Applying A Mixed Methods For Choosing Text And Data...

Applying A Mixed Methods For Choosing Text And Data...
Methodology
3. 1 Introduction
In this chapter, I introduce and then give a detailed account of the research methodol–ogy adopted in
the present study. The chapter has two sections, in the first of which I pro–vide a brief account of the
main implications of applying a mixed–methods approach in re–search design and a brief
description of the different ways of designing mixed–methods re–search in 3.2. In the second
section, I discuss the use of corpus linguistics as a research method, that is, the quantitative part
represented by the application of corpus linguistic tools and the choice of the reference corpus that is
compatible with the Obama corpus. The pro–cedures for choosing text and data collection are
provided in 3.6, in addition to providing some background and contextual description and
information about the texts and the audi–ence they are addressed to. In 3.5, I discuss the qualitative
aspect represented by narrative analysis supported by highlighting the analytical focus when dealing
with qualitative data in 3.7. The chapter ends with a summary section that refers back to the first
section to locate the methodology and analytical procedures within the mixed method various
strategies.
3.2 Mixed Method Research
The mixed methods paradigm has been defined as 'the class of research where the re–searcher mixes
or combines 'qualitative and quantitative elements' (Johnson and Onwug–buzie, 2004: 17).
Recent work (e.g. Holmes and Marra, 2002) has shown how
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Clinical Log 2 : Clinical Assessment
Clinical log 2
As the clinical log 2, this essay examines a situation where the writer recognized the need for
evidenced–based information, followed by the description and critique of the research article the
writer tried to find the evidence. Then the essay is concluded with the reflection of learning through
this assignment.
Clinical Incident
My preceptor is a full–time radiation therapist, conducting research to improve patients' experience
during their cancer treatment. Through the placement, I was able to participate in the actual research
process by inputting data to an excel spreadsheet. The data was collected from the cancer patients
and their family members using a questioner after the participation of education session of ... Show
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Moreover, this title lacked in a word, triangulation while about the half of paper was devoted to the
argument about triangulation. The abstract contained objectives, design, results, and conclusion in
slightly repetitive manner. The introduction started with the summarization of current debate of
those who agree and disagree with the mixed method studies, and the information of triangulation
was followed by the description of the authors ' intention of the research. Consequently, the purpose
section repeated a part of the introduction, they were, to identify and review the types of analysis
methodology used in research articles whether parallel, concurrent, or sequential data analysis, and
to demonstrate the use of triangulation by selecting papers resulted as complementary, convergent,
and divergent. The authors chose to use systematic principles as a method and clearly presented
each step, including terms and search engines they used to find articles and reasons of inclusion and
exclusion criteria. After the selection, review, and categorization of articles, authors conducted two
specific author name search without explaining why these people were picked for what purpose.
After the identification of 168 papers, the

Validity In Qualitative Research Methods
Introduction
Researchers have a variety of methods they use to conduct their research. Some of these methods
include action research, ethnography and case studies. Of these methods, case studies can be viewed
as valuable way to collect data. A case study can be defined in a variety of ways; however, it can be
summarized as a form of qualitative research that aims to systematically study the function of a
social group, individual or social event in order to effectively grasp the functions of the phenomena
using a variety of data–gathering methods (Berg & Lune, 2016). The aim of this paper is to
determine how and why researchers may use a case study, by conducting a deeper analysis of this
research method. This will be achieved by examining the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There are a variety of ways for researchers to do so, as validity is a very important component of
any qualitative research method, including case studies. Combining research methods is a
considerable way to ensure validity. This concept can be described as triangulation, which is when
multiple methods are conducted in order to gather data, and these contrasting methods produce the
same outcome (Tracy, 2010). Within triangulation a minimum of three varying methods must be
used in order to ensure validity (Tracy, 2010). There are four subgroups of triangulation, which
include data triangulation, method triangulation, investigative triangulation and theory triangulation,
each of them being a significant way to ensure validity in case study research (Berg & Lune, 2016).
Triangulation is a method that ensures no threats to the validity of the case study and is an important
factor for researchers to consider when conducting their case study (Berg & Lune, 2016). In their
research, Martins and Wilson (2012), demonstrate triangulation, as they used multiple coders to
analyze the data to ensure the results were conclusive. This is a prime example of how triangulation
can be used in research to ensure validity, in this case using inter–coder reliability as a means to
achieve this (Martins & Wilson,

Secondary Data Essay
Secondary data is already present for the public domain. The fact that everything that is already
available can be termed into secondary data and that it doesn't have to be published makes it
differentiate in more types of secondary data which are recognized by:
official statistical sources which are produced quite frequently by the government or agencies
official statistical sources produced rarely by government or agencies
official statistical sources which are focused on a specific issue and are produce by the public or
private organisations.
Newspapers, books, journals, academic papers or reports which represent published documents and
are produced as digital material or hard copy.
Reports, websites, emails, blogs which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fourth issues which we are presented now is when secondary research is used to compare data
from different areas or different time periods. Its purpose is to highlight the differences and
similarities surrounding the desired data. Certain things should be taken into consideration like the
definitions which were used to create data categories are the same or the fact that the way in which
the collected data was presented should not change over time.
The final issue presented in using a secondary research method is quality. Based on the source of the
data, if it is in the public domain and the source is a trustworthy one, than its more than unlikely that
it's deliberately incorrect. Also, more research is essential to see other types of data from a different
stance as not always the full picture is presented regarding it. (Newby, 2010)
Secondary research tends to be far less costly and time consuming when applied compared to
primary research. Most of the times, secondary data is available at no cost with the use of internet or
through certain preparations with the company or a certain government agency. (Vartanian, 2010)
At the same time, this type of data allows you to access information based on a large and diverse
subject, business, project which access could be hard to obtain in order to gather primary data.
Research tools
Research tools must be selected in order to make you find the

