This document discusses different types of triangulation that can be used in research to increase validity. It describes data triangulation as using multiple data sources like increasing data collection sites, participants, and quotations. Investigator triangulation involves using multiple researchers to analyze data. Theory triangulation examines the same problem through different theoretical lenses. Methodological triangulation uses different data collection methods like interviews and observations. Environmental triangulation varies environmental factors like location or time of day to see if findings remain the same. The document asserts that triangulation provides a more valid and multi-dimensional understanding of research issues.

1. How does triangulation work

2. Data triangulation
• Increasing data collection sites
• Selecting multiple participants
• Use of Multiple quotations from the data to
confirm or illustrate emerging themes of interest
• Use transcription of different interviewees about
the same topic
• Using same topic field notes on the same event
(Lindsay P, SandallJ, HumpheryC, 2012)

3. Investigator triangulation
• When more than one researcher collects and
analyzes data. Such that the findings emergence
through consensus between researchers
• Team members representing different disciplines
examining the same phenomenon
– Prevents disciplinary baises
• Member checking – sharing draft with
participants to ascertain if interpretation reflects
what was said.
(Giacomini &cook 2000), (Cohen & and Crabtree 2008) , (Lindsay, Sandall
&Manderson 2012)

4. Theory triangulation
• Use of different theoretical frameworks to examine the
same problem (Risjord M,Moloney M,Dunbars S,2001)
• Checking if findings corroborate with existing social
sciences theories (Giacomini &Cook 2004)

5. Methodological triangulation
• Use of different data collection methods
– e.g. Focus group discussion, observation and focus
group discussions
If similar findings emerge this enhances validity
(Oppermann M, 2000), (Giacomini &Cook 2000)

6. Environmental triangulation
• This type involves the use of different
locations, settings and other key factors
related to the environment in which the study
took place, such as time of the day, day of the
week or season of the year. The key is
identifying which environmental factor, if any,
may influence the information you received
during the study. The environmental factor is
changed to see if the findings are the same.

7. Environmental triangulation
• If the findings remain the same under varying
environmental conditions, then validity has
been established. Divergent results can lead to
new insights and consequently enriched
explanations of a research issue.

8. conclusion
• The multi-dimensional perspective will
provide new insights behind the respective
walls of individual methodological or data
approaches.
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