualitative and quantitative data or perspectives risks introducing inconsistencies without a shared foundation.
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Qualitative research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of phenomena through flexible research techniques like interviews and observations. It focuses on understanding experiences and beliefs from participants' perspectives rather than measuring or quantifying data. This allows researchers to gain rich insights into topics from smaller sample sizes compared to quantitative methods.
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This document discusses descriptive research, which aims to systematically describe a phenomenon, situation, or population by answering what, when, where, and how questions rather than why questions. Descriptive research techniques include surveys, observational studies, and focus groups. It describes how descriptive research collects both qualitative and quantitative data from participants using sampling methods. The data is then analyzed to identify patterns and trends without manipulating variables. Descriptive research provides an understanding of populations and establishes baseline information to inform future research.
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This document discusses different research methods including historical, scientific, experimental, and descriptive methods. The historical method examines past sources to understand the future. The scientific method aims to establish facts and reach conclusions through repeated investigation. Experimental methods involve tests and experiments to compare results between groups. Descriptive methods like surveys and case studies are used in applied research to understand topics like marketing and social issues. Selecting the appropriate research method depends on the research questions, goals, skills, and available time and funds.
Quantitative and Qualitative Research In Architecture
Research methodologies can be either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research involves collecting non-numerical data through methods like interviews and observations to understand concepts, opinions, and experiences. Quantitative research defines phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and using statistical techniques. It uses methods like surveys, experiments, and correlation analysis to collect numerical information that can be analyzed statistically. The choice of qualitative or quantitative methodology depends on the research question and goals of the study.
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This presentation aims at providing useful knowledge and skills which can help doctoral students from different disciplines in doing research which inevitably involves time, energy and cost in data collection and handling of different types of qualitative and quantitative data gathered from various data sources by using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. The process of researching becomes more complex when the researcher decides to adopt a mixed methods design for his/her research study because both qualitative and quantitative research methodological approaches to inquiry are involved in the entire researching process either sequentially or concurrently in data collection, data storage, data retrieval, data examination, data processing, data analysis, interpretation, and reporting of results in the academic piece of work known as a thesis or dissertation. This presentation provides ideas and suggests the necessary steps to take so that a case study database can be developed comprehensively and managed efficiently.
Discuss the differences between the three major approaches surroundi.docx
Discuss the differences between the three major approaches surrounding collection and analysis of data i,e., quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. As well as, describe the design of scientific inquiry that may go with each method i.e., survey, narrative, phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, or case study and why it would be selected. Then address which method and design you think you would prefer to use to conduct research and why.
Requires 250-300 words each forum.
#1
For this week’s forum post, We discuss the three major approaches surrounding collection and analysis of data. The first of the three approaches are quantitative. Quantitative, represents the method of utilizing numeric data and statistics in communicating the results. The second of the three approaches are qualitative. Qualitative represents the method of gathering data in the form of words and descriptions, such as interviews and focus groups, to communicate the results. The third, and final approach surrounding collection and analysis of data is mixed methods. Mixed methods incorporate both of what the quantitative and qualitative approach focus on. Using both numeric data and personal communication (Todd, Nerlich, McKeown, Clarke, p.2,3)
Quantitative
The quantitative method, involves numeric data and statistics to communicate findings. It emphasizes data, measured objectively, because it cannot be disputed. Polls, questionnaires, and surveys are three methods used in the collection of statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data. The primary purpose of quantitative research is to explain a particular event. By gathering a specific type of data, and generalizing it across an area small or wide. The goal, is to determine the relationships between variables, in that given area. Typically, this type of research is used to create graphs and tables of raw data. (Todd, Nerlich, McKeown, Clarke, p.2,3). This method would involve survey and ethnographic, because both are products of statistical analysis.
Qualitative
The qualitative method, involves gathering data in the form of words and descriptions. It emphasizes to understand the social reality of a given group and cultures as nearly as possible as its participants feel it or live it. The study is conducted in the person or groups natural setting. The goal of the qualitative approach is to understand the “why” behind a particular phenomenon, or behavior, acts the way it does. (Saul McLeon, p.1,2)
This method would involve narrative and case study, because both of those studies involve personal data. Data that is received in the form of words.
Mixed Method
The mixed method, combines both of the approaches, that the quantitative and qualitative method focus on. It emphasizes the collection, analysis, and integrating quantitative and qualitative research. The issue with both qualitative and quantitative research, is that there are weaknesses to only using one method at a time. Mix.
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Triangulation ppt modified
- 1. TRIANGULATION IN RESEARCH ATHIRA VM NSS TRAINING COLLEGE
- 2. TRIANGULATION -MEANING Triangulation is a powerful technique that facilitates validation of data through cross verification from two or more sources.
- 3. TRIANGULATION-DEFINITION According to O’ Donoghue and Punch (2003), triangulation is a “method of cross- checking data from multiple sources to search for regularities in the research data”. According to Schuh (2009), define triangulation as “using multiple sources of data, data collection method or both and multiple investigators to collect data”.
- 4. PURPOSE OFTRIANGULATION Main purpose of triangulation in educational and social science research is to increase the credibility and validity of the results.
- 5. TYPES OFTRIANGULATION Data triangulation Investigator triangulation Theory triangulation Methodological triangulation
- 6. Data triangulation Use of variety of sources of data in a study. Eg: compare observational data with interview data, compare what people say in public with what they say in private.
- 7. Investigator triangulation Using multiple observer rather than single observer. This reduce personal biases of the investigator.
- 8. Methodological triangulation Use of multiple method to study a single problem. Eg: In survey, various subscale can be used in one questionnaire, assessing different aspects of a phenomenon . with -in method, between method -Two or more researchers using same research technique: One researcher using two or more research techniques:Two or more researchers using two or more research techniques.
- 9. Theory triangulation Use multiple perspective to interpret a single set of data.
- 10. TRIANGULATION ADVANTAGES Confidence Innovation Unique finding Clear innovations DISADVANTAGES Realism Time consuming Expensive
- 11. CONCLUSION Triangulation is a strategy that enhances the quality of the research thereby ensuring that the findings are reliable, dependable and valid. It helps to unveil the complexities of phenomena under study and understand them in depth rather than generalizing the findings