Evaluation Of A Good Scientific Research
A good scientific research requires explicit regularization, systemization and coordination of the
process of observation, recording and analysis (Ghauri and Gronhang, 2005). Appraising research
studies is important because it helps to find out if the research methods and results are valid enough
to obtain important information (Fowkes and Fulton, 1991). Some criteria proposed by Lincoln and
Guba (1985) used to assess the trustworthiness of qualitative research are credibility, transferability
and dependability. Critical evaluation of the study in Mateji et al. (2008) shows that various
strategies were adopted in data collection, analysis and interpretation like triangulation and
prolonged engagement to enhance the validity and quality of the study.
Interviews have gradually become the main procedure for data collection associated with qualitative
studies (Englander, 2012) and are believed to provide a deeper understanding of the different views,
beliefs and experiences of study participants (Gill et al., 2008). Following the steps of qualitative
research, two central themes were identified in the study in Mateji et al. (2008) and include negative
relationship with gynecologists and curative focused treatment.
Summary of key themes
Establishing a set of strategies to enhance the quality of research helps researchers to effectively
manage bias and reactivity so legitimizing the findings of the research (Padget, 1998). One of the
strategies adopted by the authors in

Criminological Research Triangulation Essay
Critically assess the use of 'triangulation' in research design for criminological studies.
There has been an emergence in the use of triangulation in criminological research, in a bid to
combine two methods to ensure the validity of the research. As a result, the use of triangulation is
recommended as good practice for any criminological research (Maruna 2009); as no single method
can produce a comprehensive account of the study under research (Bryman 1988). In spite of its
reported success, the practice of triangulation is not without its critics. Therefore, as a result of this
ongoing debate regarding the level of its effectiveness, this essay will critically assess the use of
triangulation in criminological research.
Triangulation is readily interpreted as a method to integrate two or more approaches, theories, data
sources, methods or investigators in one single study of a single social phenomenon (Thurmond
2001; Yeasmin and Rahman 2012). Such as the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods,
within the same research question; in order to allow the researcher to refine the findings or research
question (Oppermann 2000). It can also be applied more broadly to refer to the use of multiple
observers, theoretical perspectives, sources of data, and methodologies (Denzin 1970). In social and
criminological research, the term triangulation is used to refer to incidents whereby the researcher
desires to verify their findings by showing that independent measures agree

Triangulation Theory Of Love Essay
Love works at different stages of life, whether it is romantic love or long term love. This can be the
difference between two people who experience ultimate happiness together and or the contentment
of settling. Sternberg's triangulation theory of love helps to explain the different stages of love
through three elements which include; intimacy, passion and commitment (Donges,2017) Romantic
love is a mixture of intimacy and passion. Intimacy is an imitate act or sexual activity with another
person of whom you have strong feelings for. Whereas, passion is strong and uncontrollable
emotions. One might say that the "chemistry" or "passion" between themselves and another is
uncontrollable. Intimacy is something that we have control over where ... Show more content on
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Many peoples parents may remained married, but they may not see their parents ever kissing,
holding hands, or showing affection after a certain time period in the marriage. At different stages of
life, love can affect your life. Right now as a college student I am in a romantic love relationship.
There is passion and intimacy in my relationship but there is not a long–term commitment. As of
right now, I am okay with no long–term commitment because I am not sure where I see my future
going. If this relationship were to last 5–10 more years than I would want a stronger commitment
than just being boyfriend and girlfriend. I would want a long term commitment such as marriage. I
would hope that at that point in my relationship there is still intimacy, passion and commitment to
one another. The process of finding a significant other has most definitely changed compared to a
generation ago. How we used to love was as simple as having an interest in someone, taking the
chance to get to know them, had common feelings, dating, and hopefully getting engaged and
married. How we love now is a whole confusing, long process mess. Now we have commitment
issues, and are just "talking" before we are labeled as only seeing one and other and are "together"
before we are "exclusive" and are then months later officially "dating". Being introduced to the
family isn't nearly as big of a step as it was back then. We communicate through text and even break
up through texts instead of face to

The Ontological And Epistemological Theory
3.1 Introduction
Kumar (2014) defines research methodology as the process used to collect data and information for
the purpose of analysis and decision making. This chapter will discuss the philosophical foundations
of the research which will explain the ontological and epistemological stance underpinning the
study. It discusses the mixed–method design and the specific qualitative and quantitative methods
adopted and how these challenges were resolved.
3.2 Research paradigm
Corbetta (2003) defined paradigm as the perception adopted by researchers to inspire and direct a
given science. Similarly, Guba and Lincoln (1994) noted that paradigms shape research in terms of
reality (ontology), knowledge (epistemology) and methods of gaining ... Show more content on
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Tolk (2012) added that the positivist approach is characterized by control, replication and hypothesis
testing. These two methods were used to identify the opinions provided by interviewees.
A constructivism approaches to research
According to Bryman (2012), a constructivism approach is an ontological position that asserts that
social actors are continually accomplishing social phenomena and their meanings. This approach
assists the researcher to present a particular version of social reality, rather than one that can be
regarded as definitive.
3.4 Qualitative vs. Quantitative study
To achieve the research purpose, the study employed an extensive research to collect accurate data
and provide elaborate and descriptive data on the governance of sports in Malaysia. According to
Creswell (2013), a quantitative study involves the use of statistical and mathematical computations
to analyze data obtained from the research while a qualitative study uses non–numerical methods to
gain an understanding of a phenomenon. A quantitative study allows the researcher to compare the
various variables derived from the study while qualitative study enables the researcher to use
primary sources to obtain data for the research. These two methods were used collectively to
provide a suitable representation of the whole population under consideration and also provide
comparative data

Exemplar Marking Image : An Analysis Of A Search For A...
1.1 Marking Process
For a thoroughly refined fingerprint image, there are only three kinds of ridge points: (1) Cn (P) = 1,
Sn (P) = 1, called end point; (2) Cn (P) = 2, Sn (P) = 2,3,4, called continuous point; (3) Cn (P) = 3,
Sn (P) = 3, called fork. (P, P1, P2, ⋯, Pn), where n is the number of extracted feature points, Pi =
(Xi, Yi, Ti, Ai), Xi, Yi denotes the feature point Ti represents the type of the feature point, when the
feature point is the end point Ti = 1, when the feature point is the end point Ti = 2; a represents the
angle of the feature point, the endpoint angle from the end point as the starting point of the end line,
Point angle of Figure 2.3 (b) in the angle a, b, c the smallest of the relative branch of the angle. The
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At present, the extraction algorithm for fingerprint direction information is Mehtre, L.Hi made by.
Which Mehtre proposed based on the neighborhood of the template in different directions to change
the gray value of the point direction, and then statistics of the block direction of the method. This
method is simple, but it is less effective for regions with singular points. L. Hong et al. proposed a
method of obtaining a pattern using gradient operator, which obtains the direction information of the
fingerprint image by examining the gradient change of the fingerprint image, and the direction is
continuous angle Meticulous representation of the true direction of the text information, but the
algorithm is relatively complex. Since the fingerprint pattern we want to be passed as an important
parameter to the next direction of the filter, so the choice of the literature method. The specific
algorithm is as follows:
(1) The fingerprint image is divided into 16 × 16 non–overlapping small pieces.
(2) Calculate the gradient of each pixel (i, j) in the x–axis direction (u, v) and y The gradient in the
direction of the axis (u, v).
(3) Calculate the block direction based on the gradient value (i, j) as the center of the block
direction, the formula

Family Therapy Case Paper
The family has come into therapy about concerns they have with Allison regarding her choices in
friends, slipping grades and decreased family time.
The first goal would be to establish the intrapersonal and interpersonal differentiation to balance our
feelings, thoughts and reactions to life situations (Gehart, 2016). In the case with Allison and her
family. As the therapist, I would want Allison and especially her mother to acknowledge her worries
and feelings from how she interactions with Allison. Gehart (2016) states, "Differentiated people are
able to reflect on the pain: clearly separate out what is their part and what is their partner's part and
identify a respectful way to move for–ward" (pg. 204). I believe this can be a powerful

Importance Of Measuring Meridian Arcs Essay
The completion of the survey of a great chain of first order triangulation's along the arc of the 30th
meridian of east longitude, from South Africa to Egypt, is considered one of the most exceptional
surveying feats to ever be executed in Africa and thus its history has interested geodetic surveyors
throughout the world. This paper aims to expatiate on the importance of measuring meridian arcs,
the need to establish a geodetic survey in a country or continent and subsequently will recount the
sequence of events that led to the 75 year length completion of the African arc.
The size and shape of the Earth have been of interest to man since the earliest of times, dating as far
back to Eratosthenes in the third century. Throughout the years during the 18th and 19th century,
geodesists were pre–occupied with the task of devising a more accurate determination of the size
and shape of the Earth. This led to the observing of necessary triangulations along arcs to determine
the radius of the Earth and its degree of flattening (MacDonald, 2000). The African arc, conceived
by Sir David Gill, Her Majesty 's Astronomer at Cape Town, was created with the understanding that
it would contribute immensely to the better knowledge of the form and dimensions on the Earth
(Smith, 2006) therefore adding value to the advancement of geodesy. However, besides the need to
determine more accurate dimensions for the Earth (Hendriks, 1955), there was a pressing need to
establish a reliable and

Relationship Behind The Pythagorean Theorem
Pythagorean Theorem
Introduction
The Pythagorean Theorem is a relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of an right
angle. Pythagoras, a greek philosopher is credited for the discovery, but it is unsure who and
therefore theorem is named after him. The formula is a2 + b2 = c2.
History of the Mathematician behind the Pythagoras Theorem and the Pythagorean relationship.
People are unsure whether the relationship was made either by Pythagoras or the Pythagoreans first
proof, Pythagoras is Greek from the Samos island (570–495 B.C.). The Founder of the Brotherhood
of Pythagoreans is Pythagoras. Pythagoreans have their own religion where, "Number rules the
universe".They are devoted to geometric proofs and keeping them secret. The ... Show more content
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Conclusion
The Pythagorean Theorem is a2 + b2 = c2. We learnt the history of the pythagorean relationship,
like who made it and how it is made.We also found proofs of the relationship and learned to
understand why this relationship is true. We also learned that there are some rare relationships that
exists between Pythagorean numbers. We are very familiar with the pythagorean theorem and now
we can solve complex questions involving the pythagorean theorem now.
Reflection
Our group has had many fights but in the end we managed to complete our work very well. It was
difficult to cope with having a new member join our group and one of our members was put into
another group, but we still managed to do very well in the end and had a lot of fun doing the project.
Bibliography http://www.mathsisfun.com/pythagoras.html
http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/~demo5337/Group3/hist.html http://ualr.edu/lasmoller/pythag.html
http://www.ck12.org/book/CK–12–Middle–School–Math–Grade–7/section/9.3/

Our Foundational Metaphors
Koval's triangulation of data occurs multiple times from end to end proven his theories, materials,
and methods all over his book. The author's enlightenment and commitment also cross verifies the
same information. Due to the reality of his data, the strengths of his research prove that his
information is credible and legit. Within Our Foundational Metaphors for Evidence, Booth (2008)
wrote, "Language like that encourages readers to think of evidence as a reality independent of
anyone's interpretation and judgment" (p. 133). The author indicates depth from his unethical
incident, hands on interviews, gen from neighborhood residents, students, teachers, administration,
and government officials to first identify the need. "A St. Louis health official voices her dismay that
children live with wastes in their backyards. "The development of working sewage systems made
cities livable a hundred years ago," she notes. "Sewage systems separate us from the Third World."
(Kovol, 1991, p. 10). While the story continues, the writer also recognizes the differences in location
of teaching being a factor When also seeking specific information, in terms of pay. As one teacher
indicates, I get $38, 000 after nearly 30 years of teaching. If I taught in Chicago suburbs at a ...
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Kovol wrote Savage Inequalities in 1991. Although his theory has since been elevated by many
other writers, Park and Lynn (2002) correlates the same theory and give Kovol an update within
their special issue titled Critical Race Theory and Qualitative Research. "We not only reflect on the
role and status of qualitative research in the lives of people of color but also examine the ways
critical race theory (CRT)–a legal theory of race and racism designed to uncover how race and
racism operate in the law and in society–can be used as a tool through which to define, expose, and
address educational problems" (p.

The Importance Of Decision Making As Well As What, Who,...
Qualitative research
Qualitative research is concerned with developing and applying mathematical, statistical and
econometrics models to test hypotheses involving a natural phenomenon (Patton, 2005). The
qualitative research approach is made up of many research methods. The goal is to examine the why
and how of decision making as well as what, who, where, and when. Qualitative methods have basis
in political sciences, social work, special education and education researchers
History
At the beginning of the 20th–century scientists rejected the theoretical idea that there exist an
objective in the world which can be applied to collect data and be used to verify the data empirically
which was referred to as positivism. The researchers opted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Interviews, focus groups, and observation are the methodologies used to collect data on sensitive
issues in the society. Data collection in qualitative research is cost efficient.
Despite the merits of this methods, there exist limitations that hinder the effectiveness of qualitative
research methods. The findings of the research cannot be generalized to the whole study population.
Unlike the quantitative methods where the findings are pervasive in qualitative methods, the results
are only related to small groups of people. The data collected through this approach is difficult to
analyze since there are no standard tools for interpreting such data. The data do not fit nearly in the
standard categories which means it would take the time to analyze data. Data collection is time–
consuming because of the open–ended questions formats where the respondents take time to
respond to such questions. Soliciting for explanations also take time.
Purpose
The purpose of qualitative research is trying to understand some suspect of social life in the society.
It seeks the why and how of decision making in human beings.
Qualitative research designs
What are some qualitative research methods?
The three most common qualitative research designs, explained in detail in their respective modules,
are in–depth interviews, participant observation, and focus groups. Each of the methods is
particularly suited for obtaining a particular type of data.
Participant observation is

Murray Bowen Research Paper
MURRAY BOWEN 2
An Overview of Theorist Murray Bowen's Ideologies and Practices Murray Bowen's theory of
family systems therapy developed as a result of his study of schizophrenic patients. Early in his
career, Bowen researched the symbiotic relationship between a mother and child in an effort to
discover the possible patterned "causes" of schizophrenia. Bowen quickly concluded that several
outside factors may contribute to a family member's mental illness, and began calling for entire
family systems to be treated. This idea led Bowen to develop the concepts of "differentiation of self"
and "triangulation"(Nichols 2017, p.19). Bowen asserted that our family dynamics influence the
outcome of who we are much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was one of the first therapists to suggest the concept of family therapy, and "consolidated his
theory with entire families living full or part–time on the ward" at National Institute of Mental
Health ("Biography of Murray Bowen"). There are difficulties with this in today's world. It would be
nearly impossible to get an entire family system to agree to therapy and to coordinate it so that all
can be active and equal participants, especially since the issues that would need to be raised and
faced would take a great deal of time, a luxury most of us do not seem to have in today's

Spatial And Event-Based Design
Precedent Analysis
The practice in design research includes academics and practitioners elaborating on the topic
between peoples and places. This section forms a progressive theoretical research and precedent
works that influenced by ideas development and evaluation as a reflective process.
Spatial and Event–Based Design
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces is a documentary film directed by William H. Whyte, it
reveals a documentary study of public life that happened in–between plazas and buildings in the
city. Upon the analysis of problems and results, Whyte deliberates the theory of triangulation. The
idea of triangulation means, to provide the opportunities of an event as the medium that could bring
people together in places (William H. Whyte, 1988). Whyte clearly states the theory of triangulation
as the most crucial aspects in urban public spaces.
In addition, an event–based and laneway revitalisation project by City of Sydney, the Laneway by
George! Hidden Networks 2009. This event curated eight interconnected lanes alongside George
Street with a setting of an outdoor public installation, that encourages dialogue about public space
and social interaction through a laneway (Natalie Ward, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The objective is to challenge the viewer's perception with their bodies and encourages human
movement in and around his sculptures. Serra viewed his sculpture as a key to understanding the
urban space, the works become an abstract of form compositions that harmoniously act as an
intermediate of a spacious scale environment (figure 2). The similarity to the project comes under
the methodology, Serra begins his work by planning and making a maquette with the exploration
between the viewer and the site. The element of Serra's work values not only based through its form
of an object, but also its intricacy of the work to understand human movement and the urban

BP1 Case Studies
4.3 Data collection for Case Study The data collection is the backbone of the case study research.
Based on the section 2 and section 4.1, the purpose of the thesis is to study the impact of the
readiness of information technology on the revenues of the organization and how the knowledge and
awareness of managers and the employees affect the performance of the organizational processes.
Furthermore, the aim of the thesis is to generate the insights about how the BPIT decision making,
BPIT implementation and organizational process integration drive the revenue processes in the
online media organizations. Case study does not necessarily rely on a single source of data, but
usually case study research have multiple sources of data that includes but not limited to direct
observation, interview, archival records, documents, participant observation and analysis of physical
artifacts (Yin, 1984). Regardless of the nature of the data source, the data can include both
qualitative and quantitative data i.e. qualitative data include the non–numerical data for example the
data collected via interviews, similarly the qualitative data is the numerical data that includes the
information based on the intervals, number or ratios. The focal point of the case study research is not
the data ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interview 1: Study's BPIT decision Making i.e. How BPIT decision making is done in highly
volatile technological environment. Interview 2: Study's BPIT implementation activities i.e. How
BPIT development responded to the BPIT decision making. Interview 3: Study's BP integration
process i.e. how other organizational processes are streamlined. Case 2: What is the impact of the
Ad Blocker on the revenues of the organization? Interview 1: Study's BPIT decision Making i.e.
How IT managers reacted to crisis situation. Interview 2: Study's BPIT implementation i.e. Study
BPIT development activities in context of

Components Of Structural Family Theory
Utilizing Structural Family Theory in Case Study The use of mezzo–perspective is to focus on the
group or family unit as a whole. Although the mezzo–perspective mainly focuses on a group or
family unit, this type of perspective can also benefit an individual because it affects many different
individuals at once. Research has shown that family units that are dysfunctional can benefit from
structural family therapy. This type of therapy breaks down the family dynamics into subsystems.
Each of these subsystems work within groups forming alliances, triangulations and boundaries with
one another and others outside of the family. Furthermore, this type of subsystem analysis will be
visible in the case study of the Clark family. Bob and Marie are parents of three children that appear
to have a breakdown of boundaries both enmeshed and disengaged. Additionally, the parental
alliance has fallen apart due to the discord around discipline of the children, over–bearing actions by
Marie with her children, and intimacy issues. Lastly, triangulations appear to be repeating through
generations, Bob and Marie actions display similarly to their own parents, that they wanted to avoid
when having their own family. Literature Review of Theory The structural family theory developed
by Salvador Minuchin in the 1960's, used to focus structural change within a dysfunctional family.
The purpose of understanding the structure of the family has been to assist in creating a healthy
balance within the

Sharing The True Stories : Improving Communication Between...
Reflective Report
Sharing the true stories: improving communication between Aboriginal patients and healthcare
workers
Alan Cass, Anne Lowell, Michael Christie, Paul L Snelling, Melinda Flack, Betty Marrnganyin and
Isaac Brown
Introduction
The method of qualitative research become key method in the human and social science and also in
the education and health science. The definition of qualitative research is a research using methods
such as participant observation or case studies which result in a narrative, descriptive account of a
setting or practice. Sociologists using these methods typically reject positivism and adopt a form of
interpretive sociology (Parkinson & Drislane,2011). It involves the research using data that do not
indicate ordinal values. Furthermore, qualitative research includes the different kinds of data
collection, techniques of analysis and diversity of theoretical frameworks (Guest; Namey &
Mitchell, 2013). According to Creswell(2013) ''the final written report or presentation includes the
voices of participants, the reflexivity of the researcher, a complex description and interpretation of
the problem, and its contribution to the literature or a call for change.
In this article, Cass and other researchers highlights the communication between Aboriginal patients
and non–aboriginal staff to identify issues that limits the effectiveness of interactions and to identify
the strategies for improvement of communication between the patients with end–stage

Application Of A Desktop Study
Desktop Study
A desktop study, as its name implies, can be done entirely from a computer and is often the first step
in preliminary site investigations. The process of a desktop study involves correlating background
information about the site that will affect the design and construction; from a desk study a large
amount of relevant information can be gathered, such as: local context (i.e. what is near to the site,
the aesthetic of the surrounding buildings); archaeology (beneath the surface of a site there may be
unexploded bombs, remnants of old structures etc.); easements (the rights attached to neighbouring
lands, for example right to light); the likelihood of contaminated soil (which we know we do have
on our site); site ecology (the surrounding environment and how it coexists together). Having this
knowledge of the site before any work has begun allows for easier planning later as obstacles that
could have been a costly surprise later can be solved with much better efficiency.
The process of a desktop study could also involve looking at OS (ordnance survey) maps of the site
which can reveal the previous usage of the site as well as drainage and much more. Geological maps
can show what the ground conditions are like on site and if there is any risk of, for example,
subsidence occurring or if it already has. Service maps can be inspected to find hidden services, for
example telephone cables or drainage. The findings of previous surveys, if they exist, can also be
found

Triangulation In Two Lovers
In the film, "Two Lovers" was not your typical romantic movie which had no crime elements. Two
lovers was an excellent example of dynamic relationships called triangulation. Triangulation is an
indirect dynamic of communication and behaviors that involves more than two people. It is an
individual attacking, smearing or abusing another person with the use of another person (third–
party). There are three traditional parts of the triangle: the persecutor, the rescuer, and the
persecuted. Leonard acted as the persecuted, while Michelle acted as the persecutor and Sandra as
the rescuer in the film. In the beginning of the film, Leonard Kraditor showed that he was damaged,
emotionally unstable man by attempting suicide by jumping into the bay to ... Show more content on
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The beautiful blond woman, Michelle, was verbally abused by her visiting father, and in need of
comfort and protection. Leonard decides to invite Michelle into his place and becomes awkward due
to Michelle's beauty. Now whenever Michelle calls Leonard, however bad the time, he can never say
no. There are the "two lovers", Leonard's two women, Sandra, who wants to take care of him and
understands his problems, and Michelle, who knows that Leonard have a girlfriend, but takes
advantage to make him a comforting pillow with her troubles with Ronald, her married lawyer
boyfriend. My observation was that Sandra won't work for Leonard because she is exactly what
Leonard needs. Leonard could not take Sandra because he could not believe the impossibility that
she was the one. Michelle sees Leonard as a brother and takes him to clubbing because Leonard
could not say no to her. During the clubbing, Leonard was viewed as socially awkward and clumsy,
however he took advantage to play goofy to charm Michelle. Leonard sees Michelle an escape with
burning romance. Now, Leonard's mind is now set on two beautiful women and finds himself torn
between them. Out of the two women, he had decided to ask Michelle to move to San Francisco
because Michelle ended the relationship with Ronald. Michelle agreed to leave Brooklyn and go on
a new romantic future with

Validity, Reliability And Generalizability
Validity, reliability and generalizability
In the surveys and randomized controlled trials, validity, reliability and generalizability are three key
factors.
Validity refers to that measuring tool or approaches can accurately measure things needed to be
measured. It can be considered as an extent that measured results reflect investigative contents.
Measured results more tend to be identical, validity will be higher, vice versa. Guba and Lincoln
(1981) argued that whole social research must include invalidity in order to acquire worthwhile data
within both the rationalistic paradigm (quantitative research) and naturalistic paradigm (qualitative
research). Some factors can determine the level of validity, which include bias, construct ... Show
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Epistemological criticism argues that all approaches are unlikely to produce consistent evidence
because of the inherent property. It will generate a new viewpoint. However, through abundant
reading, triangulation will enlarge width and depth in qualitative research and provide an analysis
with security– a overall perspective. Participants can improve the validity of research. Bloor (1978)
argues that sociologists can establish a correspondence with participants, in which participants can
identify, give assent and judgement to sociologists.
Reliability refers to coherence, stability and dependability in test results, generally using internal
consistency to express the levels of reliability in the test. The higher reliability indicates the higher
level of accordance, stabilization and dependability in test results. Reliability is the precondition of
validity (Guba and Lincoln, 1981). The same findings may not generate if the same research is
repeated, because many influencing factors may work in the process of research. The process of
establishment in reliability research includes: the research rigorously collect and explain data in
consistent investigation (internal checks); the process is transparent (sample design, field work,
inquiry and rational data). Patton (1987) suggests that the use of triangulation in multiple
approaches can increase the reliability in results.
Generalizability can be

Mechanical And Transport Properties Of Cellular Solids
Abstract This work presents a novel formulation for a Voronoi–type cellular material with in–plane
anisotropic behaviour, showing global positive and negative Poisson's ratio effects under uniaxial
tensile loading. The effects of the cell geometry and relative density over the global stiffness,
equivalent in–plane Poisson's ratios and shear modulus of the Voronoi–type structure are evaluated
with a parametric analysis. Empirical formulas are identified to reproduce the mechanical trends of
the equivalent homogeneous orthotropic material representing the Voronoi–type structure and its
geometry parameters. Keywords Lattice structures; Elastic behaviour; Simulation; Finite element
analysis 1. Introduction The mechanical and transport properties of cellular solids have been
traditionally modeled using periodic unit cells representative volumes. Examples of these unit cell
topologies are the hexagonal prismatic and quadrilateral centrosymmetric ones (Gibson and Ashby,
1997), Kelvin lattices (Choi and Lakes, 1995, Zhu et al., 1997, Warren and Kraynik, 1997, Mills,
2005, Gong et al., 2005 and Weaire, 2008). The level of disorder associated to the shape and
orientation of cells belonging to real open cell foams has been described numerically by making use
of Voronoi diagrams (Kraynik et al., 2003). Voronoi tessellations create one–to–one optimal (i.e.,
minimum distance) correspondence between a point in the space and polytopes (a geometric entity
delimited by segments in 2D) to

Structural Sociologists vs Interpretive Sociologists Essay
Is it true that structural sociologists use only quantitative methods while interpretive sociologists use
only qualitative methods?
The methods that sociologists use to conduct their research vary and can depend on practical
considerations such as suitability of the method, and theoretical considerations such as the
sociologist's theoretical position.
Interpretive sociologists focus on the meanings and definitions which guide and direct behaviour,
they claim that understanding human behaviour involves seeing the world through the eyes of those
being studied. Structural sociologists can be called positivists. Positivist sociology models itself on
the natural sciences such as physics, it is concerned with behaviour that can be ... Show more
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However unstructured interviews are more prone to interviewer bias and social desirability effects,
both of which reduce validity. Another method favoured by interpretivists is participant observation
this is because it gives them the opportunity to see the world from the point of view of those being
observed however positivists claim that participant observation is not useful because it produces
hardly any quantifiable data, and the number if people observed is too small to provide a
representative sample and therefore generalisations can not be made.
Positivists favour certain research methods e.g. laboratory experiments because they usually
produce quantifiable results but people are likely to define laboratories as artificial and as a result
their actions may be very different to their behaviour in the real world. In the same way positivists
also favour questionnaires particularly those with closed questions because the results are easily
quantifiable, however it can be argued that questionnaires fail to give people the chance to talk about
their behaviour as they see it.
Therefore it seems that interpretivist sociologists use research methods that produce qualitative data
while positivist sociologists use

How Does Gps Rely on Geometry and Trigonometry Now That...
Area: Mathematics Topic: GPS
Research Question: How does GPS rely on geometry and trigonometry now that there are satellites?
Has the function of geometry and trigonometry in triangulation and navigation changed since
satellites were built?
IB MATH Candidtate name: Tristan Stevenson Candidate Number: dwq773 (001366 – 016) School:
Prem tinsulalonda International School November 14, 12 Word Count:2090
Abstract: This essay examines the question: How does GPS rely on geometry and trigonometry now
that there are satellites? Has the function of geometry and trigonometry in triangulation and
navigation changed since satellites were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How GPS works There are 24 satellites that circle the earth every 12 hours. These satellites are split
into six groups of four and each group creates an orbital plane. These six orbital planes allow the
satellites to move in a way that covers the earth completely. GPS satellites transmit signals to
equipment on the ground. An example is a GPS receiver (GPS receiver can only receive the signals
form the satellites but they can't transmit any signals). The receivers work best in an open outdoor
area where there is a clear view to the sky. At any time there are always four visible satellites. The
GPS receiver can calculate how far each satellite is based on the time it took the signal to reach the
receiver. Using the distance from each satellite that the receiver calculated it could then use a
process called trilateration to pinpoint the location of the receiver [1].
Problems and Improvements: Today the accuracy of GPS navigation is not questioned, however,
there are still some Applications that use GPS to plot routes between two points and can be very
inaccurate because it is hard to determine the difference between locations [5]. For example if you
are on a trail that is not registered a GPS could give you an incorrect route. Also a GPS receiver will
give inaccurate readings in a forest or a city with tall buildings because satellites have to send clear
signals to GPS

Triangulation Observation
While I observe at Benold Middle School After School Action Program I use various techniques to
help me in my data collection. The way I compile my information is by triangulation. My
triangulation data collection was compiled by infusing each method together such as close
interaction with students, especially those with special needs, ethnographic notes, and teacher
interview. I compile all three information and make sense of it. This also helps me cross reference
my information if I need to validate or verify a theory. Cross referencing helps me understand the
bigger scheme of things. Many times, one triangulation theory complements the other. However, the
majority of my information derives from my close interaction with students. Data collection: ...
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I am not merely observing to gather information for this research. This close interaction with
students allows me to obtain first–hand responses, reactions and feedbacks from the students on real
time. Although I interact with all students, my main focus is on students with special with
disabilities. Hence, they are the focus of my research. My observation stems beyond my personal
interaction with students. I also observe interactions between students. This also lets me view from a
different perspective and point of view. I record my notes as soon as possible after I finish with the
students to capture what transpired within the time frame I am with them. My notes consist of
recording scenarios that occurred, reactions from the students to the scenarios and responses from
questions posed by myself or others interacting within the group. I reflect on these notes to refresh
my memory and to refer to them as I conduct my research for clarification and

The Brice Family
I decided to use this theory to conceptualize the Brice family system because many of their
problems (lack of differentiation, triangulation, projecting, and unresolved conflicts from family of
origins) correlate with what Bowen lines out in his family systems model. I'm pleased with my
choice to conceptualize the family from this lens. I think the Brice family fits nicely into what will
work for interventions that are outlined by Bowen. I chose this theory because it is the theory I feel
the most knowledgeable about. I also have felt that a lot of the theories we have discussed in class
have had Bowenian undertones. As I shared earlier within my paper, I think the Brice family had
many dysfunctional qualities that Bowen identified within

Case Study Approach Is Often Associated With Descriptive...
Case study approach is often associated with descriptive and explanatory research. The research
problem is usually "how" and "why" problem, thus resulting in a descriptive or explanatory study
(Cooper & Schindler, 2011). How or why questions are being posed, when the focus is on a
contemporary phenomenon within some real life context. Case studies usually provide qualitative
rather than quantitative data for analysis and interpretation (Yin, 2003). Case study refers to
qualitative, analysis of case studies, and field–based construction. It also a description of a
management situation. Case study involves data collection through verbal reports, personal
interviews, or observation as the primary data. The main feature is the intensity of the study of the
object, individual, group, organization, culture, incident, or situation (Ghauri & Grønhaug, 2010).
A combination of both semi–structures and open–ended or unstructured interviewing was carried out
and a variety of organizational documentary records and observations were gathered to collaborate
evidence and the data can be triangulate (Yin, 2003).
The characteristic of research designs serves as a background for considering the specific designs
for case studies. Case study may be progress in a variety of ways. According to Yin (2003), there are
six types of case study, defined along two definitions:
1. In terms of the number of cases: single or multiple.
2. In terms of the purpose of study: explanatory, descriptive,

Delaunay Triangulation Algorithms
At this point you might be asking yourself: what difference does the shape of triangles make in a
triangulation and, as such, why do we care at all about Delaunay triangulations? Well, let us
consider one of the most relevant application examples for the 21st century. We live in a digital age
and use a multitude of electronic devices on a regular basis; much more often than people did back
in 1934. Almost all electrical devices nowadays contain some electronic circuitry that controls their
functioning. This circuitry is usually placed on printed circuit boards, which present us with the task
of deciding where on those boards the individual components have to be placed and how they
should be connected to each other (de Berg et al. 2008). Since many of the electronic components
emit heat, we have to be able to place our components on the circuit board in a way that minimizes
the overheating. It is difficult to predict if the overheating will cause an issue for a given component
layout, so we have to either create a prototype of the particular board and test it before starting the
mass production, or we could simply run a computer program to simulate this test much more
efficiently. Needless to say, nowadays everyone usually picks the latter method. Since the heat
transfer between different materials on the printed circuit board is a complicated process, we have to
resort to approximation using finite element methods to perform the above simulation. Finite
element methods

Triangulation: Investigator Triangulation
In triangulation we can utilize more than one technique to comprehend the phenomene extremely
well (Creswell, 2013).There are distinctive strategies in triangulation like Investigator triangulation,
hypothesis triangulation, methodological triangulation, natural triangulation all have diverse reason
to check the legitimacy and see the distinction of sentiment about the wonders. Triangulation
includes utilizing numerous information sources in an examination to create understanding. Some
consider triangulation to be a technique for proving discoveries and as a test for legitimacy
(Creswell, 2013). This, be that as it may, is questionable. This expect a shortcoming in one strategy
will be made up for by another technique, and that it is constantly

William Whyte's Excerpts On The Social Life Of Small Urban...
William Whyte's excerpts on "The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces" was an interesting read. After
reading the text I watched the film to reinforce what I had read. Although the film was recorded a
couple of decades ago, it was very informative. I learned that many factors, such as sittable space,
streets, the sun, food, water, trees, and triangulation, all have effects on how public space is utilized.
The insight about public space that I found most interesting in the film was triangulation. I have
never heard of this term before today, even though I experience it almost everyday. I definitely agree
with Whyte in that triangulation brings people together, even if they are strangers. Whenever I am
out and about in town I encounter

Week 3 Practical Problem. a+
Week Three Practical Problem In this assignment, you examine a practical procedure used in
computer–aided design and computational fluid dynamics. You will make some assessments
regarding this procedure. The word triangulation has two definitions. The first, and most common, is
the use of trigonometry to establish the position of an object relative to two or more fixed, known
locations. This is common in navigation. The second definition is the decomposition of a polygon
into triangles. This provides a convenient representation of a polygon that can be used in a variety of
computational contexts, such as those mentioned above. For this assignment you will not be
concerned about computer science; rather, you will study the variety of ... Show more content on
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That is how I understand it anyway. I think the formula for this is; . D. What effect does relaxing the
convexity restriction have on T(n)? See how T(n) changes for n = 4, 5, & 6. Do you see a
pattern? It appears from all of the research I have done that relaxing the convexity restriction will
make then concave polygons. That means they will have an interior angle of greater than 180*. The
result of this is that drawing a diagonal line to make a triangle will have at least part of the line
outside the shape. I do not really understand this question. The PP tip a four sided figure of which no
T(n) is possible while staying inside the perimeter. So for that one, T(4)=0. I saw a T(5)=1 and a
T(6)=2. The pattern appears to be that for each additional side, one more triangle is

Dyad
Humans are naturally social beings. We have instinctual need to reach out to other individuals.
Sometimes this is the case when dealing with issues or feelings. As with differentiation of self,
Bowen's triangle concept has an emotional component with anxiety at the core (H. Goldenberg & L.
Goldenberg, 2013). Differentiation of self has an individual concept that is then applied to a couple
or a family system. Where the concept of triangles differs is number of individuals involve.
According to this concept, relationships only exist with two or more individuals. With two
individuals, communication and stability may exist. The problem exists when anxiety or stress is
introduced into the dyad. Bowen believed that couples or two individuals ... Show more content on
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Bowen concluded that undifferentiated dyads will produce unstable and highly emotional families
that then become the nuclear family emotional systems. The system's goal is to reduce the tension
and gain stability. Bowen and his colleague, Michael Kerr, hypothesized that there were three
patterns in which nuclear families dealt with intense emotional systems. The first pattern is spousal
dysfunction where one individual disproportionately takes on the anxiety rather than addressing the
family conflict (H. Goldenberg & L. Goldenberg, 2013). The second pattern involves externalizes
their personal anxieties onto the martial relationship. Control is a central aspect within the second
pattern of martial conflict. Each individual of the original dyad tries to control one another and focus
on the other's issues as an outlet of dealing with family tensions. Bowen and Kerr's final pattern was
a child's psychological impairment. During this pattern, family or dyad tensions are ignored as one
or both individuals focus more attention to the child. The projection of focus and anxiety on the
child perpetuates the parental and couple tensions. Additionally, this focus lowers the child's
differentiating level, increases negative thoughts or feelings toward the child, and creates
impairment of health, socialization, and school performance. Bowenian theorist added emotional
distance as a fourth and final pattern. Emotional distance allows individuals to pull away from each
other in order to decrease the intensity of the tense. Emotional distance is the most common type of
pattern found in all types of nuclear

How Is Meta Analysis Used?
How is meta–analysis used? Give an example? Patten (2014) defines meta–analysis as "a set of
statistical methods for combining the results of previous studies" and the conclusions are based on
"mathematical synthesis" (p. 151). Cohn and Becker (2003) offer a reason why meta–analysis is
done "conducting a meta–analysis is the increase in statistical power that it affords a reviewer" (p.
243). There are two goals for meta–analysis research. They include to estimate a population effect–
size parameter and to increase the precision of the estimate of the effect size parameter (Cohn &
Becker, 2003). There are two types of meta–analyses. They include fixed effect model and random
effects model (Borenstein, Hedges, & Rothstein, 2007). Fixed effects models deals with only one
true effect size in which all of the studies that are used whereas random effects refers to when the
true effect varies between each individual study that is pulled (2007). An example of a meta–
analysis research was done by Ttofi and Farrington (2011). The authors did a systematic review
measuring weighted mean effects and correlations between study features and effect sizes in the
evaluation of how effective anti–bullying programs were. The methods that the authors used
included randomization, a comparison of intervention–control with pretest–posttest of bullying,
other intervention–controlled caparison, and age–cohort design (2011). The criteria for a study to be
included in the review are as followed:
–

The Role Of Microfinance And Poverty Reduction Essay
3.1 Introduction
This chapter outlines the research methodology used in the study. It focuses on describing the
research philosophy and the design or approach the study adopted. In addition, it provides
explanation on sampling, data collection methods, data analysis and techniques adopted and validity
and reliability of the research findings.
3.2 Research Philosophy
In order to adequately explain the relationship between microfinance and poverty reduction, the
study adopted an interpretive approach. This is because, unlike the positivist approach which
assumes that the study of human behaviour is akin to the study of nature (Collis and Hussey, 2003),
the interpretive approach holds the view that how people go constructing social realities are based
less on factual realities but more on the ideas and the perceptions they hold about those realities.
According to Neuman (2007), interpretive approach offers a detailed description of a specific social
phenomenon, process or type of relationship. Thus the fact that most beneficiaries of microfinance
interventions assesses the impact of these interventions on their standards of living based on their
own perceptions and experiences that do not always align with the way others have interpreted
them, the study adopted this approach and using a case study of the operations of MASLOC in
delivering microfinance to the poor analysed the effectiveness of microfinance as a tool for poverty
reduction from the perspective of MASLOC

Theories And Principles Of Murray Bowen 's Family Systems...
Introduction: Murray Bowens family systems theory focuses on ordering and defining relationships
and conceptualizes the potential for growth within humans (Metcalf, 2011, p. 39). With this is mind
this report aims to explore the history, concepts and principles of Murray Bowen's family systems
theory as well as apply these concepts to a case study regarding the Aleppo family. Firstly this report
will explore the historical origins of Bowen's theory followed by a description of the 8 main
concepts and the key principles of the approach of this method. Secondly the report will link the
applications of Bowen's theory to the Aleppo case study and explore how a therapist would interact
with this family when utilizing Bowen's approach. Lastly an evaluation of the strengths and
limitations of this approach will be explored. Brief History: Between 1954 and 1959 Murray Bowen,
influenced by his research regarding interactions between Schizophrenic children and their mothers
began attempting to develop principles to predict dysfunctional behaviours between the child and
mother. (Reference.) Interested in producing a theory of transgenerational processes in
schizophrenic development Bowen began to map out his concepts of differentiation and
triangulation. Whilst developing these concepts Bowen realized triangulation was an occurrence
within his own workplace. (Titelman, 2014, P.). Utilizing his experience to further his concepts,
Bowen began to generalize triangulation to less impaired

Research Methodology : Methods For Collecting Information...
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction:
The heart of any research is the methodology that is used to support the whole research through
appropriate methods for collecting information and interpreting them. The main two types of
Research methodology are: qualitative and quantitative. Based on the research type, literature
reviews, the problem that the research has to address are always linked to the methodology.
Qualitative research is a constructed understanding and there are multiple realities. The direction in
which it moves is several and there is prolonged engagement in field. While Quantitative research as
defined by Aliaga and Gunderson (2000) is "explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data
that are analysed using mathematical methods"
Quantitative research helps in having a starting point and have boundaries limited when it comes to
interaction. The quantitative data collection attracts large sample size for generalisation of findings
on the target population across different groups and communities.
These methods can be used separately but if needed they can be mixed. The time frame and the need
for strong verification of data and in–depth analysis leads to usage of Triangulation.
Triangulation–the use of two or more methods or different measures of the same variable.
Example: Research used for activism in slums: The records in the respective department will
provide you the number of times they have encroached the

Structural Family Therapy : Salvador Minuchin's Family
The family is a complicated system due to the fact that it is made up of multiple individuals and as
such a conglomerate of emotional, behavioral, and philosophical belief systems. Though family
structures are often based on a combination of similarities and traits that complement each other,
there are constraints that can create strife in times of stress. Family systems theory views the family
as an interconnecting unit as they continuously influence one another in a reciprocal manner even if
members consider themselves disconnected from (Family systems, 2011). As family therapy can be
complicated, the theoretical approach can help navigate through the family dynamic in order to
establish a healthy process of change. Murray Bowen believed the families emotional system was
historically traced through the family dynamics of the parent's families and even into the
grandparent's family according to Sharf (2012). Another approach is that of structural family therapy
developed by Salvador Minuchin, that focuses on the organization of the family based on rules and
guidelines toward decision making. These two particular approaches toward the family system differ
in theory yet provide an example of multiple approaches to family therapy. To exemplify these
theories, Bowen's approach can be observed in the case study of intergenerational family systems
therapy: "Ann's Family" and then looking at Minuchin's approach through the case study of
structural family therapy: "Quest Family".

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Surveying
Surveying is the technology of making scientific measurements on the earth's surface in order to
have desirable and products.
Surveying is used for, civil engineering projects, Monitoring of deformation existing structures,
Town planning, green plantation, development projects, forestation projects, etc..
Surveys can be classified based on instrument, o Chain o Theodolite o Compass o Leveling o
Tachometry o Total station o Global Positioning System ( GPS )
Classification based on method of Surveys o Traversing o Triangulations o Trilateration
2.0 Traversing
A traversing is circuit of survey line. It may be open or closed. When the linear measurement are
done with a chain and tape and the direction or horizontal angles are measured with ... Show more
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It is a combination of, o Electronic theodolite o Electronic distance measuring device ( EDM ) o
Micro processor with memory unit.
This combination makes possible to determine the coordination of a reflector and simultaneously
measuring the vertical and horizontal angles and slope distances. A micro processor memory in the
instrument takes care of recording, readings and tne necessary coputation.
2.5 Global Positioning System ( GPS )
GPS is the most modern technology or system used for surveying. GPS receiver and Measuring tape
are instruments to be used.
3.0 Triangulations
Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the area to be surveyed is large, Triangulation is
adopted. The entire area divided into network of

Applying A Mixed Methods For Choosing Text And Data...

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